François Duquesnoy (January 12, 1597 Brussels – July 12, 1643 Livorno) was a prominent Baroque sculptor in Rome. Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, French: Bruxelles, German: Brüssel) is the capital of Belgium, the French community of Belgium, the Flemish community and of the European Union. ... Livorno, sometimes in English Leghorn, (population 170,000) is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. ... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens: dynamic figures spiral down around a void: draperies blow: a whirl of movement lit in a shaft of light, rendered in a free bravura handling of paint In arts, the Baroque (or baroque) is both a period and the style that dominated it. ...

Although he was Walloon, in Rome, he was called Il Fiammingo by the Italians, and François Flamand by the French. His father, Jerome I Duquesnoy, was the court sculptor to Archduke Albert, governor of the Low Countries, and Archduchess Isabella. Some of his early work in Brussels attracted the notice of the Archduke, who gave him the wherewithal to study in Rome, where he would spend his whole career. The term Walloon may refer to either the Walloon language, or to the ethnic people of the same name. ... Albert and his wife Isabella Archduke Albert Ernst of Austria (15 November 1559 – 13 July 1621) was appointed for the Spanish monarchy as Governor of the Low Countries in 1595, and from 1598 became joint sovereign of the Seventeen Provinces with his wife, the Isabella Clara Eugenia, daughter of Philip...

When he arrived in Rome in 1618, according to his early biographers, he set to studying the sculptural works of Antiquity, climbing over the equestrian Marcus Aurelius to determine the facture of its casting, or making a pilgrimage to the shrine of Diana at Lake Nemi. In 1624 Nicolas Poussin, the French artist who would become the the prime advocate of a cool, classicizing manner, arrived in Rome, and the two artists of sympathetic temperaments lodged together. They developed their connoisseurship to distinguish between Greek and Roman characteristics in ancient sculpture, which informed their new canon of ideal, expressive figures, quite counter to the theatrical baroque of the young Bernini. Contemporary critics, like Giovanni Pietro Bellori (Lives of the Modern Painters, Sculptors and Architects, 1672) expressly hailed Duquesnoy's art in comparison with Roman sculpture. Bellori wrote of Duquesnoy's classicizing Santa Susanna that the sculptor "had left to modern sculptors the example for statues of clothed figures, making him more than the equal of the best ancient sculptors...." (quoted by Lingo 2002). Lake Nemi is a small circular volcanic lake in the Lazio region of Italy a few miles south of Rome, taking its name from Nemi, the largest town in the area, that overlooks it from a height. ... Les Bergers d’Arcadie. ... A self portrait: Bernini is said to have used his own features in the David (below, left) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini) (December 7, 1598, Naples – November 28, 1680, Rome) was a towering baroque artist in 17th century Baroque Rome, where he is known mainly for his often... Giovanni Bellori was an important figure in the seventeenth century Roman artworld. ...

Among Duquesnoy's early works are bas-relief putti for Villa Pamphili (now at Palazzo Spada, Rome). In spite of the polarities perceived by contemporaries in their stylistic approach, "Il Fiammingo" assisted Bernini, in the the design, among others, of angels offering garlands of the Baldacchino for Saint Peter's (in process 1624–1633). The four angels are entirely Duquesnoy's work, and this work advanced him future commisions. Bas relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal. ... Bernardino Cardinal Spada (April 21, 1594 – November 10, 1661) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a great patron of the arts, whose collection may be seen at Palazzo Spada, Rome. ... The Basilica of Saint Peter from Castel SantAngelo. ...

Duquesnoy's only two prominent large-scale public commissions were begun in 1629 and 1630 within months of one another. One was the classicized marble Saint Susanna (1629), depicted as modestly self-composed as a Roman matron beneath her revealing draperies—"so much so that the pure volume of the members is visible" (Bellori)—, This is one of four sculpture depicting virgin martyrs by various sculptors for Church of Santa Maria di Loreto in front of the Roman Forum of Trajan (1630–33). Critics have remarked for three centuries on the refined surfaces and the softness and sweetness with which Duquesnoy invested his Roman models. The sculpture was little known until the 18th century, when a marble copy by Guillaume Coustou was sent to Paris (1739) and Duquesnoy's Susanna entered the canon of most-admired modern sculptures. The church of Santa Maria di Loreto in Rome is located just across the street from the [column of Trajan], near the giant white Monument to Victor Emanuelle. ... Guillaume Coustou (1677-1746), brother of Nicolas Coustou, was a French sculptor of still greater merit. ...

The second prominent commission, started few months later, was the more extroverted, and larger-than-life marble Saint Andrew (1629–33), one of the four statues at the crossing of St. Peter's Basilica depicting venerated relics once held in St. Peters. (The other four statues are by Bernini (Saint Longinus), Francesco Mochi, (Santa Veronica) and Andrea Bolgi (St Helena)). The Andrew, seen by even the most casual visitor to Rome, made Duquesnoy's repuation, in his lifetime and afterwards. It is said Duquesnoy was angered by Bernini's machination to have his statue placed in the single corner recieving, at times, direct rays of sunlight, enhancing the drama of the piece. The Basilica of Saint Peter from Castel SantAngelo. ... A self portrait: Bernini is said to have used his own features in the David (below, left) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini) (December 7, 1598, Naples – November 28, 1680, Rome) was a towering baroque artist in 17th century Baroque Rome, where he is known mainly for his often... Francesco Mochi was a prominent early Baroque Italian sculptor active mostly in Rome and Orvieto. ...

Adonis, a Roman torso, restored and completed by François Duquesnoy, (Louvre Museum)

Poussin recommended him to Cardinal Richelieu, Duquesnoy was urged to take up the position of royal sculptor to Louis XIII and to found a royal academy of sculpture in Paris. Duquesnoy was about to take ship in Livorno, when he died; he had suffered for years from gout and episodes of vertigo—he fell from the scaffolding while attaching the gilded palm branch to his Susanna—and bouts of depression. His gay brother, Jerome II Duquesnoy (1612– 24 October 1654)—burned at the stake for his proclivities—inherited the work uncompleted in the studio, including the bust of Bishop Triest for the bishop's tomb by Duquesnoy at Brussels (signed by Jerome; now in the Louvre). ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (425x639, 85 KB) Adonis, Louvre, France/ Personnal picture (Urban, 2004) File links The following pages link to this file: Artemis Adonis ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (425x639, 85 KB) Adonis, Louvre, France/ Personnal picture (Urban, 2004) File links The following pages link to this file: Artemis Adonis ... The main courtyard of the Louvre. ... Cardinal Richelieu was the French chief minister from 1624 until his death. ... Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643), called the Just (French: le Juste), was King of France from 1610 to 1643. ...

Like other sculptors working in 17th-century Rome, Duquesnoy was called upon to restore and complete antiquities, for headless torsos rarely found a market with contemporary connoisseurs. With the Rondanini Faun (1625–30; now in the British Museum Duquesnoy amplified a torso into a characteristically Baroque expansive gesture that deeply satisfied contemporary taste but was bitterly criticised by Neoclassicists by the end of the 18th century. He completed a Roman torso as Adonis (illustration, right). It found its way into the collection of Jules Cardinal Mazarin and is now in the Louvre. The main entrance to the British Museum The British Museum in London is the United Kingdoms - and one of the worlds - largest and most important museums of human history and culture. ... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens: dynamic figures spiral down around a void: draperies blow: a whirl of movement lit in a shaft of light, rendered in a free bravura handling of paint In arts, the Baroque (or baroque) is both a period and the style that dominated it. ... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... A 19th-century reproduction of a Greek bronze of Adonis found at Pompeii Adonis, an annual vegetation life-death-rebirth deity, imported from Syrian into Greek mythology, always retained aspects of his Semitic Near Eastern origins and was one of the most complex cult figures in classical times. ... Jules Cardinal Mazarin, French diplomat and statesman Jules Cardinal Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino (July 14, 1602, Pescina, Italy – March 9, 1661, Vincennes, France) served as the chief minister of France from 1642, until his death. ...

There are bronze busts of the Susanna in Vienna, Berlin, and Copenhagen. Finely finished small-scale bronzes of antique subjects, suitable for collectors, occupied the sculptor and his studio assistants. A Mercury and Cupid is at the Louvre, a gracile Bacchus at the Hermitage Museum. A bronze Mercury was commissioned by the collector of antiquities Vincenzo Giustiniani as a pendant to a Hellenistic bronze Hercules in his collection, a compliment to Duquesnoy and implicitly a statement of the parity of the Ancients and the Moderns. Giustiniani commissioned a life-size Virgin and Child from Duquesnoy in 1622, at a moment when the sculptor was hard pressed to finish his Andrew, due to interruption of payments instigated by a cabal (Joachim von Sandrart). His terracotta modelli were more likely to carry the immediacy of the sculptor's touch and were of especial value to other sculptors, if they could afford them. Louis XIV's royal sculptor François Girardon owned a great number of Duquesnoy's terra-cotta models, which are recorded in the inventory of Girardon's collection drawn up after his death in 1715 (Lingo). The Hermitage Museum (Эрмитаж) in St. ... For the musical group of the same name, see Louis XIV (band). ... François Girardon (March 17, 1628 - September 1, 1715) was a French sculptor. ...

His characteristic putti, plump, with carefully observed children's heads, helped to establish the conventional type, familiar in the paintings of Rubens: in fact Rubens wrote Duquesnoy in 1640 to thank him for sending him casts of the putti from the sculptor's wall-monument to Ferdinand van den Eynden in Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome (Lingo), A representation of a small child, often naked and having wings, used especially in the art of the European Renaissance. ... The Adoration of the Magii, painted 1624. ...

The fountain sculpture in Brussels known as Manneken Pis is popularly attributed to him, and Flemish boxwood or ivory carvings, especially with scenes of putti, are ascribed equally casually as "in his manner". Manneken Pis (little guy pee), is a Brussels landmark. ...

Duquesnoy's most prominent pupil was the elder Artus Quellinus, who brought the classicizing Baroque style of what Duquesnoy's circle, an informal academy, called la gran maniera greca (Lingo) to Amsterdam on his return from Rome. In Rome, Duquesnoy's student Orfeo Boselli wrote Osservazioni della scoltura antica in the 1650s; his observations reflected connoisseurship of the subtle contours of superior Greek sculpture, considered superior to Roman work, which had been developed in Duquesnoy's circle and would inform the sensibility of Winckelmann and Neoclassicism. An academy is an institution for the study of higher learning. ... Amsterdam Location Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 739,295 (1 January 2005) Coordinates 4°54´E 52°22´N Website www. ... Portrait by Raphael Mengs, after 1755 He was born in Pacifica, the son of a model. ... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ...

External links

• François Duquesnoy on-line
• François Duquesnoy: image gallery
• François Duquesnoy at the Louvre
• Estelle Lingo "The Greek Manner and a Christian Canon: Francois Duquesnoy's Saint Susanna" from The Art Bulletin, March, 2002 by
• François Duquesnoy - "Sankt Andreas"

Further reading

• Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1981. Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture, 1500-1900 (New Haven: Yale University Press)