Frans van Anraat
Born	August 9, 1942 (1942-08-09) (age 64) Den Helder, Netherlands
Conviction(s)	War crimes
Penalty	17 years imprisonment
Status	In prison
Occupation	Chemist

Frans Cornelis Adrianus van Anraat (born August 9, 1942 in Den Helder) is a Dutch businessman who sold raw materials for the production of chemical weapons to Iraq during the reign of Saddam Hussein. is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... Den Helder is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Den Helder is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. ... Early detection of chemical agents Sociopolitical climate of chemical warfare While the study of chemicals and their military uses was widespread in China, the use of toxic materials has historically been viewed with mixed emotions and some disdain in the West (especially when the enemy were doing it). ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ...

Business in Iraq

During the 1970's Van Anraat worked at engineering companies in Italy, Switzerland and Singapore that were building chemical plants in Iraq. Having learned about the trade in chemicals, he founded his own company, "FCA Contractor", based in Bissone, Switzerland. From 1984 he supplied thousands of tons of chemicals to Iraq. Among these chemicals were the essential raw materials for producing mustard gas and nerve gas.^[1] Both gases were used during the Iran-Iraq war between 1980-1988 as well as during the Halabja poison gas attack the military carried out on Iraqi Kurds in 1988, in which some 5,000 people were killed. This attack was part of the Al-Anfal campaign of the Iraqi regime against Kurds in the north of the country. ^[2] Bissone is a village located south of Lake Lugano, in the southernmost tip of Switzerland. ... Year 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar). ... Airborne exposure limit 0. ... Also known as Nerve agents, it is the term used for a type of chemical warfare substance that interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses. ... Combatants  Iran Iraq Commanders Ruhollah Khomeini, Abolhassan Banisadr, Ali Shamkhani, Mostafa Chamran Saddam Hussein, Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength 305,000 soldiers 500,000 Passdaran and Basij militia 900 tanks 1,000 armored vehicles 3,000 artillery pieces 470 aircraft 750 helicopters[1] 190,000 soldiers 5,000 tanks 4... Photo said to have been taken in the aftermath of the attack. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Arrest and trial

After his arrest and release in Italy in 1989, Van Anraat fled to Iraq, where he lived for the next 14 years.^[3] When Saddam's regime fell in 2003, Van Anraat returned to the Netherlands. He was arrested on December 6, 2004 for complicity to war crimes and genocide. On December 23, 2005, he was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for complicity to war crimes, but the court argued the charges of complicity to genocide could not be substantiated.^[4][3] Both the public prosecutor as well as van Anraat appealed the verdict. In May 2007, the appeal court sentenced van Anraat to seventeen years in prison, this time for complicity to multiple war crimes which explains the two extra years, but not for complicity to genocide.^[5] Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 2003 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... December 23 is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

This case was also notable because it established that the chemical bombings in North Iraq constituted genocide according to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Van Anraat is the only Dutchman ever to appear on the FBI's most wanted list.^[4] Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 1948 and came into effect in January 1951. ... The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list arose from a conversation held in late 1949, during a game of Hearts between J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, and William Kinsey Hutchinson,[1] International News Service (the predecessor of the United Press International) Editor-in...

Relation with Dutch secret service

Shortly after the arrest of Van Anraat, several dutch newspapers reported that Van Anraat had been an informant of the Dutch secret service, the AIVD.^[6] According to the dutch press, Van Anraat received protection from the AIVD and was placed in a safehouse of the Ministry of Home Affairs and Kingdom Relations in Amsterdam.^[7] Because of both the secrecy of secret services and the controversial nature of the issues involved, there is some difficulty in separating the definitions of secret service, secret police, intelligence agency etc. ... Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD), formerly known as the BVD (Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst) is the General Intelligence and Security Office of the Netherlands. ... A safe house is a location placed in the neighbourhood where a trusted adult or family or charity organisation has agreed to provide a safe place for battered wives and abused children to go to, when they feel that their life is threatened by domestic abuse. ... The Ministry of Home Affairs and Kingdom Relations (Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties; BZK) is the Dutch ministry of home affairs. ...

References

1. ^ Dutchman in Iraq genocide charges. BBC (18 March, 2005).
2. ^ Dutchman 'knew possible fatal use of chemicals'. IranMania.com (December 03, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
3. ^ ^{a b} Saddam's 'Dutch link'. BBC (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
4. ^ ^{a b} Van Anraat, most wanted by the FBI (Dutch). NOS (23 June 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
5. ^ Hof veroordeelt Van Anraat tot zeventien jaar cel (Dutch). Nu.nl (9 May 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
6. ^ "Van Anraat was informant AIVD" (Dutch) (20-12-2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
7. ^ VAN ANRAAT ZAT IN SAFEHOUSE AIVD (Dutch). Nova (20-12-2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Trial Watch: Frans Van Anraat