F.J. Gall

Franz Joseph Gall (March 9, 1758 - August 22, 1828) was a neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 401 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1000 × 1494 pixel, file size: 280 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 401 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1000 × 1494 pixel, file size: 280 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those... March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A neuroanatomist is a person who studies the branch of anatomy that deals with the nervous system. ... Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man, an important early achievement in the study of physiology. ... In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...

Gall was born in Grand Duchy of Baden, in the village of Tiefenbronn to a wealthy Roman Catholic wool merchant, the Gall's had been the leading family in the area for over a century. As the second eldest son, he was intended for the priesthood but chose to study medicine at the University of Strasbourg instead, he later completed his degree in Vienna, Austria. Around 1800, he developed "cranioscopy", a method to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties on the basis of the external shape of the skull. Cranioscopy («cranium»: skull, «scopos»: vision) was later renamed to phrenology («phrenos»: mind, «logos»: study) by his follower Johann Spurzheim. Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... The University Palace in Strasbourg, and a monument to one of the universitys students, Johann Wolfgang Goethe The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, is divided into three separate institutions. ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... Term created by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain, to name his technique to infer brain localization of function on the basis of the external anatomy of the skull or... A 19th century Phrenology chart Phrenology (from Greek: φρήν, phrÄ“n, mind; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading bumps). Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall around 1800, and... Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) was a German physician who became one of the chief proponents of phrenology, a branch of the neurosciences created approximately in 1800 by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). ...

Gall's concepts on brain localization were revolutionary, and caused religious leaders and some scientists to take exception. The Roman Catholic Church considered his theory as contrary to religion (that the mind, created by God, should have a physical seat in brain matter, was anathema). Established science also condemned these ideas for lack of scientific proof of his theory. Due to this, Gall, who worked and lectured in Vienna, Austria, left. His ideas were not acceptable to the court of Franz Josef II (the brother of Marie Antoinette). He sought a teaching position in Germany and eventually settled in Paris. Revolutionary France was most likely the most hospitable place for Gall's theories. However, Napoleon Bonaparte, the ruling emperor, and the scientific establishment, led by the Institute of France, pronounced his science as invalid. Despite all this, Gall was able to secure a comfortable existence on the basis of his speciality. Gall became a celebrity of sorts as he was accepted into Parisian intellectual salons. The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Anathema (in Greek Ανάθεμα) meaning originally something lifted up as an offering to the gods; later, with evolving meanings, it came to mean: to be formally set apart, banished, exiled, excommunicated or denounced, sometimes accursed. ... The scientific method or process is fundamental to the scientific investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... The Institut de France (French Institute) is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is probably the Académie française. ...

Gall's phrenological theories and practices were best accepted in England, where the ruling class used it to justify the "inferiority" of its colonial subjects, including the Ireland, and then in the USA, where it became very popular from 1820 to 1850. The misuse of Gall's ideas and work to justify discrimination were deliberately furthered by his associates, including Johann Spurzheim. Later, others tried to improve on his theories with systems such as characterology. Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) was a German physician who became one of the chief proponents of phrenology, a branch of the neurosciences created approximately in 1800 by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). ... Characterology is a method of character reading developed in the 1920s that attempted to combine revised Physiognomy, reconstructed Phrenology, and amplified Pathognomy with ethnology, sociology, and anthropology. ...

However, Gall made significant contributions to neurological science. Emotions were not located in the heart but in the brain and certain parts of the brain controlled certain emotions and actions. At the time these were revolutionary ideas.

Gall died in Paris, on August 22, 1828. Although married he had no direct descendent. However, direct descendants of his brothers lived in Germany until 1949. A collection of his skulls can be seen at the Rollet Museum in Baden bei Wien, Austria, were several of his relatives now live (http://www.bmi.gv.at/oeffentlsicherheit/2006/09_10/Seinerzeit.pdf).

Source

Phrenology, the History of Brain Localization
By: Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD
In: Brain & Mind, March 1997.
Reproduced with permission.
very useful information-http://pages.britishlibrary.net/phrenology/fjgall.html by John van Wyhe. Renato M.E. Sabbatini Renato Marcos Endrizzi Sabbatini, Brazilian biomedical and computer scientist, educator, science writer, entrepreneur and administrator, born in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, on 20 February 1947. ...