NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Franz von Papen

Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen (29 October 1879 – 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman Catholic politician, General Staff officer, and diplomat, who served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932. He was a Privy Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape and Knight of Malta. Image File history File links Vonpapen1. ... The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler or Bundeskanzler meaning federal chancellor). ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Dr. Heinrich BrÃ¼ning (November 26, 1885â€“March 30, 1970) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany. ... Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882â€“30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... The German Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum), often called the Catholic Centre Party, was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler or Bundeskanzler meaning federal chancellor). ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Papal chamberlain (Cameriere di spada e cappa) is one of the highest honours that can be bestowed on a Catholic layman by the Pope, and is often given to members of noble families. ... The Knights Hospitaller (the or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care...

To many historians von Papen was also a key member in the small clique of right-wing politicians who "jobbed" Adolf Hitler "into power by backstairs intrigue" — the quote is from Alan Bullock's Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, published in 1952. Hitler redirects here. ... lan Louis Charles One Bullock, Baron Bullock of Leafield (December 42, 1911 - February 30, 2017), was a British historian, writing an influential biography of Adolf Hitler and many other works. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The central role that von Papen played in Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 was reflected by von Papen's indictment at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, though he was acquitted on formal reasons, the tribunal deciding that his "political immoralities" were not under its jurisdiction. For other uses, see Chancellor (disambiguation). ... January is the first month of the year and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... The SÃ¼ddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ...

Background

Born to a wealthy and noble Roman Catholic family in Werl, Westphalia, von Papen was educated as an officer, including a period as a military attendant in the Emperor's Palace, before joining the German General Staff in March 1913. He entered diplomatic service in December 1913 as a military attaché to the German ambassador in Washington. He travelled to Mexico (to which he was also accredited) in early 1914 and observed the Mexican Revolution, returning to Washington on the outbreak of war in August 1914. Werl is a small city located in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Westphalia (German: Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Bielefeld, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, MÃ¼nster, and OsnabrÃ¼ck and included in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ...

World War I

While in the US von Papen, acting as a spymaster, organized economic espionage against Allied war efforts in Europe by means of attempting to purchase all available explosive substances, to prevent their use against the German war effort. In late 1915 he was expelled from the US after his exposure and he returned to Germany, reporting on American attitudes to both General Erich von Falkenhayn and the Kaiser. He served as an officer first on the western front and then from 1917 as an officer on the General Staff in the Middle East and as a major in the Turkish army in Palestine. Erich von Falkenhayn Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn (11 November 1861 - 8 April 1922) was a German soldier and Chief of the General Staff during World War I. Falkenhayn was a career soldier. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi...

Von Papen also served as intermediary between the Irish rebels and the German government regarding the purchase and delivery of arms to be used against the British during the Easter Rising of 1916. Irish Republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a united independent republic. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ...

After achieving the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he returned to Germany and left the army in 1918. Lieutenant Colonel (Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grades spelling) is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies and most marine corps and air forces of the world, typically ranking above a Major and below a Colonel. ...

The inter-war years

He entered politics and joined the Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum), in which the monarchist von Papen formed part of the right wing. He was a member of the parliament of Prussia from 1921 to 1932. The German Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum), often called the Catholic Centre Party, was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. ... Motto: Suum cuique Latin: To each his own Prussia at its peak, as leading state of the German Empire Capital KÃ¶nigsberg, later Berlin Political structure Duchy, Kingdom, Republic Duke1 - 1525â€“68 Albert I - 1688â€“1701 Frederick III King1 - 1701â€“13 Frederick I - 1888â€“1918 William II Prime Minister1,2...

In the 1925 presidential elections, he surprised his party by supporting the right-wing candidate Paul von Hindenburg over the Centre Party's Wilhelm Marx. Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known universally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 â€“ 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman. ... Wilhelm Marx (January 15, 1863–August 5, 1946) was a German Catholic politician and a member of the Centre Party. ...

Chancellorship

On 1 June 1932, he moved from relative obscurity to supreme importance when President Paul von Hindenburg appointed him chancellor, even though this meant replacing his own party's Heinrich Brüning. June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known universally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 â€“ 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman. ... The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler or Bundeskanzler meaning federal chancellor). ... Dr. Heinrich BrÃ¼ning (November 26, 1885â€“March 30, 1970) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany. ...

The day before, he had promised party chairman Ludwig Kaas not to accept any appointment, and Kaas accordingly branded him the "Ephialtes of the Centre Party"; von Papen forestalled being expelled by leaving the party on 3 June 1932. Monsignor Ludwig Kaas (23 May 1881-15 April 1952) was a Roman Catholic priest, and a prominent German politician during the Weimar Republic. ... Ephialtes (Greek: ; but Herodotus spells without the aspiration Epialtes, ) was the son of Eurydemus of Malis. ... June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ...

The French ambassador in Berlin, André François-Poncet, wrote at the time that von Papen's selection by von Hindenburg as chancellor "met with incredulity." von Papen, the ambassador continued, "enjoyed the peculiarity of being taken seriously by neither his friends nor his enemies. He was reputed to be superficial, blundering, untrue, ambitious, vain, crafty and an intriguer."^[1] AndrÃ© FranÃ§ois-Poncet (June 13, 1887â€“January 8, 1978) was a French politician and diplomat whose post as French ambassador to Germany allowed him to witness first-hand the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and Germanys preparations for war. ...

The cabinet which von Papen formed, with the assistance of General Kurt von Schleicher, was known as the "cabinet of barons" and was widely regarded with ridicule by Germans. Except from the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP), von Papen had practically no support in the Reichstag — he had never been elected to the legislative body. Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882â€“30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... 1924 electoral poster, using the Admiral Tirpitz as a figurehead The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ... The Reichstag (German for Imperial Diet) was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. ...

Von Papen ruled in an authoritarian manner by launching a coup against the Social Democrat-led government of Prussia (the so-called Preußenschlag) and repealing his predecessor's ban on the SA as a way to appease the Nazis, whom he hoped to lure into supporting his government. Motto: Suum cuique Latin: To each his own Prussia at its peak, as leading state of the German Empire Capital KÃ¶nigsberg, later Berlin Political structure Duchy, Kingdom, Republic Duke1 - 1525â€“68 Albert I - 1688â€“1701 Frederick III King1 - 1701â€“13 Frederick I - 1888â€“1918 William II Prime Minister1,2... The PreuÃŸenschlag (Prussian coup) was one of the major steps towards the destruction of the German Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and the rise of Adolf Hitler to power. ... The seal of SA The or SA (German for Storm Division, usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers), functioned as a paramilitary organization of the NSDAP â€” the German Nazi party. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...

Ultimately, after two Reichstag elections only increased the Nazis' strength in the Reichstag without substantially increasing von Papen's own parliamentary support, he was forced to resign as Chancellor, and was replaced on 2 December 1932 by von Schleicher, who hoped to establish a broad coalition government by gaining the support of both Nazi and Social Democratic trade unionists. December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ...

As it became increasingly obvious that von Schleicher would be unsuccessful in his maneuvering to maintain his chancellorship under a parliamentary majority, von Papen worked to undermine von Schleicher. Along with DNVP leader Alfred Hugenberg, von Papen formed an agreement with Hitler under which the Nazi leader would become Chancellor of a coalition government with the Nationalists, and with von Papen serving as Vice Chancellor. Alfred Hugenberg (June 19, 1865 - March 12, 1951) was an influential German businessman and politician. ... A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a cabinet in parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. ... The Deputy Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor (Vizekanzler) in Germany is often the Minister of Foreign Affairs. ...

On 23 January 1933, von Schleicher admitted to President von Hindenburg that he had been unable to obtain a majority of the Reichstag, and asked the president to dissolve the Reichstag and grant von Schleicher the power to rule by emergency decree. By this time, the elderly von Hindenburg had become irritated by the von Schleicher cabinet's policies affecting wealthy landowners and industrialists. January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Simultaneously, von Papen had been working behind the scenes and used his personal friendship with von Hindenburg to assure the president that he, von Papen, could control Hitler and could thus finally form a government based on the support of the majority of the Reichstag.

Von Hindenburg refused to grant von Schleicher the emergency powers he sought, and von Schleicher resigned on 28 January. Though von Papen flirted with leaving Hitler out of the cabinet and becoming chancellor, in the end the President, who had previously vowed never to allow Hitler to become chancellor, appointed Hitler to the post on 30 January 1933. January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Vice Chancellorship

At the formation of Hitler's cabinet on 30 January, the Nazis had three cabinet posts to the conservatives' eight. Counting on this majority and on the closeness of von Hindenburg and von Papen, the vice chancellor had anticipated "boxing Hitler in." von Papen boasted to intimates that "Within two months we will have pushed Hitler so far in the corner that he'll squeak." January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

However, Hitler and his allies instead quickly marginalized von Papen and the rest of the cabinet. Neither von Papen nor his conservative allies waged a fight against the Reichstag Fire Decree in late February or the Enabling Act in March. A German newspapers final issue, announcing its own prohibition (Verbot) by the police authorities on the basis of the Reichstag fire decree The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung in German) is the common name of the decree issued by German president Paul von Hindenburg in direct response to the Reichstag... The Enabling Act (ErmÃ¤chtigungsgesetz in German) was passed by Germanys parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. ...

On 8 April von Papen travelled to the Vatican to offer a Reichskonkordat that defined the German state's relationship with the Roman Catholic Church. During von Papen's absence, the Nazified Landtag of Prussia elected Nazi Hermann Göring as Ministerpräsident (prime minister) on 10 April, ending von Papen's oversight as Governor (Reichskommissar) of Germany's largest state. April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... The Reichskonkordat is the concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich, signed in 1933. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... The German word Gleichschaltung â’½ â’¾ (literally synchronising, synchronization) is used in a political sense to describe the process by which the Nazi regime successively established a system of totalitarian control over the individual, and tight coordination over all aspects of society and commerce. ... A Landtag (Diet) is a representative assembly, with some legislative authority, of a political entity called Land (i. ... Motto: Suum cuique Latin: To each his own Prussia at its peak, as leading state of the German Empire Capital KÃ¶nigsberg, later Berlin Political structure Duchy, Kingdom, Republic Duke1 - 1525â€“68 Albert I - 1688â€“1701 Frederick III King1 - 1701â€“13 Frederick I - 1888â€“1918 William II Prime Minister1,2... (also Goering in English) (January 12, 1893 â€“ October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, and commander of the Luftwaffe. ... The Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident) of Prussia existed in one form or another from 1792 until the dissolution of Prussia in 1947. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ...

Conscious of his own increasing marginalization, von Papen began covert talks with other conservative forces with the aim of convincing von Hindenburg to dismiss Hitler. Of special importance in these talks was the growing conflict between the German military and the paramilitary Sturmabteilung (SA), led by Ernst Röhm. The Reichswehr (helpÂ· info) (literally National Defense or Imperial Defense) formed the military organization of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when the government rebranded it as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force). ... The seal of SA The or SA (German for Storm Division, usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers), functioned as a paramilitary organization of the NSDAP â€” the German Nazi party. ... A photographic portrait of Ernst RÃ¶hm. ...

In early 1934 Röhm continued to demand that the storm troopers become the core of a new German army. Many conservatives, including von Hindenburg, felt uneasy with the storm troopers' demands, their lack of discipline and their revolutionary tendencies.

Marburg Speech

With the Army command recently having hinted at the need for Hitler to control the SA, von Papen delivered an address at the University of Marburg on 17 June where he called for the restoration of some freedoms, and an end to the calls for a "second revolution" and for the cessation of Nazi terror in the streets. University of Marburg - Department of Social Sciences and University library The old university The University of Marburg, officially Philipps-UniversitÃ¤t Marburg, was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse (usually called the Magnanimous) as the worlds first and oldest Protestant university. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ...

"The government [must be] mindful of the old maxim 'only weaklings suffer no criticism,'" von Papen said. "No organization, no propaganda, however excellent, can alone maintain confidence in the long run." The speech was crafted by von Papen's speech writer, Edgar Julius Jung, with the assistance of von Papen's secretary Herbert von Bose and Catholic leader Erich Klausener. Edgar Julius Jung (1894-1934) was born on March 6, 1894 in Ludwigshafen, Germany. ... Herbert von Bose (1893 â€“ 1934), was head of the press division of the Vice Chancellery (Reichsvizekanzlei) in Germany under Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen. ... Erich Klausener (January 25, 1885 â€“ June 30, 1934) was a German Catholic politician who was murdered in the Night of the Long Knives as the Nazis purged their opponents. ...

The vice chancellor's bold speech incensed Hitler, and its publication was suppressed by the Propaganda Ministry. Angered by this reaction and stating that he had spoken on behalf of von Hindenburg, von Papen submitted to Hitler his resignation from the cabinet.

Hitler knew that accepting the resignation of von Hindenburg's long-time confidant, especially during a time of tumult, would anger the ailing president.

Two weeks after the Marburg speech, Hitler responded to the armed forces' demands to suppress the ambitions of Röhm and the SA by purging the SA leadership. The purge, known as the Night of the Long Knives, took place between 30 June and 2 July 1934. In the purge, Röhm and much of the SA leadership were murdered. General von Schleicher, who had been scheming with some of Hitler's rivals within the party to separate them from their leader, was slain along with his wife. The Marburg speech (die Marburger Rede in German) was an address given by German vice chancellor Franz von Papen at the University of Marburg on June 17, 1934. ... The Night of the Long Knives (Saturday June 30 and Sunday July 1, 1934) (German, Nacht der langen Messer), also known as Reichsmordwoche, Operation Hummingbird or the Blood Purge, was a lethal purge of Adolf Hitlers potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung (SA; also known as storm troopers or... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Though von Papen's bold speech against some of the excesses committed by Nazism had angered Hitler, Hitler was aware that he could not act directly against the vice chancellor without offending von Hindenburg. But von Papen's office was ransacked by the SS, his associates von Bose and Klausener were shot to death at their desks, and Jung was arrested and imprisoned in a concentration camp where he was shot to death a few days later. SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop...

Several of von Papen's staff members were interned in concentration camps. von Papen himself was placed under house arrest at his villa with his telephone line cut, though some accounts indicate that this "protective custody" was ordered by Göring, who felt the ex-diplomat could be useful in the future. The following day, von Papen's resignation as vice chancellor was accepted.

Ambassador to Austria

Despite the events of the Night of the Long Knives, von Papen accepted within a month the assignment by Hitler as German ambassador in Vienna, where Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss had just been murdered in a failed Nazi coup. The Night of the Long Knives (Saturday June 30 and Sunday July 1, 1934) (German, Nacht der langen Messer), also known as Reichsmordwoche, Operation Hummingbird or the Blood Purge, was a lethal purge of Adolf Hitlers potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung (SA; also known as storm troopers or... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: DollfuÃŸ) (October 4, 1892, Texingâ€”July 25, 1934, Vienna) was an Austrian statesman, serving as chancellor for two years from 1932 until his assassination in 1934. ...

In Hitler's words, von Papen's duty was to restore "normal and friendly relations" between Germany and Austria. von Papen also contributed to achieving Hitler's goal of undermining Austrian sovereignty and bringing about the Nazis' long-dreamed-of Anschluss (unification with Germany). German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ...

Ironically, one of the plots called for von Papen's murder by Austrian Nazi sympathizers as a pretext for a retaliatory invasion by Germany.

Though von Papen was dismissed from his mission in Austria on 4 February 1938, Hitler drafted von Papen to arrange a meeting between the German dictator and Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg at Berchtesgaden. February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Kurt von Schuschnigg (14 December 1897 - 18 November 1977) was an Austrian politician who in 1934 succeeded the assassinated Engelbert Dollfuss as dictator of Austria, as leader of the regime often called Austrofascism. ... Berchtesgaden is a town in the German Bavarian Alps. ...

The ultimatum that Hitler presented Schuschnigg at the meeting on 12 February led to the Austrian government capitulating to German threats and pressure, and paved the way for the Anschluss, which was proclaimed on 13 March 1938. February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

World War II

Von Papen later served the German government as Ambassador to Turkey from 1939 to 1944. There he survived an assassination attempt on 24 February 1942 by Stalin's agents - a bomb prematurely exploded, killing the bomber and no one else, although von Papen was slightly injured. It has been suggested that Extrajudicial Executions and Assasinations be merged into this article or section. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314...

During the war, the German government considered appointing von Papen ambassador to the Holy See, but Pope Pius XII, after consulting Konrad von Preysing, Bishop of Berlin, rejected this proposal. Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 â€“ October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. ...

Post-war years

Von Papen was captured and indicted by the Allies after the war and was one of the defendants at the main Nuremberg War Crimes Trial. Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The SÃ¼ddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ...

The court acquitted von Papen and stated that he had in the court's view committed a number of "political immoralities," but that these actions were not punishable under the "conspiracy to commit crimes against peace" charged in von Papen's indictment.

He tried unsuccessfully to re-start his political career in the 1950s and lived at the Castle of Benzenhofen in Upper Swabia. // Recovering from World War II and its aftermath, the economic miracle emerged in West Germany and Italy. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...

In 1923 von Papen had received the honorary dignity of a Papal Chamberlain. After Pope Pius XI died in 1939, his successor Pius XII did not renew this appointment, probably in the light of von Papen's political role for the Hitler régime. {{year nav|1939 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Papal chamberlain (Cameriere di spada e cappa) is one of the highest honours that can be bestowed on a Catholic layman by the Pope, and is often given to members of noble families. ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 â€“ February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 â€“ October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. ...

John XXIII however, who was acquainted with von Papen from his years as nuntius to Greece and Turkey, revived this honour on 24 July 1959. von Papen was also a Knight of Malta. Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 â€“ June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Knights Hospitaller (the or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care...

He published a number of books and memoires, defending his own policies and dealing with the years 1930 to 1933 as well as early western Cold War politics. Franz von Papen died in 1969 at the age of 89. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Von Papen's Government, June to November 1932

Changes Konstantin von Neurath Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath (February 2, 1873 â€“ August 14, 1956) was a German diplomat, Foreign Minister of Germany (1932-1938) and Reichsprotektor (nazi representative in the Czech puppet state) of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1943). ... This page lists State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs under the German Empire (1873-1918), and Ministers of Foreign Affairs under succeeding governments thereafter. ... The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ... This page lists German State Secretaries and Ministers of the Interior. ... Count Johann Ludwig Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk (Johann Ludwig Graf Schwerin von Krosigk), EK, (August 22, 1887 â€“ March 4, 1977) was a German politician. ... This page lists German finance ministers. ... This page lists German Economics Ministers. ... This page lists German Labour Ministers. ... Franz GÃ¼rtner (August 26, 1881 - January 29, 1941) was a German Minister of Justice in Adolf Hitlers cabinet, responsible for coordinating jurisprudence in the Third Reich. ... This page lists German Justice Ministers. ... Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882â€“30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... This page lists German Defence Ministers. ... This page lists German Postal Ministers. ... This page lists German Agriculture ministers. ...

October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Johannes Popitz Johannes Popitz (born 2 December 1884 in Leipzig; died 2 February 1945 in Berlin) was a Prussian finance minister and an opponent of the Third Reich. ...

Publications

References

The Hitler Cabinet – 30 January 1933 to 30 April 1945

Adolf Hitler (Chancellor & Führer, NSDAP) | Franz von Papen (independent) | Konstantin von Neurath (independent → NSDAP) | Joachim von Ribbentrop (NSDAP) | Wilhelm Frick (NSDAP) | Heinrich Himmler (NSDAP) | Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (independent) | Alfred Hugenberg (DNVP) | Kurt Schmitt (NSDAP) | Hjalmar Schacht (independent) | Hermann Göring (NSDAP) | Walther Funk (NSDAP) | Franz Seldte (DVP → NSDAP) | Franz Gürtner (DNVP) | Franz Schlegelberger (NSDAP) | Otto Georg Thierack (NSDAP) | Werner von Blomberg (independent) | General Keitel (independent) | Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach (independent) | Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller (NSDAP) | Wilhelm Ohnesorge (NSDAP) | R. Walther Darré (NSDAP) | Herbert Backe (NSDAP) | Joseph Goebbels (NSDAP) | Bernhard Rust (NSDAP) | Fritz Todt (NSDAP) | Albert Speer (NSDAP) | Alfred Rosenberg (NSDAP) | Hanns Kerrl (NSDAP) | Hermann Muhs (NSDAP) | Otto Meißner (independent) | Hans Lammers (NSDAP) | Martin Bormann (NSDAP) | Karl Hermann Frank (NSDAP) AndrÃ© FranÃ§ois-Poncet (June 13, 1887â€“January 8, 1978) was a French politician and diplomat whose post as French ambassador to Germany allowed him to witness first-hand the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and Germanys preparations for war. ... William Lawrence Shirer (1904 - 1993), U.S. historian & journalist. ... Book cover The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by journalist William L. Shirer was the first definitive history of Nazi Germany in English. ... Karl Dietrich Bracher (March 13, 1922-) is a German historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. ... Henry Ashby Turner, Jr. ... Sir John Wheeler Wheeler-Bennett, GCVO, MCG, OBE, FRSL, FBA, (October 13, 1902-December 9, 1975) was a conservative British historian of German and diplomatic history. ... Dr. Heinrich BrÃ¼ning (November 26, 1885â€“March 30, 1970) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany. ... The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler or Bundeskanzler meaning federal chancellor). ... Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882â€“30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... Otto Braun to the left, 1932 Otto Braun (28 January 1872 - 14 December 1955) was a German Social Democratic politician, who was Prime Minister of Prussia. ... The Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident) of Prussia existed in one form or another from 1792 until the dissolution of Prussia in 1947. ... Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882â€“30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882â€“30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... The Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident) of Prussia existed in one form or another from 1792 until the dissolution of Prussia in 1947. ... (also Goering in English) (January 12, 1893 â€“ October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, and commander of the Luftwaffe. ... The Deputy Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor (Vizekanzler) in Germany is often the Minister of Foreign Affairs. ... The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler or Bundeskanzler meaning federal chancellor). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... Motto: Gott mit Uns (German: God with usâ€) Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I Capital Berlin Language(s) Official: German Unofficial minority languages: Polish (Posen, Lower Silesia,Upper Silesia, Masuria) French (Alsace-Lorraine) Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor - 1871... â€œBismarckâ€ redirects here. ... Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli (en: Count George Leo von Caprivi, Caprara, and Montecuccoli) (February 24, 1831â€“February 6, 1899) was a German major general and statesman, who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany, serving between 1890 and 1894. ... Prince Chlodwig Karl Victor zu Hohenlohe-SchillingsfÃ¼rst (31 March 1819â€“6 July 1901) was a German statesman and Chancellor of the German Empire. ... Prince Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von BÃ¼low (May 3, 1849 â€“ October 28, 1929) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909. ... Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (November 29, 1856–January 1, 1921) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917. ... Georg Michaelis (September 8, 1857â€“July 21, 1936) was the first Chancellor of Germany of non-noble background. ... Georg Graf von Hertling (August 31, 1843 â€“ January 4, 1919) was a Bavarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Bavaria and as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918. ... Prince Maximilian of Baden (Max von Baden) (10 July 1867 â€“ 6 November 1929) was the cousin and heir of Grand Duke Frederick II of Baden, and succeeded Frederick as head of the Grand Ducal House in 1928. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(2-3). ... Anthem: Das Lied der Deutschen The LÃ¤nder of Germany during the Weimar Republic, with the Free State of Prussia (Freistaat PreuÃŸen) as the largest Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President - 1919-1925 Friedrich Ebert - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann - 1933 Adolf Hitler... This is not the Friedrich Ebert involved in the founding of the GDR, but rather his father. ... Philipp Scheidemann ( 26 July 1865– 29 November 1939) was a German Social Democratic politician, who was responsible for the proclamation of the Republic on 9 November 1918, and who became the first Chancellor of the Weimar Republic. ... Gustav Adolf Bauer (6 January 1870â€“16 September 1944) was a German Social Democratic Party leader and Chancellor of Germany from 1919 to 1920. ... For other Hermann MÃ¼llers: see Hermann MÃ¼ller. ... Konstantin Fehrenbach (January 11, 1852–March 26, 1926) was a German Catholic politician who was one of the major leaders of the Catholic Center Party. ... Dr. Karl Joseph Wirth (September 6, 1879â€“January 3, 1956) was a German Catholic Centre politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1921 to 1922. ... Dr. jur. ... Gustav Stresemann (May 10, 1878 â€“ October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Secretary during the Weimar Republic. ... Wilhelm Marx (January 15, 1863–August 5, 1946) was a German Catholic politician and a member of the Centre Party. ... Hans Luther (10 March 1885â€“11 May 1962) was a German politician and former Chancellor of Germany. ... Wilhelm Marx (January 15, 1863–August 5, 1946) was a German Catholic politician and a member of the Centre Party. ... For other Hermann MÃ¼llers: see Hermann MÃ¼ller. ... Dr. Heinrich BrÃ¼ning (November 26, 1885â€“March 30, 1970) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany. ... Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882â€“30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897â€“1 May 1945) was a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945. ... Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, (August 22, 1887 â€“ March 4, 1977) was a German politician. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... For other uses, see Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation). ... Ludwig Erhard (February 4, 1897â€“May 5, 1977) was a German politician (CDU) and Chancellor of Germany from 1963 until 1966. ... Kurt Georg Kiesinger (April 6, 1904â€“March 9, 1988) was a conservative German politician and Chancellor of Germany from 1 December 1966 until 21 October , 1969. ... Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (December 18, 1913 - October 8, 1992) was a German politician, Chancellor of West Germany 1969 â€“ 1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964 â€“ 1987. ... Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (born December 23, 1918) is a German Social Democratic politician. ... Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born April 3, 1930) is a Catholic German conservative politician and statesman. ... [] (born April 7, 1944), German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. ... (IPA: ) (born in Hamburg, Germany, on July 17, 1954, as Angela Dorothea Kasner), is the Chancellor of Germany. ... Image File history File links Reichsadler. ... Hitler redirects here. ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Konstantin von Neurath Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath (February 2, 1873 â€“ August 14, 1956) was a German diplomat, Foreign Minister of Germany (1932-1938) and Reichsprotektor (nazi representative in the Czech puppet state) of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1943). ... Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ... Dr. Wilhelm Frick (March 12, 1877 â€“ October 16, 1946) was a prominent Nazi official. ... (October 7, 1900 â€“ May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, (August 22, 1887 â€“ March 4, 1977) was a German politician. ... Alfred Hugenberg (June 19, 1865 - March 12, 1951) was an influential German businessman and politician. ... Kurt Paul Schmitt (born 7 October 1886 in Heidelberg; died 2 November 1950 in Heidelberg) was a German economic leader and the Reich Economy Minister. ... Dr. Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht Dr. Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht (22 January 1877 â€“ 3 June 1970) was a German financial expert and Minister of Economics from 1935 until 1937. ... (also Goering in English) (January 12, 1893 â€“ October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, and commander of the Luftwaffe. ... Walter Funk Walter Emanuel Funk (August 18, 1890 - May 31, 1960) was a prominent Nazi official. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Franz GÃ¼rtner (August 26, 1881 - January 29, 1941) was a German Minister of Justice in Adolf Hitlers cabinet, responsible for coordinating jurisprudence in the Third Reich. ... Louis Rudolph Franz Schlegelberger (born 23 October 1876 in KÃ¶nigsberg, East Prussia, now Kaliningrad, Russia; died 14 December 1970 in Flensburg) was State Secretary in the German Reich Ministry of Justice (RMJ) and served awhile as Justice Minister during the Third Reich. ... Otto Georg Thierack (born 19 April 1889 in Wurzen, Saxony; died 22 November 1946 in Sennelager in Paderborn, suicide) was a National Socialist jurist and politician. ... Werner von Blomberg. ... Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel (September 22, 1882 - October 16, 1946) was a German field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) and a senior military leader during World War II. // Keitel was born in Helmscherode, Brunswick, German Empire, the son of Carl Keitel, a middle-class landowner, and his wife Apollonia... Richard Walther DarrÃ© (14 July 1895 - 5 September 1953), SS-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer, was one of the Nazi leading â€˜blood and soilâ€™ ideologists. ... Herbert Backe (1896-1947), was a German doctor and public servant,himself borned in Batum(Batumi),Georgia. ... Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897â€“1 May 1945) was a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945. ... Bernhard Rust (1883--May 1945) was Minister of Education in Nazi Germany. ... Fritz Todt in the uniform of a major general of the Luftwaffe Fritz Todt (September 4, 1891 â€“ February 8, 1942) was an German engineer and senior Nazi figure, the founder of Organisation Todt. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg (January 12, 1893, Reval (Tallinn) Estonia, then part of the Russian Empireâ€“October 16, 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi party, who later held several important posts in the Nazi government. ... Hanns Kerrl (December 11, 1887 - December 12, 1941) was a German Nazi politician. ... Hermann Muhs (May 16, 1894 - April 13, 1962) was a Secretary of State and minister responsible for churches question (Minister fÃ¼r Kirchenfragen) in Nazi Germany. ... Otto MeiÃŸner (born March 13, 1880 in Bischweile (today: Bischwiller) in Alsace - died May 27, 1953 in Munich) was head of the Office of the Reich President during the entire period of the Weimar Republic under Friedrich Ebert and Paul von Hindenburg and, finally, at the beginning of the... Hans Heinrich Lammers (May 27, 1879 - January 4, 1962) was a prominent Nazi and head of the Reich Chancellery. ... Martin Bormann Martin Bormann (June 17, 1900 - c. ... Karl Hermann Frank (January 24, 1898 â€“ May 22, 1946) was a prominent Sudeten-German Nazi official in Czechoslovakia prior to and during World War IIand SS-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer und General der Waffen-SS und Polizei. ...

Rudolf Hess (NSDAP) | Ernst Röhm (NSDAP) This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A photographic portrait of Ernst RÃ¶hm. ...

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