Franz Josef Land, Franz Joseph Land, or Francis Joseph's Land (Russ. Земля Франца-Иосифа, Zemlya(or Semlia) Frantsa-Iosifa) is an archipelago located in the far north of Russia. It is found in the Arctic Ocean north of Novaya Zemlya and east of Svalbard, and is administered by Arkhangelsk Oblast. Franz Josef Land consists of 191 ice-covered islands with an area of 16,134 km² and is largely uninhabited. Image File history File links FranzJosefLand1. ... Russian ( , transliteration: , ) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ... The Mergui Archipelago An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ... Novaya Zemlya (Russian: , lit. ... Arkhangelsk Oblast (Russian: , Arkhangelskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ...

At latitudes between 80.0° and 81.9° north, it is the most northerly group of islands associated with Eurasia. The extreme northernmost point is Cape Fligely on Rudolf Island. The archipelago is only 900 to 1110 km (560 to 690 statute miles) from the North Pole, closer than all land masses except for Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Eurasia Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is an immense landmass covering about 54,000,000 km² (or about 10. ... Cape Fligely located at , is the northernmost point of Europe. ... Rudolf Island is the northernmost island of the Franz Josef Land, Russia, it is located at . ... Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. ...

The archipelago was possibly first discovered by the Norwegian sealers Nils Fredrik Rønnbeck and Aidijärvi aboard the schooner "Spidsbergen" in 1865, who according to the scarce reports sailed eastward from Svalbard until they reached a new land. Whether they were ashore, what was denoted Nordost-Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen was the contemporary name of Svalbard), is not known and the new islands were soon forgotten. The Mergui Archipelago An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ... Map of Svalbard, showing Spitsbergen in the West. ...

The officially recognized discovery took place in 1873 by the Austrian polar explorers Payer and Weyprecht, who named it in honour of the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I. As the expedition was only privately sponsored and not official, these islands have never been part of Austria. In 1926 the islands were taken over by the Soviet Union, and a few inhabitants came for research and military purposes. Access by ships is possible only for a few summer weeks and requires a special permit. 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... . Roald Amundsen Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou Fabian von Bellingshausen Edward Bransfield Richard Evelyn Byrd Semion Chelyuskin Frederick A. Cook Francis Crozier Adrian de Gerlache Matthew A. Henson Henry Hudson Khariton Laptev Francis Leopold McClintock Nathaniel Palmer Robert Edwin Peary Ralph Plaisted James Clark Ross John Ross Yakov Sannikov Robert Falcon Scott... Julius von Payer an Austro-Hungarian arctic explorer, was born September 2, 1841, in Schönau near Teplice, Bohemia (now Czech Republic). ... Karl Weyprecht, was born on September 8, 1838 in Bad König (alternatively in Michelstadt in Odenwald, Germany), and died March 3, 1881 in Michelstadt. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Characteristics

The archipelago is volcanic, composed of Tertiary and Jurassic basalts, and though covered mostly by ice it does have outcroppings covered with moss and lichens. The northeastern part of the archipelago is locked in pack ice all year round, however the ice sometimes retreats past the southern islands in the late summer. The northernmost point in the archipelago, and in the entirety of Asia, is Mys Fligely (Fligely Point), on Ostrov Rudol'fa (Rudolf Island), which reaches as far north as 81°52'N. The largest island is Zemlya Georga (George Land) which measures 69 miles (110 km) from end to end. The highest point in the archipelago is on Ostrov Viner-Neyshtadt (Wiener Neustadt Island) which reaches 2,035 ft (620 m) MSL. Zemlya Georga (Russian: Земля Георга) is a large island (2821 km²) located at . ... Wiener Neustadt Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ...

Weather

In January the normal daily low is −15 °C (5 °F) and the high is −10.5 °C (13 °F). In July the normal daily low is 0 °C (32 °F) and daily high 2.2 °C (36 °F). The annual mean temperature is −12.8 °C (9 °F). In a 30-year period, the highest temperature recorded has been 13 °C (55.4 °F) and lowest −54 °C (-64.2 °F). Precipitation is common year round, but is most common during the transition seasons of late spring and autumn. Fog is very common in the late summer. From data for Nagurskoye and SevMeteo.

Wildlife

Native wildlife consists mostly of walrus, Arctic foxes, and polar bears. Common birds include kittiwakes, fulmars, and gulls. Beluga whales are often spotted in the waters. Caribou antlers have been found on Hooker Island, suggesting that herds reached here up to about 1,300 years ago during a warmer climate. Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution of Walrus Subspecies Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) are large semi-aquatic mammals that live in the cold Arctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758) The arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), also known as the polar fox, is a small fox native to cold Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. ... The name Polar Bear is also a tradename for a type of scuba divers warm undersuit to be worn under a drysuit. ... Species Rissa tridactyla Rissa brevirostris The Kittiwakes (genus Rissa) are two closely related seabird species in the gull family Laridae. ... Species Fulmar (Linnaeus, 1761) Southern Fulmar (Smith,A, 1840) The two Fulmars are closely related seabirds occupying the same niche in different oceans. ... Genera Pagophila Larus Rissa Creagus Xema Rhodostethia Gulls are seabirds in the family Laridae and subfamily Lari. ... Binomial name Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776) Beluga range This article is about the whale. ... Binomial name Rangifer tarandus The reindeer, known as caribou in North America, is an Arctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ...

Map of Franz Josef Land.

Download high resolution version (820x369, 335 KB)Franz-Josef Land, Map ca. ... Download high resolution version (820x369, 335 KB)Franz-Josef Land, Map ca. ...

Islands

The following list describes important islands in Franz Josef Land and their significance. The following information is from [1], [2], [3]and [4]. (Note:Ostrow, Ostrov=Island;
Zemlya, Semlya, Selmia, Zyemlya=Land;
Osero=Cluster of Islands)

• Zemlya Aleksandry(Original name: Alexandra Land[5] or Alexandra's Land) Nagurskoye (80°49′N, 47°25′E) (see Jan Nagórski) has served as one of the most important meteorological stations in the archipelago. During the Cold War it probably housed an air defense radar.^{[citation needed]} It has a 1,500 m (4,900 ft) snow runway. An Antonov An-72 cargo aircraft crashed while landing at Nagurskoye on 1996-12-23.
• Ostrov Rudol'fa/Rudolph(Original name:Prinz Rudolf-Land, a.k.a Rudolf Island/Crown Prince Rudolf Land ) is the northernmost island. Teplitz Bay (81°48′N, 57°56′E) is a camp site that served as a staging point for numerous polar expeditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Due to the steep terrain, the only airfield access is a small snow strip 300 m (1000 ft) up a glacier at (81°47'N 58°45'E).
• Ostrov Kheysa/Heyss/Khejssa/G.M.O.Imyenya Z.T.Krenkel'a). (Original name:Heiss Island)Krenkel (80°37′N, 58°03′E) is the site of a meteorological station.
• Ostrov Gofmana/Ghoffmana. (Original name:Hoffmann Insel, a.k.a Hoffmann Island)Site of a snow runway (81°17′N, 60°13′E).
• Ostrov Greem-Bell (Original name:Graham Bell Island). Greem Bell is home to a Cold War outpost and to the airfield Greem-Bell (81°09′N, 64°17′E), the largest airfield in the archipelago. It has a runway 2,100 m (7,000 ft) long. Russian cargo and fighter aircraft have regularly landed here since the 1950s.
• Ostrov Tsiglera/Cygler'a (Original name: Ziegler Insel, a.k.a Ziegler Island). The Austrian observing site Payer-Weypricht (probably 81°06′N, 56°11′E) was established around the turn of the century.
• Ostrov Nortbruk (Original name:Nordbruk Insel, a.k.a Northbrook Island). The island is the most accessible location in the island group and formed the main base for polar expeditions in the late 19th and early 20th century. The camp (79°57′N, 50°05′E) at Cape Flora is historically significant. A chance encounter between explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Frederick George Jackson took place here in 1896. In 1904 coal was mined about 150 m (500 ft) up the slopes by explorers wintering over after their ship sank at Rudolf Island.
• Ostrov Dzheksona/Dscheksona (Original name:Jackson Island). Cape Norway (80°12′N, 55°37′E) was where Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen wintered in 1895-96 after failing to reach the North Pole. A hut and a wooden post still remain.
• Ostrov Gukera/Gooker'a/Ghooker'a (Original name:Hooker Island/Hucker Island). Tikhaya Bay (80°20′N, 52°47′E) was the site of a major base for polar expeditions, and the location of a meteorological station from 1929 to 1963. It was visited by the Graf Zeppelin airship in July 1931 during a landmark aerial survey. Staff were marooned here from 1941 to 1945 during World War II. A graveyard and two modern buildings exist. A large seabird colony exists near Tikhaya Bay at Skala Rubini (Rubini Rock, 80°18′N, 52°50′E).
• Ostrov Aldzher (Original name:Alger Island). The wintering site of the failed American Evelyn Baldwin expedition of 1901.
• Zemlya Vilchek'a/Wiltshek/Vilceka/Wiltscheka (Original name:Wilczek Land[6], a.k.a Wilczek Inseln, a.k.a Wilczek's Land). Cape Geller (80°46′N, 59°36′E) was the wintering site for two members of the 1899 Welle expedition waiting for the team's return from the pole.
• Ostrov Stolichki, or Stolichka, Stoliczka, Stuliczka. (Stolich Island,Stolichka Island, Stoliczka Island, Stuliczka Island) This tiny island (81°11′N, 58°16′E) is the site of a large walrus rookery.
• Ostrov Gallya(Original name:Hall Island) was on August 30, 1873, the first of the Franz Josef Islands to be discovered. A small camp was built at Mys Tegetkhof (Cape Tegethoff, 80°05′N, 58°01′E) by the Walter Wellman expedition in 1898-99 and contains a marker honoring the discovery of the archipelago.
• Ostrov Viktoriya/Viktorija(Original name:Victoria Island) is the westernmost of all Russian Arctic islands.
• Zemlya Georga(Original name:Prinz Georg Land[7], a.k.a, George Land, George's Land) Largest island of the group measuring 69 miles (110 km) from end to end.
• Ostrov Vin(n)er-Neyshtadt/Nejshtadt (Original name:Wiener Neustadt Inseln, a.k.a Wiener Neustadt Island, Ostrow Winer Neischtadt; German for "Wiener Neustadt's Island", a town in Austria named after the capital city) Holds the highest point in the archipelago which reaches 2,035 ft above Sea Level (620 m).
• Ostrov Dikshon'a (Original name: Dickson Island) Has some small radio towers and ID stations.

Alexandra Land (Russian: , Zemlya Aleksandry) is a large island located at . ... Jan Nagórski Jan Nagórski (1888–1976, also known by his Russified name of Иван Нагурский) was a Polish engineer and pioneer of aviation, the first person to fly an airplane in the Arctic and the first aviator to perform a loop with a flying boat. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... An-72 aircraft Designed as a strategic military freighter, the Antonov An-72 was intended as a replacement for the An_26, but variants have found success as commercial freighters. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... December 23 is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Rudolf Island is the northernmost island of the Franz Josef Land, Russia, it is located at . ... It has been suggested that Kheysa be merged into this article or section. ... Graham Bell Island is an island located at . ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Ziegler Island (Ostrov Tsiglera) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Northbrook Island is an island located at . ... Fridtjof Nansen Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (born October 10, 1861 in Store Frøen, near Christiania - died May 13, 1930 in Lysaker, outside Oslo) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. ... Frederick George Jackson (1860—1938), British Arctic explorer, was educated at Denstone College and Edinburgh University. ... Jackson Island (Russian: , Ostrov Dzheksona) is an island located at . ... Fridtjof Nansen Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (born October 10, 1861 in Store Frøen, near Christiania - died May 13, 1930 in Lysaker, outside Oslo) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. ... Fredrik Hjalmar Johansen (May 15, 1867 - January 9, 1913) was one of Norways most famous polar explorers and a world champion gymnast. ... Hooker Island (Russian: ) is an island located at . ... Graf Zeppelin, filled with abundant hydrogen, circumnavigated the globe. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Wilczek Island, more correctly Wilczek Land/Wilczeks Land (Transliterated Russian: , German: , Hybrid German Russian:Semlja Wiltscheka) is an island located at . ... Hall Island may refer to: Hall Island, an unpopulated island in Alaska Hall Island, one of the San Juan Islands Hall Island (Arctic)/Gallya, an island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago Category: ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Walter Wellman, standing on deck of airship Walter Wellman (1858–1934) was an American journalist, explorer, and aëronaut, born at Mentor, Ohio, and educated in the public schools. ... Victoria Island (Russ. ... Zemlya Georga, or Prince Georg Land (Russian: Земля Георга, Zemlya Georga (George Land)) is a large island (2,821 km²) located at . ... Wiener Neustadt Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Wiener Neustadt (Hungarian: Bécsújhely) is located south of Vienna in the state of Lower Austria. ...

Other islands

• Belaya Zemlya? (Original name: ?)
• Osero Ghohstetter'a (Original name: Hochstetter Inseln)
• Ostrov Aagaard (Original name: Aagaard Insel)
• Ostrov Adelaida (Original name: Adelaide Insel)
• Ostrov Artur (Original name: Arthur Island)
• Ostrov Bekkera (Original name: Becker Island)
• Ostrov Bell? (Original name: Bell Island)
• Ostrov Brays'a (Original name: Brice Island?)
• Ostrov Brdjedi? (Original name: ?)
• Ostrov Brjusa/Bruce'a (Original name: Bruce Island)
• Ostrov Bromidzh (Original name: Broomidge Island)
• Ostrov Bryeydi/Bryedy/Brd'edi (Original name: Brady Island)
• Ostrov Chejsa? (Original name: ?)
• Ostrov Etheridge? (Original name: Etheridge Island)
• Ostrov Fryedena (Original name: Freeden Island)
• Ostrov Ghoggenlloe/Hohenloe/Gogenloe (Original name: Hohenlohe Insel)
• Ostrov Gryli/Grili (Original name: Greely Island)
• Ostrov Harley? (Original name: Harley Island)
• Ostrov Iton/Eton/Ieton/Yeton? (Original name:?)
• Ostrov Karla Aleksandra? (Original name: Charles Alexander Island or Karla Alexandra Insel)
• Ostrov Ketlica? (Original name: ?)
• Ostrov Keyna/Kyeyna (Original name: Kane Island)
• Ostrov Khuna/Kuna (Original name: Kuhn Insel)
• Ostrov Klyagenfurth (Original name: Klagenfurt Insel)
• Ostrov Koldewey?
• Ostrov Konsomol? (Original name: ?)
• Ostrov Kyelti/Keltlica? (Original name: Scott-Keltie Island)
• Ostrov Kyetlitsa/Ketlitza/Ketlica (Original name: Koetlitz Insel)
• Ostrov Lamon? (Original name: Lamon Island)
• Ostrov Li-Smita/Li-Shmidta/Li-Schmita (Original name: Leigh-Smith Island)
• Ostrov Litke? (Original name: Litke Insel?)
• Ostrov Lyuydzhi/Luidschi/Luiggi/Luidzi (Original name: Luigi Island)
• Ostrov Mabel? (Original name: Mabel Insel)
• Ostrov Mak-Klintoka (Original name: McClintock Island)
• Ostrov May? (Original name: May Island)
• Ostrov Mejbl? (Original name: ?)
• Ostrov Nansena (Original name: Nansen Insel or Nansen Island)
• Ostrov Neale? (Original name: ?)
• Ostrov Newcomb'a (Original name: Newcomb Island)
• Ostrov Newton? (Original name: Newton Island)
• Ostrov Ommann (Original name: Ommanney Island)
• Ostrov Payer'a/Pajera (Original name: Payer Insel or Payer Island)
• Ostrov Pitchet'a/Pittshet'a (Original name: Pietsch Insel?)
• Ostrov Rayner'a/Rajnera (Original name: Rainer Island)
• Ostrov Ronser'a (Original name:La Ronciere Island, or Ronciere Island/Ronser Island/Ronsier Island)
• Ostrov Salisbjuri/Salisburi/Solsberi (Original name:Salisbury Island)
• Ostrov Sal'm (Original name:Salm Insel, a.k.a Salm Island)
• Ostrov Tshamp/Czhamp?/Camp (Original name: Champ Island)
• Ostrov Tsharly (Original name: Charlie/Charly Island)
• Ostrov Wictor'a(Original name: Victoria or Victor Island or Insel)
• Ostrov Yelyzawiethy' (Original name: Elizabeth Island?)
• Ostrov Yeva-Liv (Original name: Eva-Liv Island (named Hvidtenland by Fridtjof Nansen)
• Ostrova Royal Society^{[citation needed]} (Original name: Royal Society Islands)

Arthur Island (Ostrov Artur) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Greely Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Charles Alexander Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Luigi Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Mak-Klintoka Island (McClintock Island) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Nansen Island or Isla Nansen Sur is the largest of the islands lying in Wilhelmina Bay off the west coast of Graham Land. ... Payer Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Rainer Island (Ostrov Rayner) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Ronser Island (Russian: , also La-Ronsyer Island) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Salisbury Island, Nunavut. ... Salm Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Champ Island (Ostrov Camp) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Eva-Liv Island (Russian: ) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. ... Fridtjof Nansen Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (born October 10, 1861 in Store Frøen, near Christiania - died May 13, 1930 in Lysaker, outside Oslo) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. ...

History

The first recognized exploration of the archipelago was done in 1873 by Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition explorers Karl Weyprecht and Julius von Payer, while their ship was locked in ice trying to find a northeast passage. After exploration of its southern islands, the name was bestowed in honor of Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. The Norwegians Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen passed through the islands in 1895/96 after an aborted attempt to reach the pole. By sheer coincidence, they met British explorer Frederick George Jackson at Northbrook Island in 1896. 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition was an expedition from 1872-74 and discovered Franz-Josef Land. ... Karl Weyprecht, was born on September 8, 1838 in Bad König (alternatively in Michelstadt in Odenwald, Germany), and died March 3, 1881 in Michelstadt. ... Julius von Payer an Austro-Hungarian arctic explorer, was born September 2, 1841, in Schönau near Teplice, Bohemia (now Czech Republic). ... The Northern Sea Route (Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. ... Franz Joseph I (in Hungarian I. Ferenc József, in English Francis Joseph I) (August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and a German prince (Deutscher Fürst). ... Fridtjof Nansen Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (born October 10, 1861 in Store Frøen, near Christiania - died May 13, 1930 in Lysaker, outside Oslo) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. ... Fredrik Hjalmar Johansen (May 15, 1867 - January 9, 1913) was one of Norways most famous polar explorers and a world champion gymnast. ... Frederick George Jackson (1860—1938), British Arctic explorer, was educated at Denstone College and Edinburgh University. ...

With the introduction of larger steam-powered vessels, a number of sealing expeditions were made to the islands from the last decade of the 19th century, with more than 80% of these coming from Norway. In the late 1920s, both the Soviet Union and Norway claimed the islands. Norwegians called the islands "Fridtjof Nansen Land". The Soviet Union claimed a sector in the Arctic region that included Franz Josef Land and the nearby Victoria Island by a decree of 15 April 1926. Norway was notified on 6 May and officially protested on 19 December, contesting the Soviet claim. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Victoria Island (Russ. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the following years, Norwegian authorities put much effort into reclaiming Victoria Island and Franz Josef Land. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not wish to take any measures to lay official claims, but had no objection to private initiatives. In 1929, consul Lars Christensen of Sandefjord, a whaling tycoon whose expeditions had annexed Bouvet Island and Peter I Island in Antarctica, funded an expedition of two vessels, S/S Torsnes and M/C Hvalrossen. Upon departure from Tromsø, the crew were given detailed instructions to erect a manned wireless station and leave a wintering crew on Franz Josef Land, and also to claim Victoria Island on behalf of Christensen. The objective was to obtain legal footing in part of the archipelago before the Soviets did. The expedition never reached Franz Josef Land due to severe ice conditions, and while waiting for better conditions they were surpassed by the Soviet icebreaker Georgij Sedov. Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lars Christensen was a Norwegian shipowner and whaling magnate with a keen interest in the exploration of Antarctica. ... County Vestfold District Municipality NO-0706 Administrative centre Sandefjord Mayor (2004) Bjørn Ole Gleditsch (H) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 370 121 km² 119 km² 0. ... Fabian von Bellingshausen discovered Peter I Island (in Norwegian ) off West Antarctica on January 21, 1821. ... County Troms District Municipality NO-1902 Administrative centre Tromsø Mayor (2004) Herman Kristoffersen (Ap) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 18 2,566 km² 2,519 km² 0. ...

On 29 July 1929 professor Schmidt of the Sedov Expedition raised the Soviet flag at Tikaya Bay, Hooker Island, and declared that Franz Josef Land was a part of the Soviet Union. Norway did not officially contest the Soviet annexation of Franz Josef Land itself, but continued their efforts regarding Victoria Island. The dispute over Victoria Island was ended when the Soviets annexed the island in September 1932. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In July 1931, a German airship marked a milestone in Russian polar exploration. The Graf Zeppelin travelled from Berlin to Hooker Island, by way of Leningrad (St. Petersburg). It delivered 650 pounds (300 kg) of commemorative mail and met with the icebreaker 'Malygin'. After traveling east along the 81st parallel to Severnaya Zemlya, it returned to Hooker Island and began a groundbreaking aerial survey of the archipelago, flying as far north as Ostrov Rudolfa. Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Graf Zeppelin, filled with abundant hydrogen, circumnavigated the globe. ... Severnaya Zemlya, Russia Severnaya Zemlya (Russian: , Northern Land) is an archipelago located in the Russian high Arctic at around . ...

During the Cold War years, the polar regions were a hot buffer zone between the U.S. and Russia, and many points in the Arctic became key strategic locations. The islands were declared as a national security area from the 1930s until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and were therefore off-limits to foreigners. An airfield was built at Greem Bell to serve as a staging base for Russian bomber aircraft, and training missions were quite common between Franz Josef Land, the mainland, and Novaya Zemlya. Though the islands were militarily sensitive, a cruise ship visited in 1971. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Novaya Zemlya (Russian: , lit. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...

In 2005, the Austrian geographer Christoph Höbenreich led the Payer-Weyprecht-Memorial expedition to Franz Josef Land. The Austrian-Russian team followed the historic footsteps of explorer Julius Payer by ski and pulkasleds. Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Duke John Wilczek, Arkhangelsk, pack ice, Siberia, Geophysics, Polar research
• Extreme points of Europe

Swedish musician Stina Nordenstam's sound installation Isens Fasor was spoken directly from the journal of Karl Weyprecht, on the voyage he and Payer took to discover the islands, which almost failed when their ship became trapped in arctic ice and they and their crew were forced to walk 1000 miles to Russia. Arkhangelsk (Russian: ), formerly called Archangel in English, is a city in and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. ... An icebreaker navigates some through young (1 year) sea ice Sea ice is formed from ocean water that freezes. ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... // This is a list of the extreme points of Europe, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location in Europe. ... Stina Nordenstam born Kristina Marianne Nordenstam March 4, 1969, Stockholm, Sweden is a Swedish singer, songwriter and musician. ...

Bibliography

• Andreas Umbreit, SPITSBERGEN: Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Jan Mayen, Bradt Travel Guides, U.K, 2005
• Karl Weyprecht, Die Metamorphosen des Polareises. Österr.-Ung. Arktische Expedition 1872-1874 (The Metamorphosis of Polar Ice. The Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition of 1872-1874)
• Julius von Payer, New Lands within the Arctic Circle (1876)
• Andreas Pöschek, Geheimnis Nordpol. Die Österreichisch-Ungarische Nordpolexpedition 1872-1874. - Wien: 1999 (Available as PDF)
• I. Gjertz, B. Mørkved, "Norwegian Arctic Expansionism, Victoria Island (Russia) and the Bratvaag Expedition", Arctic, Vol. 51, No. 4 (December 1998), P. 330-335 (Available as PDF)
• H. Straub, Die Entdeckung des Franz-Joseph-Landes (discovery report), Styria-Verlag, Austria 1990.
• Christoph Höbenreich (2007): "EXPEDITION FRANZ JOSEF LAND. In der Spur der Entdecker nach Norden". Expeditionsbook on the Payer-Weyprecht-Memorialexpedition 2005, the Austro-Hungarian Northpolar-Expedition 1872-1874, the journey of the icebreaker Kapitan Dranitsyn 2006 und an expedition-chronic (publishing house Frederking-Thaler, Munich, ISBN 978-3-89405-499-1).

Karl Weyprecht, was born on September 8, 1838 in Bad König (alternatively in Michelstadt in Odenwald, Germany), and died March 3, 1881 in Michelstadt. ... Julius von Payer an Austro-Hungarian arctic explorer, was born September 2, 1841, in Schönau near Teplice, Bohemia (now Czech Republic). ...

Namesakes

Throughout history, and even into the modern age, there have been a number of personages that share the name Franz Josef in a variety of spellings. Franz Josef, Franz Joseph, Joseph James Frantz, Josef Franz Heffler are among notable figures that share this name.

External links

• Payer-Weyprecht Memorial-Expedition Franz Josef Land 2005 (DE)
• Österreich-Lexikon
• Österr.-ungarische Expedition 1872-74, "Unknown land becomes visible in the fog"
• Northern tours to F.J.Land
• Polar literature (In Norwegian)
• Names and locations of islands of Franz-Joseph-Land
• Geographical search engine for names of Franz-Joseph-Land islands