This article is about Fred Korematsu. For information on the Supreme Court decision, see Korematsu v. United States

Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu (是松 豊三郎, Secretary of War to require all Japanese-Americans in "Military Area No. 1" (the West Coast "exclusion zone") to report to the Internment Camps. Holding The exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was constitutional Court membership Chief Justice: Harlan Fiske Stone Associate Justices: Owen Josephus Roberts, Hugo Black, Stanley Forman Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, Robert H. Jackson, Wiley Blount Rutledge Case opinions Majority by: Black Joined by: Stone, Reed... Jerome War Relocation Center in Jerome, Arkansas Japanese American Internment refers to the forced removal of approximately 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans (62 percent of whom were United States citizens)[1][2] from the West Coast of the United States during World War II. While approximately 10,000 were...

Fred Korematsu was born in 1919, to Japanese parents living in Oakland, California. He worked in his family nursery growing up. When General John L. DeWitt, commander of the Western Defense Area, ordered Japanese-American citizens to report to Assembly Centers as prelude to being removed to the camps, Mr. Korematsu refused and went into hiding. He changed his name and claimed to be of Spanish and Hawaiian heritage. He was captured on May 30, 1942, and was tried and convicted in federal court. He appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals. They upheld the original verdict. He appealed again and brought his case to the United States Supreme Court. On December 18, 1944, in a 6-3 decision, authored by Justice Black, the Court held that compulsory exclusion, though constitutionally suspect, is justified during circumstances of "emergency and peril". (See Korematsu v. United States for more information.) 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Oakland, founded in 1852, is the eighth-largest city in California[1] and the county seat of Alameda County. ... John L. DeWitt was a real cool guy. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and is the only part of the judicial branch of the United States federal government explicitly specified in the United States Constitution. ... In the Gregorian Calendar, December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years), at which point there will be 13 days remaining to the end of the year. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Hugo Black Hugo LaFayette Black (February 27, 1886 – September 25, 1971) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1937 - 1971). ... Holding The exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was constitutional Court membership Chief Justice: Harlan Fiske Stone Associate Justices: Owen Josephus Roberts, Hugo Black, Stanley Forman Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, Robert H. Jackson, Wiley Blount Rutledge Case opinions Majority by: Black Joined by: Stone, Reed...

However, the Court also decided Ex parte Endo in December of 1944, granting Mitsuye Endo her liberty from the camps because the Department of Justice and War Relocation Authority conceded that Ms. Endo was a "loyal and law-abiding citizen" and that no authority existed for detaining loyal citizens longer than necessary to separate the loyal from the disloyal. Ms. Endo's case did not address the question of whether the initial detention itself was constitutional, as did Mr. Korematsu's case. Handed down on December 18, 1944, the same day as the Korematsu v. ... DOJ headquarters in Washington, D.C. Justice Department redirects here. ... The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18, 1942 with Executive Order 9102 and officially ceased to exist June 30, 1946. ...

In 1980, President Jimmy Carter appointed a special commission to investigate the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. The commission concluded that the decisions to remove those of Japanese ancestry to prison camps occurred because of "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership." In 1988, Congress apologized and granted personal compensation of $20,000 to each surviving prisoner. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the early 1980s, while researching a book on internment cases, lawyer Peter Irons came across evidence that when Charles Fahy, the Solicitor General of the United States, argued Korematsu v. United States before the Supreme Court, he had deliberately suppressed reports from the FBI and military intelligence which concluded that Japanese-American citizens posed no security risk. Along with a team of lawyers headed by Dale Minami, Irons filed a writ of coram nobis with the federal courts, seeking to overturn Korematsu's conviction. On November 10, 1983, Judge Marilyn Hall Patel of U.S. District Court in San Francisco formally vacated the conviction. The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... Peter H. Irons is a political activist, civil rights attorney, legal scholar, and professor of political science. ... Charles Fahy (August 17, 1892 - September 17, 1979) served as Solicitor General of the United States and later as a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. ... The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States, when the government is party to a case. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Dale Minami (born October 13, 1946) is a San Francisco-based attorney specializing in personal injury and entertainment law. ... In law, a motion Coram Nobis (from the Latin in our presence, usually translated in context as the error before us) is a petition to the court in its capacity of a Court of Equity to correct a previous error of the most fundamental character to achieve justice where no... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Judge Marilyn Hall Patel (b. ... The United States District Court for the Northern District of California is the Federal district court whose jurisdiction is comprised of the following counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma. ...

Under the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct (promulgated in 1983 as a result of the Watergate scandal), a prosecutor's deliberate suppression of exonerating evidence is grounds for disbarment. Fahy's actions are often mentioned in legal ethics textbooks as an example of why the modern rule is necessary. ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, created by the American Bar Association (ABA), is a set of professional standards to guarantee the minimum legal ethics and professional responsibility of lawyers in the United States. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term Watergate scandal refers to a series of events during 1972 and 1974, that gained its name from burglaries of the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C.. Though then-President Richard Nixon had endured two years of mounting political embarrassments, the...

In 1998, President Clinton awarded Korematsu with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... The Presidential Medal of Freedom The Presidential Medal of Freedom is one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, considered the equivalent of the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor. ...

Fred Korematsu died of respiratory failure at his daughter's home in Marin County, California on March 30, 2005. Marin County (pronounced mah-RIN) is a county located in the North San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California, across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco. ... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Asian-Nation: Korematsu's Legacy and the Treatment of Arab Americans
• Presidential Medal of Freedom bio page
• PBS web page for Of Civil Wrongs and Rights: The Fred Korematsu Story
• .PDF File of amicus brief filed by Fred Korematsu in the Supreme Court case Rumsfeld v. Padilla
• Asian American Case--Fred Korematsu
• "He Said No to Internment", The New York Times, December 25, 2005.