Professor Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (April 5, 1886 - July 3, 1957) was a physicist who became an influential scientific adviser to the British government and a close associate of Winston Churchill. He advocated the wartime carpet bombing of German cities. April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A physicist is a scientist trained in physics. ... The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... The phrases area bombing and carpet bombing refer to the use of very large numbers of unguided gravity bombs to attempt the destruction of a target, either to destroy personnel and materiel or as a means to demoralize the enemy. ... The aerial bombing of cities became a common tactic in World War II. // Balkan Wars The first ever aerial bombardment was on October 16, 1912 by a Bulgarian military airplane during the Balkan Wars. ...

He was born in Baden-Baden in Germany. He attended the University of Berlin. As a physicist at the Sorbonne he carried out research into the problems of atomic heat that confirmed theories first put forward by Albert Einstein, on specific heats at very low temperatures. Map of Germany showing Baden-Baden Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... There is no institution called the University of Berlin, but there are four universities in Berlin, Germany: Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin) Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin) Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste Berlin) This is... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The Sorbonne today, from the same point of view The Sorbonne is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of Paris or the University of Paris in its entirety. ... Albert Einstein photographed by Oren J. Turner in 1947. ... The specific heat capacity (symbol c or s, also called specific heat) of a substance is defined as heat capacity per unit mass. ...

In 1914 Lindemann joined the Royal Flying Corps. He developed the mathematical theory of aircraft spin, developing and testing on himself the spin-recovery method that is still used today while director of the Experimental Physics Station at Farnborough - prior to his development of this method spinning an aircraft was almost invariably fatal. Lindemann was a precise, austere, teetotal vegetarian. 1914 (MCMXIV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. Origin and Early History Formed by Royal Warrant on May 13, 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... In flying, a spin is a special case of a stall, with the aircraft descending rapidly and rotating about a vertical axis. ... Map sources for Farnborough, Hampshire at grid reference SU871554 Arms of the former Farnborough Urban District Council Farnborough is a town in the county of Hampshire in the south of England. ...

In 1919, Lindemann was one of the first people to suggest that in the Solar Wind particles of both polarities, protons as well as electrons, come from the Sun (Ref. see Notes); he was probably not aware that Kristian Birkeland has made the same prediction three years earlier in 1916. The plasma in the Solar Wind meeting the heliopause Ion storm redirects here. ... Kristian Birkeland Kristian Birkeland (December 13, 1867 - June 15, 1917) was born in Christiania (Oslo today) and wrote his first scientific paper at the age of 18. ...

Between the wars Lindermann was a professor of experimental philosophy at Oxford University and director of the Clarendon Laboratory. He was one of a number of experts who gave advice to Winston Churchill in the 1930s when the latter was out of office and leading a campaign for rearmament. When Churchill became Prime Minister, he appointed him the British government's leading scientific adviser, and later to the ministerial post Paymaster-General. He would hold this office again in Churchill's peacetime administration. At this point Lindemann was known to many simply as the Prof. Churchill described him as 'the scientific lobe of my brain', and trusted him absolutely. The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford, England (not to be confused with the Clarendon Building, also in Oxford) is part of the Physics Department at Oxford University. ... In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister is the head of government, exercising many of the executive functions nominally vested in the Sovereign, who is head of state. ... Paymaster-General is a ministerial position in UK. Former holders of this post include: Lord John Russell 1830-1834 Sir Edmund Knatchbull 1834-1835 Sir Henry Brook Parnell 1835-1841 Edward John Stanley 1841 Sir Edmund Knatchbull 1841-1845 William Bingham Baring 1845-1846 Thomas Babington Macaulay 1846-1848 The...

Lindemann established a special statistical branch within the government, constituted from subject specialists, and reporting directly to Churchill. This branch distilled thousands of sources of data into succinct charts and figures, so that the status of the nation's food supplies (for example) could be instantly evaluated. Lindemann's statistical branch often caused tensions between government departments, but because it allowed Churchill to make quick decisions based on accurate data which directly affected the war effort, its importance should not be underestimated. For Wikipedia statistics, see m:Statistics Statistics is the science and practice of developing human knowledge through the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form. ... Churchill redirects here. ... Churchill redirects here. ... War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of lethal violence between combatants or upon civilians. ...

In 1942 he presented the War Cabinet with a paper advocating the area bombing of Geman cities in a strategic bombing campaign. The paper became known as the 'dehousing paper' and was based on studies of German bombing on Birmingham, Kingston upon Hull and elsewhere. It estimated the expected damage the RAF could do if it concentrated all its efforts into area bombing. This paper became the genesis of the assault on german civilian morale by area bombardment. The strategy, agreed to by the Cabinet and became Government policy, and was an important part of the total war waged against Germany. It was implemented with great vigour by Air Chief Marshal Arthur "Bomber" Harris as officer commanding RAF Bomber Command. Throughout the war Lindemann played a key part in the battle of the beams, providing insight on how the Germans were using radio navigation to increase the precision of their bombing campaigns. 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... A War Cabinet is committee formed by a government in time of war. ... Strategic bombing is a military strategem used in a total war style campaign that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. ... The city from above Centenary Square. ... Hull or Kingston upon Hull is a British city situated on the north bank of the Humber estuary. ... A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... A US poster produced during World War II Total war is a 20th century term to describe a war in which countries or nations use all of their resources to destroy another organized countrys or nations ability to engage in war. ... Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet (April 13, 1892 - April 5, 1984), commonly known as Bomber Harris, and often within the RAF as Butcher Harris, was commander of RAF Bomber Command and later a Marshal of the Royal Air Force during the latter half of World War II. In 1942... RAF Bomber Command was the organisation that controlled the RAFs bomber forces. ... The Battle of the Beams was a period in early World War II when Luftwaffe bombers started using radio navigation for night bombing. ... Radio navigation is the application of radio frequencies to determining a position on the earth. ...

He has been described as having "an almost pathological hatred for Nazi Germany, and an almost medieval desire for revenge was a part of his character" (John W. Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls, "The Semblance of Peace" (London: 1972), p. 179).

In 1945 he returned to his post at Oxford University and the Clarendon laboratory. He continued to advise the government on nuclear research and created the Atomic Energy Authority. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was established in 1954 as a statutory corporation to oversee and pioneer the development of nuclear energy within the United Kingdom. ...

On 4 June 1941 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cherwell. In 1943 he was appointed a Privy Counsellor and in 1956 he was appointed a Companion of Honour. In 1956 he was created Viscount Cherwell, which became extinct upon his death without a male heir. Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order (decoration). ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

William Allen Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt (15 April 1885 - 16 August 1957), was a British lawyer and politician. ... Paymaster-General is a ministerial position in UK. Former holders of this post include: Lord John Russell 1830-1834 Sir Edmund Knatchbull 1834-1835 Sir Henry Brook Parnell 1835-1841 Edward John Stanley 1841 Sir Edmund Knatchbull 1841-1845 William Bingham Baring 1845-1846 Thomas Babington Macaulay 1846-1848 The... Sir Gordon MacDonald (1885-1966) was Newfoundlands final British governor as well as the last chairman of the Commission of Government serving from 1946 until the colony joined confederation in 1949 and became a province of Canada. ... Paymaster-General is a ministerial position in UK. Former holders of this post include: Lord John Russell 1830-1834 Sir Edmund Knatchbull 1834-1835 Sir Henry Brook Parnell 1835-1841 Edward John Stanley 1841 Sir Edmund Knatchbull 1841-1845 William Bingham Baring 1845-1846 Thomas Babington Macaulay 1846-1848 The... George Nigel Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk, (4 January 1906 - 24 November 1994) KT GCMG GBE AFC AE PC QC (Scot. ... Professor Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (April 5, 1886 - July 3, 1957) was a physicist who became an influential scientific adviser to the British government and a close associate of Winston Churchill. ...

See also

• Dr. R. V. Jones

Professor R V Jones Reginald Victor Jones (28 September 1911–17 December 1997) was an English physicist and scientific military intelligence expert. ...

Further reading

• The Official Life of Professor F. A. Lindemann by Frederick Furneaux-Smith (1961)
• PROF: The Life of Frederick Lindemann by Adrian Fort (2004)

Frederick Winston Furneaux-Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead (December 1907-1975) was a British historian. ...

External links

• Blitzed by guidebook

Notes

• Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, Vol. 38, No. 228, December, 1919, 674 (on the Solar Wind)