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The Free Papua Movement (Indonesian: Organisasi Papua Merdeka, abbreviated OPM) is a separatist organization established in 1965 which seeks independence for Western New Guinea from Indonesia. The territory is currently administered by Indonesia as the provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya. Since its inception the OPM has attempted diplomatic dialogue, conducted West Papuan flag raising ceremonies (illegal under Indonesian law), and undertaken militant actions. Image File history File links Flag_of_West_Papua. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_West_Papua. ...
The flag of West Papua, ratio unknown Description The flag of West Papua consists of a red vertical band along the hoist side, with a white five-pointed star in the center. ...
Political separatism is a movement to obtain sovereignty and split a territory or group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another (or one nation from another; a colony from the metropolis). ...
1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...
West Papua is also the name of the province of Indonesia formerly called West Irian Jaya. ...
Papua is a province of Indonesia comprising a majority part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands (see also Western New Guinea). ...
Map showing West Irian Jaya province in Indonesia West Irian Jaya (Indonesian: Irian Jaya Barat) is a province of Indonesia on the western end of the island of New Guinea. ...
The flag of West Papua, ratio unknown Description The flag of West Papua consists of a red vertical band along the hoist side, with a white five-pointed star in the center. ...
While the organization, and in turn Papuan independence, is not supported by the significant immigrant Javanese population, it is supported by many indigenous Papuans who consider themselves to have no cultural or historical ties with Austronesian Indonesians. According to OPM supporters, Indonesian administration of West Papua is a military occupation. The Austronesian people are a population group in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke one of the Austronesian languages. ...
Belligerent military occupation occurs when one nations military occupies all or part of the territory of another nation or recognized belligerent. ...
History
 Free Papua Movement graffiti in Sentani, Papua Though the rest of what is now Indonesia during World War II came under Japanese, and later Republic of Indonesia rule the territory of western Papua retained its pre-war colonial relationship with the Netherlands and continued the development of independent civil services[1] including election of a national New Guinea Council in January 1961 which was inaugurated in April 1961. White House advisors McGeorge Bundy and Robert Komer from April 1961 lobbied US President Kennedy to negotiate for Indonesia the trade of West New Guinea to Indonesian control[2]; the resulting New York Agreement was drafted by Robert Kennedy and signed by the Netherlands, Indonesia and United Nations in August 1962. Although the Netherlands had insisted the West New Guinea people be allowed Self-determination in accord with the United Nations charter and General Assembly Resolution 1514 which was to be called the "Act of Free Choice"; the New York Agreement instead provided a seven year delay and gave the United Nations no authority to supervise the act[3]. The legitimacy of this transfer was not recognized by the Papuan population, the majority of whom have continued civil disobedience by raising the West Papua Morning Star flag each year on the 1st December although this action is illegal under Indonesian law and may result in imprisonment of seven to twenty years if caught and handed over to the police for prosecution[4]. Image File history File links FPM_Fredhom_Graffiti. ...
Image File history File links FPM_Fredhom_Graffiti. ...
Sentani can refer to several things related to a region on the north coast of the province of Papua, Indonesia: The town of Sentani. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
In October 1968 Mr Nicolaas Jouwe, member of the New Guinea Council and of the National Committee elected by the Council in 1962, lobbied the United Nations claiming 30,000 Indonesian troops and thouands of Indonesian civil servants were repressing the Papuan population[5]. According to US Ambassador Galbraith the Indonesian Foreign Minister Adman Malik also believed the Indonesian military was the cause of problems in the territory and the number of troops should be reduced by at least one half. Ambassador Galbraith further described the OPM to "represent an amorphous mass of anti-Indonesia sentiment" with "possibly 85 to 90 percent [of Papuans], are in sympathy with the Free Papua cause or at least intensely dislike Indonesians"[6].
Brigadier General Sarwo Edhie oversaw the design and conduct of the "Act of Free Choice" which took place from 14th July to 2nd August 1969. The United Nations representative Ambassador Oritiz Sanz arrived on 22nd August 1968 and made repeated requests for to the Brigadier General for Indonesia to allow a one man one vote system (a process known as a referendum or plebiscite) but these requests were refused on terms that the New York Agreement did not specify that the general public be allowed to vote[7]. One thousand and twenty five Papuans were selected from and instructed on the required proceedure for the act. The resulting vote was unanimous for integration, but by many Papuans and representatives of foreign governments, claim the result was rigged by the Indonesian Government. Act of Free Choice (Indonesian: Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat [PEPERA]) was the title of a 1969 referendum in the former Dutch territory of Western New Guinea, to determine whether the territory would become part of Indonesia or maintain independence. ...
In response, Oom Nicolas Jouwe and two OPM commanders, Seth Jafeth Roemkorem and Jacob Hendrik Prai, planned to announce Papuan Independence in 1971. On 1st July 1971 Roemkorem and Prai declared a Republic of West Papua, and drafted a constitution. The Republic of West Papua is a proposed state that would give sovereignty to the people of western New Guinea (now the Indonesian provinces of Papua and Irian Jaya Barat). ...
Conflicts over strategy between Roemkorem and Prai soon initiated a split of the OPM into two factions; the PEMKA lead by Prai, and TPN lead by Roemkorem. This greatly weakened OPM's ability as a centralized combat force. It remains widely used, however, invoked by both contemporary fighters and domestic and expatriate political activists.
In 1982 a OPM Revolutionary Council (OPMRC) was established, and under the chairmanship of Moses Werror the OPMRC has sought independence through an International Diplomacy campaign. OPMRC aims to obtain international recognition for West Papuan independence through international forums such as the United Nations, The Non Aligned Movement of Nations, The South Pacific Forum, and The Association of South East Asian Nations. The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ...
The Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental consultative process which aims to enhance cooperation between the countries of the Pacific Ocean and represent their interests. ...
Main languages See Languages of ASEAN Secretary General Ong Keng Yong of Singapore Area - Total 4,480,000 km2 Population - Total (2004) - Density 550,000,000 122. ...
In 1984 OPM staged an attack on Jayapura, the provincial capital and a city dominated by non-Melanesian Indonesians. The attack was quickly repelled by the Indonesian military, who followed it with broader counter-insurgency activity. This triggered an exodus of Papuan refugees, apparently supported by the OPM, into camps across the border in Papua New Guinea. A workers mural in Jayapura, Indonesia Jayapura City (Indonesian: Kota Jayapura) is the capital of Papua province, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea. ...
In the mid-1990s, the organization gained renewed prominence and greater support among indigenous Papuans. This was fueled in large part by anger over the actions of the gold mining corporation Freeport-McMoRan, which is accused of environmental damage and of supporting alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian military. In separate incidents in January and August 1996, OPM captured European and Indonesian hostages; first from a research group and later from a logging camp. Two hostages from the former group were killed and the rest were released. Gold mining consists of the processes and techniques employed in the removal of gold from the ground. ...
Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. ...
In July 1998 the OPM raised their independence flag at the Kota Biak water tower on the island of Biak. They stayed there for the following few days before the Indonesian Military broke the group up using force. Reports of a massacre have since surfaced. Fishing boats lined up at Kota Biak, Indonesia Biak is a small island located in Cenderawasih Bay near the northern coast of Papua, an Indonesian province, and is just northwest of New Guinea. ...
Organisation The internal organisation of OPM is difficult to determine. As of 1996 OPM's 'Supreme Commander' is Mathias Wenda.[8] An OPM spokesperson in Sydney, John Otto Ondawame, says it has nine more or less independent commands.[8] Australian freelance journalist, Ben Bohane, says it has seven independent commands.[8] Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI), Indonesia's army, says the OPM has two main wings, the 'Victoria Headquarters' and 'Defenders of Truth'. The former is small, and was led by M L Prawar until he was shot dead in 1991. The latter is much larger and operates all over Irian. [8] 1996 is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...
See also ASNLF Flag The Free Aceh Movement (Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM), also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front (ASNLF), is an armed separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region on Sumatra from Indonesia. ...
References - ^ Report on Netherlands New Guinea for the year 1961 http://wpik.org/Src/un_report_1961.html
- ^ U.S. Dept. of State Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia http://wpik.org/Src/950306_FRUS_XXIII_1961-63.html#Indonesia
- ^ Text of New York Agreement
- ^ [http://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/papua0207/ Protest and Punishment Political Prisoners in Papua], Report by Human Rights Watch
- ^ New York Times, Papuans at U.N. score Indonesia, Lobbyists asking nations to insure fair plebiscite
- ^ National Security Archive at George Washington University, Document 8
- ^ New York Times interview July 5 1969, interview May 10th 1969
- ^ a b c d van Klinken, Gerry (1996). "OPM information". Inside Indonesia 02.
- Bell, Ian; Herb Feith; and Ron Hatley (1986). The West Papuan challenge to Indonesian authority in Irian Jaya: old problems, new possibilities. Asian Survey 26(5):539-556.
- Bertrand, Jaques (1997). "Business as Usual" in Suharto's Indonesia. Asian Survey 37(6):441-452.
- Evans, Julian (1996). Last stand of the stone age. The Guardian Weekend. August 24:p. T20.
- Monbiot, George. Poisoned Arrows: An Investigative Journey to the Forbidden Territories of West Papua
- van der Kroef, Justus M (1968). West New Guinea: the uncertain future. Asian Survey 8(8):691-707.
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