The Free Speech Movement was a student protest which began in 1964 - 1965 on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley under the informal leadership of student Mario Savio and others. In protests unprecedented at the time, students insisted that the university administration lift a ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom. Students attending a lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb stŭdērĕ, meaning to direct ones zeal at; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. ... Demonstrators march in the street while protesting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on April 16, 2005. ... The University of California, Berkeley (also known as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, and by other names, see below) is the oldest and flagship campus of the ten-campus University of California system. ... Mario Savio on Sproul Hall steps, 1966 Mario Savio (December 8, 1942 - November 6, 1996) was an American political activist. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ... Academic freedom is the freedom of teachers, students, and academic institutions to pursue knowledge wherever it may lead, without undue or unreasonable interference. ...

Student activists, some of whom had traveled with the Freedom Riders and worked to register African American voters in the South over the summer, had set up information tables on campus and were soliciting donations for civil rights causes. According to existing rules at the time, fundraising for political parties was only limited exclusively for the Democratic and Republican school clubs. There was also a mandatory "loyalty oath" required of faculty, which had led to dismissals and ongoing controversy over academic freedom. On September 14, 1964, Dean Katherine Towle announced that existing University regulations prohibiting advocacy of political causes or candidates, outside political speakers, recruitment of members, and fundraising by student organizations at the intersection of Bancroft and Telegraph Avenues would be "strictly enforced." This strip was until then thought to be city property, not campus property. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Freedom rides. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... On a normal day, street vendors line Telegraph Avenue near the UC Berkeley campus. ...

On October 1, former graduate student Jack Weinberg was sitting at the CORE table. He refused to show his identification to the campus police and was arrested. There was a spontaneous movement of students to surround the police car in which he was to be transported. Weinberg did not leave the police car, nor did the car move for 36 hours. At one point, there may have been 3,000 students around the car. October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ...

During this period, the car was used as a speaker's podium and a continuous public discussion was held which continued until the charges against Weinberg were dropped. About a month later, the university brought charges against the students who organized the sit-in, resulting in an even larger student protest that all but shut down the university. The center of the protest was Sproul Hall, the campus administration building, which protesters took over in a massive sit-in. The sit-in ended on December 3, when police arrested over 800 students. A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for protest, often political, social, or economic change. ... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

After much disturbance, the University officials slowly backed down. By January 3, 1965, the new acting chancellor, Martin Meyerson, established provisional rules for political activity on the Berkeley campus, designating the Sproul Hall steps an open discussion area during certain hours of the day and permitting tables. January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...

One misconception about the FSM was that it was only left-wing oriented. The fact was that all political activity had been banned, including Students for Goldwater and other conservative groups. These groups also participated in the movement and benefited from it. In politics, left-wing, the political left or simply the left are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of, to varying extents, socialism, green politics, anarchism, communism, social democracy, progressivism, American liberalism or social liberalism, and defined in contradistinction... Bartholomew Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 – May 29, 1998) commonly known as Barry Goldwater, was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–87) and the Republican Partys nominee for President in the 1964 election. ... This article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ...

The Free Speech Movement had long-lasting effects at the Berkeley campus and was a pivotal moment for the civil liberties movement in The Sixties. It was seen as the beginning of the famous student activism that existed on the campus in the 1960's, and continues to a lesser degree today. There was a substantial backlash against the players involved in the Free Speech Movement. Under pressure from California Governor Ronald Reagan, the UC Board of Regents dismissed UC President Clark Kerr because of the perception that he had been too soft on the protestors. The FBI had kept a secret file on Kerr. Woodstock: the iconic Sixties event The Sixties in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969 (see: 1960s), but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past 20 years. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Governors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gray Davis with President George W. Bush (2003) Seal of the Governor of California (without the Roman numerals designating the governors sequence) See also: List of pre-statehood governors of California, List of Governors of California The Governor of California is the highest executive authority... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989), and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... The Regents of the University of California make up the governing board of the University of California. ... Clark Kerr (May 17, 1911 – December 1, 2003) was the first Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley (1952–1958) and the 12th President of the University of California (1958–1967). ... // At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes and is second to only the United States Marshal Service in terms of law enforcement jurisdiction (although the USMS by practice relegates itself to judicial duties, making the FBI the de-facto lead...

Reagan had gained political traction by campaigning on a platform to "clean up the mess in Berkeley". This included the earlier protests of the House Committee on Un-American Activities meeting in San Francisco in 1960. There, protesters were washed down the steps inside the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall with fire hoses, as shown in the conservative film Operation Abolition, which became an organizing tool for the protesters. The House Committee on Un-American Activities or HUAC (1945-1975) was an investigating committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... San Francisco City Hall in Summer 2003. ...

Shortly after the FSM, a young man holding a poster with the simple word "FUCK" created a short sensation known as the Filthy Speech Movement. Although felt intensely by a few, protest over this issue quickly died out, most students not seeing it as a cause to commit to. The student claimed to have been using an acronym for "Freedom Under Clark Kerr". It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ...

In the Spring of 1965, the FSM was followed by the Vietnam Day Committee, a major starting point for the anti-Vietnam war movement. Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began slowly and in small numbers in 1964 on various college campuses in the United States. ...

Today, Sproul Hall and the surrounding Sproul Plaza are active locations for protests and marches, as well as the ordinary daily tables with free literature from anyone who wishes to appear, of any political orientation. A wide variety of groups of all political, religious and social persuasions set up tables at Sproul Plaza. The Sproul steps, now called "Mario Savio Steps," may be reserved by anyone for a speech or rally. An on-campus restaurant commemorating the event, the Mario Savio Free Speech Movement Cafe, resides in a portion of the Moffitt Undergraduate Library. A March 20, 2003 rally against the War in Iraq on the steps of Sproul Plaza, held by the Berkeley Stop the War Coalition. ...

The Free Speech Monument, commemorating the movement, was created in 1991 by artist Mark Brest van Kempen. It is located, appropriately, in Sproul Plaza. The monument consists of a six-inch hole in the ground filled with soil and a granite ring surrounding that hole. The granite ring bears the inscription, "This soil and the air space extending above it shall not be a part of any nation and shall not be subject to any entity's jurisdiction." The monument makes no explicit reference to the movement, but it evokes notions of free speech and its implications through its rhetoric.[1]

See also

• Berkeley, California
• The Sixties
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• Freedom Summer Campaign
• New Left
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Students for a Democratic Society
• Town and gown
• Berkeley in the '60s, a documentary film from 1990
• Hippie

Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern California, in the United States. ... Woodstock: the iconic Sixties event The Sixties in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969 (see: 1960s), but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past 20 years. ... The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ... The New Left is a term used in political discourse to refer to radical left-wing movements from the 1960s onwards. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ... SDS Button Logo The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was, historically, a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations of the countrys New Left. ... Town and gown is a term used to describe the two communities of a university town; town being the non-academic population and gown the university community, especially in traditional seats of learning such as Oxford and Cambridge. ... Singer at contemporary Russian Rainbow gathering Hippie, occasionally spelled hippy, refers to a subgroup of the 1960s counterculture that began in the United States, becoming an established social group by 1965 before declining in the 1970s. ...

External links

• articles by Jo Freeman on social protest at Berkeley[2]

• documents from SLATE -- the UC Berkeley student political party 1957-1966 and the first of the student organizations in the rising New Left and student movements [3]

• John Searle account of FSM; some photos on John Searle's site.
• "People's History of Berkeley" - Extensive history at the Barrington Collective's Wiki
• Online Sound Recordings from the Free Speech Movement - UC Berkeley Library
• Free Speech Movement Archives
• Free Speech Movement Digital Archives from UC Berkeley
• FSM@40: Free Speech in a Dangerous Time
• Text, Audio, Video of Mario Savio's Sproul Hall Sit-in Address delivered 2 December 1964

Jo Freeman (a. ... John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932) is Mills Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, and is noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and consciousness, on the characteristics of socially constructed versus physical realities, and on practical reason. ...

References

• Cloke, Kenneth, Democracy and Revolution in Law and Politics: The Origin of Civil Liberties Protest Movements in Berkeley, From TASC and SLATE to FSM (1957-1965), Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of History, UCLA, 1980.
• Cohen, Robert and Reginald Zelnik, eds. The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.
• Cohen, Robert, ed., The FSM and Beyond: Berkeley Students, Protest and Social Change in the 1960s, unpublished anthology, Berkeley, Ca.: n.d. 1994.
• Freeman, Jo At Berkeley in the Sixties: Education of an Activist, 1961-1965 Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press, 2004
• Draper, Hal,, Berkeley: The New Student Revolt, New York: Grove Press, 1965.
• Goines, David Lance, The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s, Berkeley, Ten Speed Press, 1993.
• Heirich, Max, The Beginning: Berkeley, 1964 New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
• Horowitz, David, Student: What Has Been Happening at a Major University, The Political Activities of the Berkeley Students, New York: Ballantine Books, 1962.
• Kerr, Clark, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967
• Lipset, Seymour Martin and Sheldon S. Wolin, eds. The Berkeley Student Revolt: Facts and Interpretations, Garden City: Anchor Books, 1965.
• Lunsford, Terry F., The "Free Speech" Crises at Berkeley, 1964-1965: Some Issues for Social and Legal Research, A Report form the Center for Research and Development in Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley, December 1965.
• Raskin, A.H., "The Berkeley Affair: Mr. Kerr vs. Mr. Savio & Co.", The New York Times Magazine, February 14, 1965, pp. 24-5, 88-91. Reprinted in Miller and Gilmore, 1965, pp. 78-91.
• Rorabaugh, W. J., Berkeley at War: The 1960s
• Rossman, Michael, The Wedding Within the War, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., 1971.
• Seaborg, Glenn, with Ray Colvig, Chancellor at Berkeley, Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California, Berkeley, 1994.
• Searle, John, The Campus War: A Sympathetic Look at the University in Agony, New York: The World Publishing Company, 1971.
• Stadtman, Verne A., The University of California 1868-1968, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.
• Stewart, George R., The Year of the Oath: The Fight for Academic Freedom at the University of California, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1950.