Brunswick was a historical state in Germany, established as a duchy by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Its capital was Wolfenbüttel. From 1918 to 1946 it was a "free" or "republican" state (Freistaat). A duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. ... The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... Wolfenbüttel is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Flag of the now defunct Orange Free State Flag of the modern Free State of Bavaria The modern Republic of Ireland was known from 1922-1937 as the Irish Free State. ...

Formal sovereignty confirmed

Principality of Wolfenbüttel was recognized as a sovereign state by the congress in 1815. It had been a portion of the medieval Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. From 1705 onward, all other portions of Brunswick-Lüneburg except Wolfenbüttel had been held by Calenberg (Hanoverian) line of the House of Welf, i.e the Elector of Hanover, as the Wolfenbüttel line retained its independence from Hanover. Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... // Events Construction begins on Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England. ... The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century. ... Hanover (German Hannover) is a historical territory in todays Germany. ... -1...

The Wolfenbüttel principality had for the period from 1807 to 1813 been held as part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 turned it into an independent country under the name Duchy of Brunswick, with Wolfenbüttel as its capital. 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Kingdom of Westphalia is a historical state in present-day Germany that existed from 1807-1813. ... The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

History

The underage Duke Charles, the eldest son of Duke Frederick William (who had fallen in battle), was put under the guardianship of George IV, the Prince Regent of the United Kingdom and Hanover. Statue of Frederick William at Braunschweig Frederick William (German: Friedrich Wilhelm; October 9, 1771, Braunschweig, Holy Roman Empire – June 16, 1815, Quatre-Bras, Netherlands), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Oels, called The Black Duke, was a military officer and one of the bitterest opponents of Napoleonic domination in... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ...

First the young duke had dispute over the date of his majority. Then, in 1827, Charles declared some of the laws made during his minority invalid, which caused conflicts. After the German Confederation intervened, Charles was forced to accept those laws. His administration was considered corrupt and misguided. Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...

In the aftermath of the July Revolution in 1830, Charles finally had to abdicate. The palace in Brunswick was completely destroyed. Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, was a revolt by the middle class against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and replaced him with the Orléanist King Louis...

When Charles' brother William VIII, arrived in Brunswick on 10 September, he was received joyfully by the people. William orginally considered himself only his brother's regent, but after a year declared himself ruling duke. Charles made several desperate attempts, unsuccessfully, to depose his brother. September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ...

William left most government business to his ministers, and spent most of his time outside of his state at his possessions in Oels. Oleśnica (German Oels or Öls. ...

While William joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation in 1866, his relationship to Prussia was strained, since Prussia refused to recognize Ernest Augustus II of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland, his nearest male-line relative, as his heir. North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund), came into existence in 1867, following the dissolution of the German Confederation. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Ernst August 3rd Duke of Cumberland Crown Prince Ernst August II of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland, (Ernst August Wilhelm Adolf Georg Friedrich) (21 September 1845-14 November 1923), was the eldest child and only son of King George V of Hanover and his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. ...

While the kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866, the Duchy of Brunswick remained sovereign and independent. It joined first the North German Confederation and in 1871 the German Empire.-1... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund), came into existence in 1867, following the dissolution of the German Confederation. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Gott mit Uns (German: God with us”) Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I   Capital Berlin Official language(s) German Minor language(s) Polish (Posen, Upper Silesia, Masuria) French (Elsass-Lothringen) Government Constitutional Monarchy  - First Kaiser Wilhelm I...

In 1870s at latest it became obvious that the then senior branch of the House of Welf (dukes of Brunswick) would go extinct. By house law, the House of Hanover would have ascended the ducal throne, but there was strong Prussian pressure against having George V of Hanover or his son, the Duke of Cumberland, succeed to a member state of the German Empire, at least without severe conditions, including swearing allegiance to the German constitution. George V, King of Hanover and 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August (27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the only son of Ernst August I, King of Hanover and 1st Duke of Cumberland (fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom...

By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a temporary council of regency to take over at the Duke's death, and if necessary appoint a regent. With the 1884 death of Duke William, the Wolfenbüttel line came to an end. William (German Wilhelm; 25 April 1806, Brunswick – 18 October 1884, Sibyllenort), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was ruling duke of the Duchy of Brunswick from 1830 until his death. ...

The duchy would have passed on to the Hanover line, but since the Hanoverians refused to accept the Prussian annexation of their kingdom, they were not allowed to accede to rule in Brunswick. A constitutional crisis ensued in Brunswick. The Duke of Cumberland proclaimed himself Duke of Brunswick at the Duke's death, and lengthy negotiations ensued, but were never resolved.

Two regents were appointed: Prince Albert of Prussia until his death in 1906, and Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg. Prince (Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus) Albrecht of Prussia (8 May 1837-13 September 1906) was a Prussian general field marshal and, from 1885, regent of the Duchy of Brunswick. ...

This situation lasted until the accession of Ernest Augustus, the son of the Duke of Cumberland, in 1913. The duchy was governed by regents until in 1913, when the Hanover line was reconciled with the Hohenzollern dynasty and renounced its rights to the Kingdom of Hanover. The Duke of Cumberland's eldest son having died in 1912, the elderly Duke renounced Brunswick in favor of his youngest son who married the Kaiser's daughter, swore allegiance to the German Empire, and was allowed to ascend the throne of the duchy on November 1913. Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 November 1887, Penzing-30 January 1953), reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (2 November 1913-8 November 1918), was a grandson of King George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... The House of Hohenzollern is a German dynasty of electors, kings, and emperors of Prussia, Germany, and Romania. ...

In 1918 the Duke had to abdicate and the Free State of Brunswick was founded as a member state of the Weimar Republic. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Anthem: Das Lied der Deutschen The Länder of Germany during the Weimar Republic, with the Free State of Prussia (Freistaat Preußen) as the largest   Capital Berlin Government Semi-presitential Republic  - Reichspräsidenten Friedrich Ebert (1919-1925) Paul von Hindenburg (1925-1934)  - First Chancellor Philipp Scheidemann (1919)  - Last Chancellor...

In 1946, the Free State of Brunswick was made a part of the newly founded state (Land) of Lower Saxony. Some small parts (mainly around Blankenburg am Harz) were joined to Saxony-Anhalt. Inside Lower Saxony, Brunswick continued to exist for some time as the Administrative Region of Brunswick. Brunswick had an area of 3,690 km² and 580,000 inhabitants (1939). 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... With an area of 47,618 km and nearly eight million inhabitants, Lower Saxony (German Niedersachsen) lies in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the countrys sixteen Bundesl nder (federal states). ... Blankenburg am Harz is a town and health resort of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, at the N. foot of the Harz Mountains, 12 m. ... With an area of 20,447 km² and a population of 2. ... Braunschweig (sometimes in English Brunswick) is one of the four Regierungsbezirke of Lower Saxony, Germany, located in the southeast of the state. ...

Coat of Arms

The duchy of Brunswick was formed out of the possesions of senior branch of the house of Brunswick. The house of Brunswick originated in Othbert Count Palatine of Este in Italy. This family acquired the inheritance of the Guelph family by marriage — around the year 1000 — of Azzo II with Kunigunde, daughter of Welf II. Again important possessions were gained in (Lower-)Saxony by the marriage of Henry 'the Black' to Wulfhild (d 1126), last of the Billung-family who had been dukes of Saxony for the last ages. They were made lord of Brunswick and Lüneburg in 1181 and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg on 12 August 1235. In 1546 the house of Brunswick-Lüneburg divided into the branches of Lüneburg (principality of Hanover) and Wolffenbüttel (the duchy of Brunswick). // Events World Population 300 million. ... Events Jayavarman VII assumes control of the Khmer kingdom. ... Events Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. ... // Events Spanish conquest of Yucatan Peace between England and France Foundation of Trinity College, Cambridge by Henry VIII of England Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg Science Architecture Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. ...

Both branches used in their arms the two lions of Brunswick (said to be granted by the English king to his son in law, the duke of Brunswick in the thirteenth century), the blue lion of Lüneburg and the white horse of Saxony. The white horse is said to be the emblem of the eighth century Saxon duke Widukind after he and his barons were forcebly baptized by Charlemagne. Before he would have flown a black horse on a yellow cloth.

The standard of the dukes of Brunswick given by Siebmachers Wappenbuch, Nurenberg 1878, shows the white horse on a red cloth. The flag was blue over yellow. The branch of Brunswick-Wolffenüttel died out however with Duke William on 18th October 1884. Brunswick and Hannover should have been rejoined at that time, but Prussia had annexed the kingdom of Hannover in 1866 and now prevented the younger branch of the house of Brunswick from taking op the ducal crown. Only in 1913 was peace sealed with the marriage of prince Ernst August of Hannover to Victoria Louise, daughter of the German emperor William II. This couple was enthroned in the duchy of Brunswick. The flag they adopted shows however very much the English pattern in its form and contents. In the first and fourth quarter are the two lions of Brunswick, in the second and third the lion of Lüneburg. In the centre are the arms of Hanover (which are still on those of Great Britain!) now with a ducal crown (source: Bulgaria Berühmte Fahnen Deutscher geschichte, Dresden 1922, p 61). To this day the princes of Hanover also are titled 'Prince(ss) of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg'. 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Princess Viktoria Luise (13 September 1892–11 December 1980), Duchess of Brunswick-Luneburg, was the seventh child and the only daughter of Emperor Wilhelm II and Empress Augusta Viktoria. ... Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859 - June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia from 1888 - 1918. ...

The arms of the Duchy of Brunswick: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brauschw1814.jpg

Leaders of the state of Brunswick

Dukes of Brunswick, House of Welf, Younger House of Brunswick, restored

1. 1813–1815: Frederick William in Wolfenbüttel
2. 1815–1830: Charles II
3. 1830–1884: William VIII

1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Statue of Frederick William at Braunschweig Frederick William (German: Friedrich Wilhelm; October 9, 1771, Braunschweig, Holy Roman Empire – June 16, 1815, Quatre-Bras, Netherlands), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Oels, called The Black Duke, was a military officer and one of the bitterest opponents of Napoleonic domination in... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Imperial regents

1. 1885–1906: Albert, Prince of Prussia, regent
2. 1907–1913: John Albert, Duke of Mecklenburg, regent

1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

Dukes of Brunswick, House of Welf, House of Hanover

1. 1913–1918: Ernest Augustus

The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty of Lombard descent which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 November 1887, Penzing-30 January 1953), reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (2 November 1913-8 November 1918), was a grandson of King George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed...

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners of the Republic of Brunswick, 1918–1919

1. 1918–1919: Sepp Oerter (USPD)
2. 1919–1920: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)

1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... USPD election poster, 1919 The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, or USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... SPD redirects here. ...

Minister presidents of the Republic of Brunswick, 1919–1946

1. 1919–1920: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)
2. 1920–1921: Sepp Oerter (USPD)
3. 1921–1922: August Junke (SPD)
4. 1922: Otto Antrick (SPD)
5. 1922: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)
6. 1924–1927: Gerhard Marquordt (DVP)
7. 1927–1930: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)
8. 1930–1933: Werner Küchenthal (DNVP)
9. 1933–1945: Dietrich Klagges (NSDAP)
10. 1945–1946: Hubert Schlebusch (SPD)
11. 1946: Alfred Kubel (SPD)

1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... This page is about the German Peoples Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1924 electoral poster, using the Admiral Tirpitz as a figurehead The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Dietrich Klagges (IPA /di:trɪç klagəs/) (born 1 February 1891 in Herringsen, nowadays part of Bad Sassendorf, (Kreis Soest); died 12 November 1971 in Bad Harzburg) was a Nazi politician and from 1933 to 1945 the appointed premier (Ministerpräsident) of the now abolished state of Braunschweig (English sometimes... The Nazi swastika symbol The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Alfred Kubel (25 May 1909, Braunschweig – 22 May 1999, Bad Pyrmont) was a German socialist politician. ...

Claimants to the Duchy

• Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland (1884–1913), renounced

• the aforementioned Ernest Augustus III, the deposed duke of Brunswick (1918–1953), son of the previous

• Ernest Augustus the elder, Prince of Hanover (1953–1987)
• Ernest Augustus the younger, Prince of Hanover (1987–present)

Ernst August 3rd Duke of Cumberland Crown Prince Ernst August II of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland, (Ernst August Wilhelm Adolf Georg Friedrich) (21 September 1845-14 November 1923), was the eldest child and only son of King George V of Hanover and his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. ... Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 November 1887, Penzing-30 January 1953), reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (2 November 1913-8 November 1918), was a grandson of King George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed... Ernest Augustus IV, Prince of Hanover (German Prinz Ernst August von Hannover; 18 March 1914 - 9 December 1987) was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia. ... HRH The Prince of Hanover Ernst August, Prince of Hanover (German: Prinz von Hannover, in English also known as Ernest Augustus of Hanover), styled His Royal Highness The Prince of Hanover; born 26 February 1954 in Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany) is the eldest son of Ernest Augustus IV, Prince of...

Districts

The Duchy of Brunswick was subdivided into districts (Kreise) in 1833. The following districts existed from 1833 to 1946: Local government areas called districts are used, or have been used, in several countries. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

• District of Blankenburg
• City of Brunswick
• District of Brunswick
• District of Gandersheim
• District of Goslar (from 1942 on)
• District of Helmstedt
• District of Holzminden (until 1942)
• City of Watenstedt-Salzgitter (from 1942 on)
• District of Wolfenbüttel

Map of Germany showing Braunschweig Braunschweig [ˈbraunʃvaik] (English & French: Brunswick) is a city of 245,500 people (as of December 31, 2004), located in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Goslar is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Helmstedt is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Holzminden is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Categories: Germany geography stubs | Cities in Germany | Towns in Lower Saxony ... Wolfenbüttel is a Kreis (district) in the southeastern part of Lower Saxony, Germany. ...

See also

• Former countries in Europe after 1815

This article gives an overview of countries (including puppet-countries) that existed in Europe after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ...

External links

• Map of the Duchy of Brunswick
• Map of Lower Saxony 1789