Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases the musicians make an active effort to avoid overt references to recognizable musical genres. The term is somewhat paradoxical, since it can be considered both as a technique (employed by any musician who wishes to disregard rigid genres and forms) and as a recognizable genre in its own right. Musical improvisation is the spontaneous creative process of making music while it is being performed. ... For other meanings of Paradox, see Paradox (disambiguation). ...

Free improvisation, as a style of music, developed in the U.S. and Europe in the mid and late 1960s, largely as an outgrowth of free jazz and modern classical musics. None of its exponents can be said to be famous amongst the general public; however, in experimental circles, a number of free musicians are well known, including saxophonists Evan Parker and Peter Brötzmann, guitarist Derek Bailey, and the improvising group AMM. For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... In the broadest sense, contemporary music is any music being written in the present day. ... The saxophone (colloquially referred to as sax) is a conical-bored musical instrument usually considered a member of the woodwind family. ... Evan Shaw Parker (born 5 April 1944 in Bristol) is a British free-improvising saxophone player from the European free jazz scene. ... Peter Brötzmann (born March 6, 1941) is a German free jazz saxophonist. ... Derek Bailey pictured at the Vortex Club, Stoke Newington, 1991. ... AMM is an important British free improvisation group, founded in London, England in 1965. ...

Characteristics

Although performers may choose to play in a certain style or key, or at a certain tempo, conventional songs are highly uncommon in free improvisation; more emphasis is generally placed on mood, texture or, more simply, on performative gesture than on preset forms of melody, harmony or rhythm. These elements are improvised at will, as the music progresses. This key signature – A major or F# minor – consists of three sharps placed after the clef In musical notation, a key signature is a series of sharp symbols or flat symbols placed on the staff, designating notes that are to be consistently played one semitone higher or lower than the... For other uses, see Tempo (disambiguation). ... Look up mood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In music texture is the overall quality of sound of a piece, most often indicated by the number of voices in the music and to the relationship between these voices (see below). ... Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ... For other uses, see Rhythm (disambiguation). ...

Guitarist Derek Bailey proposed "non-idiomatic improvisation" as a more accurately descriptive term, claiming the form offers musicians more possibilities "per cubic second" than any genre ^[1]; while guitarist Elliott Sharp (himself occasionally active in free improvisation) has argued—partly tongue in cheek—that no improvisation is ever truly free, excepting the unlikelihood of amnesiac improvising musicians.^[1] Interestingly, John Eyles notes that Bailey has been quoted as saying that free improvisation is “playing without memory” ^[2] For other uses, see Guitar (disambiguation). ... Derek Bailey pictured at the Vortex Club, Stoke Newington, 1991. ... Elliott Sharp (born 1951) is an American multi-instrumentalist, composer, and performer who has personified the avant-garde experimental music scene in New York City for over thirty years. ... Look up Tongue-in-cheek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ...

In his landmark book Improvisation, Bailey writes, "The lack of precision over its [free improv's] naming is, if anything, increased when we come to the thing itself. Diversity is its most consistent characteristic. It has no stylistic or idiomatic commitment. It has no prescribed idiomatic sound. The characteristics of freely improvised music are established only by the sonic-musical identity of the person or persons playing it."^[3]

Free music performers, coming from a disparate variety of backgrounds, often engage musically with other genres. For example, acclaimed soundtrack composer Ennio Morricone was a member of the free improvisation group Nuova Consonanza. Rock musician Thurston Moore has released a number of free improvisation collaborations. Anthony Braxton has written opera, and John Zorn has written acclaimed orchestral pieces. See also: Genealogy of musical genres Music can be divided into genres in many different ways. ... Ennio Morricone (born November 10, 1928; sometimes also credited as Dan Savio or Leo Nichols) is an Italian composer especially noted for his film scores. ... Thurston Joseph Moore (born July 25, 1958 in Coral Gables, Florida) is an American musician best known as a singer, songwriter, guitarist and tallest member of the band Sonic Youth. ... Anthony Braxton (born June 4, 1945) is an American composer, multi-reedist and pianist. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... John Zorn (born September 2, 1953 in Queens, New York) is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. ...

As it has influenced and been influenced by other areas of exploration, aspects of modern classical music (extended techniques), noise rock (aggressive confrontation), IDM (computer manipulation and digital synthesis), minimalism and electroacoustic music can now be heard in free improvisation. Merzbow Einstürzende Neubauten Sonic Youth Melt Banana Lightning Bolt Moonlander & Moodswinger, Yuri Landman Neptune Noise rock describes one variety of post-punk rock music that became prominent in the 1980s. ... Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre of electronic music derived from dance music of the 1980s and early 1990s which puts an emphasis on novel processing and sequencing. ... For other uses, see Minimalism (disambiguation). ... The terms Electroacoustic or Electroacoustic music have been used to describe several different musical genres or techiniques. ...

History

Though there are many important precedents and developments, free improvisation developed gradually, making it difficult to pinpoint a single moment when the style was born. As an uncredited critic has written for Allmusic, "being freed of all rules, free improvisation cannot be traced back to a genre other than the very generic term avant-garde. ^[4] The All Music Guide (AMG) is a large, comprehensive and high quality metadata database about music. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ...

However, in the same article cited above, Bailey contends that free improvisation must have been the earliest musical style, because "mankind's first musical performance couldn't have been anything other than a free improvisation." Similarly, Keith Rowe stated, "Other players got into playing freely, way before AMM, way before Derek [Bailey]! Who knows when free playing started? You can imagine lute players in the 1500s getting drunk and doing improvisations for people in front of a log fire.. the noise, the clatter must have been enormous. You read absolutely incredible descriptions of that. I cannot believe that musicians back then didn't float off into free playing. The melisma in Monterverdi [sic] must derive from that. But it was all in the context of a repertoire."^[5] Keith Rowe (born March 16, 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English free improvisation guitarist and painter. ... A renaissance-era lute. ... Melisma, in music, is the technique of changing the note (pitch) of a single syllable of text while it is being sung. ... Monteverdi redirects here. ...

Classical precedents

Skilled musicians were expected to improvise in the common practice period (about 1600 to 1900), and many notable composers and performers (such as violinist Paganini, and keyboardist and composer Beethoven) were acclaimed for their skills at improvisation. The cadenza portion of a concerto was an opportunity for the instrumental soloist to demonstrate their improvisatory skills. Different composers allowed for varying degrees of improvisation in a cadenza: sometimes a soloist would simply embellish a pre-composed cadenza with a few minor changes; other times, however, the soloist had much more latitude as to how they improvised during the cadenza, with a blank spot being left on the score (with or without an indication of how long the musician was expected to improvise), and pitches, notes, melodies, harmony and tempo left to the soloist's discretion. In music the common practice period is a long period in western musical history spanning from before the classical era proper to today, dated, on the outside, as 1600-1900. ... Niccolò Paganini Niccolò Paganini, (Genoa, October 27, 1782 - Nice, May 27, 1840) was a violinist and composer. ... Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer of Classical music, the predominant musical figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras. ... In music, a cadenza (Italian for cadence) is, generically, an improvised or written-out ornamental passage played or sung by a soloist or soloists, usually in a free rhythmic style, and often allowing for virtuosic display. ... The term Concerto (plural concertos or concerti) usually refers to a musical work in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra. ...

But by about 1900, such improvisation fell out of style, and even slight deviations from a printed score could be regarded as improper.

By the middle decades of the 20th century, however, composers like Henry Cowell, Morton Feldman, Karlheinz Stockhausen and George Crumb, re-introduced improvisation to classical music, with compositions that allowed or even required musicians to improvise. Perhaps the most notable example of this is Cornelius Cardew's Treatise: a graphic score with no conventional notation whatsoever, which musicians were invited to interpret. Henry Cowell (March 11, 1897 – December 10, 1965) was an American composer, musical theorist, pianist, teacher, publisher, and impresario. ... Morton Feldman (January 12, 1926 – September 3, 1987) was an American composer, born in New York City. ... Karlheinz Stockhausen (born August 22, 1928) is a German composer, and one of the most important and controversial composers of the 20th century (Barret 1988, 45; Harvey 1975b, 705; Hopkins 1972, 33; Klein 1968, 117; Power 1990, 30). ... George Crumb (born October 24, 1929) is an American composer of modern and avant garde music. ... Cornelius Cardew (May 7, 1936 – London, December 13, 1981) was an English avant-garde composer, and founder (with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons) of the Scratch Orchestra, an experimental performing ensemble. ... Treatise, composition by British composer Cornelius Cardew (1936-1981). ... Musical Graphic notation is a form of Music notation it refers to the use of non-traditional symbols and text to convey information about the performance of a piece of music. ...

Another notable group, Musica Elettronica Viva, were formed in Rome in 1966 by Alvin Curran, Richard Teitelbaum, Frederic Rzewski, Allan Bryant, Carol Plantamura, Ivan Vandor, and Jon Phetteplace, most of whom had at least some crossover with the experimental classical world. Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV) is a live acoustic/electronic improvisational group formed in Rome in 1966 by Alvin Curran, Richard Teitelbaum, Frederic Rzewski, Allan Bryant, Carol Plantamura, Ivan Vandor, and Jon Phetteplace. ... Composer Alvin Curran (born 13 December 1938 in Providence, Rhode Island) is the co-founder, with Frederic Rzewski and Richard Teitelbaum, of Musica Elettronica Viva, and a former student of Elliott Carter. ... Richard Teitelbaum (May 19, 1939 in New York, NY) is a composer, keyboardist, and improvisor. ... Frederic Anthony Rzewski (born April 13, 1938) is an American composer and virtuoso pianist. ... Carol Plantamura (b. ...

Jazz precedents

Perhaps the earliest free recordings are two pieces recorded under the leadership of jazz pianist Lennie Tristano: "Intuition" and "Digression", both recorded in 1949 with a sextet including saxophone players Lee Konitz and Warne Marsh. In 1954 Shelly Manne recorded a piece called "Abstract No. 1" with trumpeter Shorty Rogers and reedsmith Jimmy Giuffre which was freely improvised. Jazz critic Harvey Pekar has also pointed out that one of Django Reinhardt's recorded improvisations strays drastically from the chord changes of the established piece. While noteworthy, these examples were clearly in the jazz idiom. For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... Leonard Joseph Tristano (19 March 1919 - 18 November 1978) was a jazz pianist and composer. ... A Sextet is a formation containing exactly six members. ... Lee Konitz (born 1927 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American jazz composer and saxophone player. ... Warne Marsh (26 October 1927 - 17 December 1987) was an American saxophonist born in Los Angeles. ... Harvey Pekar on the cover of American Splendor: Portrait of the Author in his Declining Years Harvey Pekar (pronounced /ar-vay pea-kar/) (born October 8, 1939 in Cleveland, Ohio) is a U.S. underground comic book writer. ... Jean-Baptiste Django Reinhardt (January 23, 1910 – May 16, 1953) was a Belgian Sinto Gypsy jazz guitarist. ...

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the free jazz movement coalesced around such important (and disparate) figures as Cecil Taylor, Sun Ra, Ornette Coleman, John Coltrane, as well as many lesser-known figures such as Joe Maneri. Free jazz allowed for radical improvised departures from the harmonic and rhythmic material of the composition – for instance, by permitting performers to ignore conventional repeating song-structures. Such music often seemed far removed from the preceding jazz tradition. This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... Cecil Percival Taylor (born March 15 or March 25, 1929 in New York City) is an American pianist and poet. ... Sun Ra (Born Herman Poole Blount; legal name Le Sonyr Ra;[1] born May 22, 1914 in Birmingham, Alabama, died May 30, 1993 in Birmingham, Alabama) was an innovative jazz composer, bandleader, piano and synthesizer player, poet and philosopher known for his cosmic philosophy, musical compositions and performances. ... Ornette Coleman (born March 9, 1930) is an American saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter and composer. ... Coltrane redirects here. ... Joseph Gabriel Esther Maneri (born February 9, 1927, Brooklyn) is an American jazz composer, saxophone and clarinet player. ...

These ideas were extended in the 1962 Free Fall recording by jazz clarinetist Jimmy Giuffre's trio, featuring music that was often freely and spontaneously improvised, and which had only tenous similarity to established jazz styles. Another important recording was New York Eye and Ear Control (1964), a soundtrack for a film by Michael Snow, recorded for the ESP-Disk label under the leadership of saxophonist Albert Ayler. Snow suggested to Ayler that the band simply play without a composition or themes. For other uses, see Free-fall (disambiguation). ... James Peter Giuffre (born in Dallas, Texas, 1921) is an American jazz saxophone and clarinet player. ... Interior of the Eaton Centre showing one of Michael Snow and Joyce Wielands best known sculptures, called Flightstop, which depict Canada Geese in flight. ... ESP-Disk is a New York-based label, owned and operated by Bernard Stollman. ... Albert Ayler (July 13, 1936 – November 1970) was an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist, singer and composer. ...

The Spontaneous Music Ensemble was formed by John Stevens and Trevor Watts in the mid-1960s and included, at various times, influential players such as Derek Bailey, Evan Parker, Kenny Wheeler, Roger Smith, and John Butcher. As with the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM), many of these players began in jazz, but gradually pushed the music into a zone of abstraction and relative quietude. The British record label Emanem has documented much music in this vein. The SME playing in Islington, London, 1991. ... John Stevens (June 10, 1940 - September 13, 1994) was a British drummer. ... Trevor Charles Watts (b. ... Derek Bailey pictured at the Vortex Club, Stoke Newington, 1991. ... Evan Shaw Parker (born 5 April 1944 in Bristol) is a British free-improvising saxophone player from the European free jazz scene. ... Kenneth Vincent John Wheeler (born 14th January 1930, Toronto, Canada) is a Canadian composer and trumpet and flugelhorn player, based in the U.K. since the 1950s. ... Roger Smith from The Big O. Roger Smith is the main character in the anime television series and the manga, The Big O. He is Paradigm Citys top negotiator, and lives in the Illegal Residential Sector in a former bank with his butler Norman Burg and R. Dorothy Wayneright. ... Professor John C. Butcher (b. ... The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) is a non_profit organization, founded in Chicago, Illinois, by pianist/composer Muhal Richard Abrams, pianist Jodie Christian, drummer Steve McCall, and composer Phil Cohran. ... Emanem is an independent record label specialising in free improvised music. ...

There was (and continues to be) often considerable blurring of the line between free jazz and free improvisation. The Chicago-based AACM, a loose collective of improvising musicians including Muhal Richard Abrams, Henry Threadgill, Anthony Braxton, Jack DeJohnette, Lester Bowie, Roscoe Mitchell, Joseph Jarman, Famadou Don Moye, and Malachi Favors was formed in 1965 and included many of the key players in the nascent international free improv scene. (Braxton recorded many times with Bailey and Teitelbaum; Mitchell recorded with Thomas Buckner and Pauline Oliveros.) This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... Muhal Richard Abrams (born 1930) is a composer, arranger, and jazz pianist. ... Henry Threadgill (born February 15, 1941), Chicago, Illinois, is an American saxophonist, flautist and composer. ... Anthony Braxton (born June 4, 1945) is an American composer, multi-reedist and pianist. ... Jack DeJohnette (b. ... Lester Bowie (11 October 1941–8 November 1999) was a jazz trumpet player and composer. ... Roscoe Mitchell (born August 3, 1940 in Chicago, Illinois) is an African-American composer and jazz saxophonist. ... Joseph Jarman is a musician, composer, poet and Shinshu Buddhist priest. ... Malachi Favors (born August 22, 1927 in Lexington, Mississippi; died 2004 in Chicago) was a noted jazz bassist who also played banjo, zither, gong, and other instruments. ... Thomas Buckner is an American baritone vocalist specializing in the performance of contemporary classical music and improvised music. ... Pauline Oliveros (born 1932 in Houston, Texas) is an accordionist and composer who currently resides in Kingston, New York. ...

In 1966 Elektra Records issued the first recording of European free improvisation by the UK group AMM, which included at the time Cornelius Cardew, Eddie Prévost, Lou Gare, Keith Rowe and Lawrence Sheaff. Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, and today operates under Atlantic Records Group. ... AMM is an important British free improvisation group, founded in London, England in 1965. ... Cornelius Cardew (May 7, 1936 – London, December 13, 1981) was an English avant-garde composer, and founder (with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons) of the Scratch Orchestra, an experimental performing ensemble. ... Edwin Prévost (born June 22, 1942 in Hitchin) is a English drummer and percussionist. ... Lou Gare (born June 16, 1939) is an English free-jazz saxophonist born in Rugby, Warwickshire, perhaps best-known for his works with the band AMM and playing with musicians such as Eddie Prévost, Mike Westbrook, Cornelius Cardew and Keith Rowe. ... Keith Rowe (born March 16, 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English free improvisation guitarist and painter. ...

International free improvisation

Through the remainder of the 1960s and through the 1970s, free improvisation spread across the U.S., Europe and East Asia, entering quickly into a dialogue with Fluxus, happenings and performance art (Cardew, for example, being associated with La Monte Young and other New York happenings artists) initially and making its influence immeadiately felt on rock and roll. (Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd was famously an AMM devotee; the Grateful Dead were noteworthy extensions of the influence.)^{[citation needed]} Fluxus—a name taken from a Latin word meaning to flow—is an international network of artists, composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media and disciplines in the 1960s. ... Happenings has multiple meanings (besides the straightforward dictionary definition): The Happenings were a 1960s pop music group whose major hits were See You In September and a cover of I Got Rhythm updated for the nascent pop/rock era. ... This article is about Performance art. ... La Monte Young (born October 14, 1935) is an American composer whose eccentric and often hard-to-find works have been included among the most important post World War II avant-garde or experimental music. ... Roger Keith Syd Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, and artist. ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that initially earned recognition for their psychedelic or space rock music, and, as they evolved, for their progressive rock music. ... This article is about the band. ...

By the mid-1970s, free improvisation was truly a worldwide phenomenon. Japanese players like saxophonist Kaoru Abe and guitarist Masayuki Takayanagi took the music to greater heights.^{[citation needed]} The Los Angeles Free Music Society ran ahead with glee through the ideals of free music.^{[citation needed]} And in 1976 Derek Bailey founded Company Week a festival which lasted until 1994 and combined an ever-changing roster of improvisers who collaborated, sometimes for the first time, live. This musical chairs approach to collaboration was partly Bailey's response to Stevens's insistence that musicians needed to collaborate for months or years to improvise well together. The spirit of Company survives in many similar ongoing festival and events worldwide. Kaoru Abe (阿部薫) (May 3, 1949 - September 9, 1978) was a unique Japanese free jazz alto saxophonist, who generally played solo. ... Masayuki Takayanagi is a Japanese jazz / noise musician. ... The LAFMS has been, since the early 1970s, the banner heading of a loose collective of experimental musicians in Los Angeles, California who were joined by an aesthetic based around radicalism and playfulness. ... Company was an ever changing collection of free improvising musicians. ... Musical chairs is a game played by a group of people (usually children), often in an informal setting purely for entertainment such as a birthday party. ...

Electroacoustic improvisation

Main article: Electroacoustic Improvisation

A recent branch of improvised music is characterized by quiet, slow moving, minimalistic textures and often utilizing laptop computers or unorthodox forms of electronics. Electroacoustic improvisation is a recent branch of improvised electroacoustic music characterized by quiet, slow moving, minimalistic textures and often utilizing laptop computers or unorthodox forms of electronics. ...

Developing worldwide in the mid-to-late 1990s, with centers in New York, Tokyo and Austria, this style has been called lowercase music (a term coined by gallery artist and musician Steve Roden for his own work)^{[citation needed]} or EAI (electroacoustic improvisation), and is represented, for instance, by the American record label Erstwhile Records and the Austrian label Mego. Electroacoustic improvisation (EAI) is a recent branch of improvised electroacoustic music. ... Electroacoustic improvisation is a recent branch of improvised electroacoustic music characterized by quiet, slow moving, minimalistic textures and often utilizing laptop computers or unorthodox forms of electronics. ... Erstwhile Records is an independent record label devoted to free improvisation; characteristic label artists include Keith Rowe, Günter Müller, Otomo Yoshihide, Voice Crack, Fennesz, Burkhard Stangl, Thomas Lehn. ... Mego can refer to: Mego Records, an Austrian record label. ...

EAI is often radically different even from established free improvisation. Eyles writes, "One of the problems of describing this music is that it requires a new vocabulary and ways of conveying its sound and impact; such vocabulary does not yet exist - how do you describe the subtle differences between different types of controlled feedback? I’ve yet to see anyone do it convincingly - hence the use of words like 'shape' and 'texture'!"^[6] Audio feedback (also known as the Larsen effect after the Danish scientist, Søren Larsen, who first discovered its principles) is a special kind of feedback which occurs when a sound loop exists between an audio input (for example, a microphone or guitar pickup) and an audio output (for example...

Free improvisation on the radio

The London based independent radio station Resonance 104.4FM, founded by the London Musicians Collective, frequently broadcasts experimental and free improvised performance works. WNUR 89.3 FM ("Chicago's Sound Experiment") is another source for free improvised music on the radio. Taran's Free Jazz Hour broadcast on Radio-G 101.5 FM, Angers and Euradio 101.3 FM, Nantes is entirely dedicated to free jazz and other freely improvised music. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Resonance 104. ... London Musicians Collective is a charity devoted to contemporary music. ... WNUR 89. ... Maison dAdam, House of Adam, the oldest house of Angers. ... Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: Favet Neptunus eunti (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Pays de la Loire Department Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault  (PS) (since 1989) City Statistics Land area¹ 65. ...

See also

• List of free improvising musicians and groups
• Musical collectives
• Musics (magazine)

This is a list of musicians and groups who compose and play free music, or free improvisation. ... Musical collective is a phrase used in reference to a leaderless entity that is predisposed to performing music that may be considered experimental. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Guitar Player, January 1997
2. ^ Eyles, John (10 August 2005). Free Improvisation. All About Jazz. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
3. ^ Bailey, Derek. FREE IMPROVISATION. Cortical Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
4. ^ anonymous. Free Improvisation. allmusic/Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
5. ^ Warburton, Dan (January 2001). Keith Rowe. Paris Transatlantic Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
6. ^ Eyles, John (21 June 2006). 4g: cloud. All About Jazz. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.

Guitar Player magazine contains articles, interviews, reviews and lessons of an eclectic collection of artists, genres and products. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• European Free Improvisation Pages An information resource for European free improvisation
• Signal to Noise magazine A publication focusing on avant-garde jazz and electro-acoustic improvisation
• Feza Neverd Original improvisational music..

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