Mercury-Redstone 3

Mission Insignia
Mission Statistics
Mission Name:	Mercury MR-3
Call Sign:	Freedom 7
Number of Crew Members:	1
Launch:	May 5, 1961 14:34:13 UTC Cape Canaveral Complex 5
Landing:	May 5, 1961 14:49:41 UTC 27.23° N 75.88° W
Duration:	15 min 28 s
Number of Orbits:	Suborbital
Apogee:	116.46 mi 187.42 km
Distance Traveled:	302.77 mi 487.26 km
Maximum velocity:	5,143 mph 8,277 km/h
Peak acceleration:	11 g (108 m/s²)
Mass: Launch Apogee Reentry Landing	1832.64 kg 1295.07 kg 1169.81 kg 1050.53 kg
Crew Picture
Mercury 3 crew portrait (Shepard)
Alan Shepard

Mercury 3 Insignia. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... UTC also stands for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as Zulu time, the basis for civil time, differs by an integral number of seconds from atomic time and a fractional number of seconds from UT1. ... Cape Canaveral from space, August 1991 Cape Canaveral is a strip of land in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of that states Atlantic coast. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A sub-orbital spaceflight (or sub-orbital flight) is a spaceflight that does not involve putting a vehicle into orbit. ... Download high resolution version (640x996, 91 KB) Mercury 3 crewman: Shepard Downloaded from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MIX Digital Image Collection: http://mix. ... Download high resolution version (640x996, 91 KB) Mercury 3 crewman: Shepard Downloaded from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MIX Digital Image Collection: http://mix. ...

Crew

• Alan Shepard (flew on Mercury 3 & Apollo 14)

Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. ... Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program and the third mission to land on the moon. ...

Backup Crew

• John Glenn

This article is about the astronaut. ...

Mission parameters

• Mass: 1,295 kg (apogee)
• Maximum Altitude: 187.42 km
• Range: 487.26 km
• Launch Vehicle: Redstone rocket

First launched in 1953, the American Redstone rocket was a direct descendant of the German V-2. ...

See also

• Splashdown

Caribbean splashdown locations of American spacecraft. ...

Mission Highlights

Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7) was a U.S. Mercury program manned space mission launched on May 5, 1961 using a Redstone rocket, from Launch Complex 5 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Mercury capsule was named Freedom 7 and performed a suborbital flight, piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard, the first American person in space. Shepard became the first astronaut to return to Earth with his ship, while the Russian cosmonauts had to parachute away from theirs during landing. ... Description Role: Orbital spaceflight Crew: one, pilot Dimensions Height: 11. ... Human spaceflight is space exploration with a human crew, and possibly passengers (in contrast to unmanned space missions, which are remotely-controlled or robotic space probes). ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... First launched in 1953, the American Redstone rocket was a direct descendant of the German V-2. ... Cape Canaveral from space, August 1991 Cape Canaveral is a strip of land in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of that states Atlantic coast. ... A sub-orbital spaceflight (or sub-orbital flight) is a spaceflight that does not involve putting a vehicle into orbit. ... Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. ...

The Freedom 7 spacecraft had been delivered to Cape Canaveral on December 9, 1960. Freedom 7 was capsule # 7, and it had been given special attention at the factory since it was selected for the first manned suborbital flight in October, 1960. It had been expected to be able to launch it almost immediately. But, 21 weeks of preparation would be needed before it could be launched on its mission. Reaction control system rework was responsible for postponement of the launch until at least March 6, 1961. Damaged and corroded peroxide lines that needed replacement forced a further delay of eight days. The simulated mission test needed to be rerun and structural and equipment defects corrected. The MR-3 mission was finally ready to be launched on May 2, 1961. Cape Canaveral from space, August 1991 Cape Canaveral is a strip of land in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of that states Atlantic coast. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Three astronauts had been chosen as finalists to fly the MR-3 mission in January, 1961, and on February 22, 1961 their names were announced to the public. The three were Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom and John Glenn. The public was not told who would actually fly the mission until after a May 2, 1961 launch attempt was cancelled due to weather. It was then revealed that Shepard had been suited up and waiting for 3 hours in Hanger "S" at Cape Canaveral for the launch. The May 2 launch was cancelled 2 hours and 20 minutes before launch, due to weather conditions. January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... February 22 is the 53rd day of every year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Gus Grissom in his Mercury spacesuit Virgil Ivan Gus Grissom (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was a U.S. Air Force pilot who became one of the first American astronauts and one of the first to die in the U.S. space program. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Cape Canaveral from space, August 1991 Cape Canaveral is a strip of land in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of that states Atlantic coast. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ...

In the early morning of May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard entered Freedom 7 at 10:21 UTC. May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

At 9:34 am EST (14:34 UTC), there were 45 million Americans watching and listening live to their televisions, when at about two seconds after liftoff Alan Shepard reported, "Ahh, Roger; lift-off and the clock is started . . Yes, sir, reading you loud and clear. This is Freedom 7. The fuel is go; 1.2 g [12 m/s²]; cabin at 14 psi [97 kPa]; oxygen is go . . Freedom 7 is still go!" He was riding on Redstone MRLV-7 and in Mercury spacecraft # 7. In all subsequent Mercury flights, the number 7 was appended to the astronaut-chosen spacecraft/mission name and call sign, in honor of the fact that there were 7 original Mercury astronauts.

At T+16 seconds the Pitch Program started and the Redstone began a 2 deg/s pitch over, from 90 to 45 degrees. At about T+ 40 seconds, the Pitch Program was complete. Max-Q was reached at 1 minute 24 seconds into the flight when Freedom 7 experienced a maximum dynamic pressure of 580 lbf/ft² (2.8 kPa). During ascent the cabin pressure sealed off at 5.5 lbf/in² (38 kPa) of pure oxygen. At 2 minutes into the flight, Shepard experienced 6 g (59 m/s²) of acceleration.

The Redstone's engine shut down on schedule at 2 minutes 21.8 seconds. Outside the spacecraft, its shingle temperature reached 220 °F (104 °C). Inside, the cabin was 91 °F (33 °C) The temperature inside Shepard's pressure suit was 75 °F (24 °C). Escape Tower separation, occurred 2 minutes and 22.2 seconds after launch. This is 1 second earlier than nominal, there was some indication from the recovered escape tower that the jettison rockets had been fired manually. Shepard said he did not remember pulling the manual JETT TOWER override ring.

Three Posigrade Rockets with 370 lbf (1.6 kN) thrust each, fired for 1 second and separated the spacecraft from the Redstone booster at a rate of 15 ft/s (4.6 m/s) at 2 minutes 32.3 seconds after launch. At 3 minutes the automatic attitude control system (AACS) rotated the spacecraft 180 degrees, to a heatshield-forward position. The spacecraft remained in this position for the remainder of the flight. The spacecraft had almost reached apogee in its ballistic flight.

Shepard took manual control of the spacecraft attitude, one axis at a time, from the automatic attitude control system. The first thing he did was position the spacecraft to its retrofire attitude of 34 degrees pitch (nose of spacecraft pitched down 34 degrees). He then tested manual control of yaw and roll. When he took control of all three axes, he found that the spacecraft response was about the same as that of the Mercury simulator.

He then made observations outside the spacecraft, using the two porthole windows and the periscope. He saw the outlines of the west coast of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Lake Okeechobee, in central Florida, was also visible, but he could not see any city. Andros Island and the Bahamas were also observed in the periscope.

The retrorockets were fired at about T+ 5 minutes and 15 seconds into the flight, shortly after the spacecraft reached an apogee of 116.5 miles (187 km). The three 1000 lbf (4.4 kN) thrust retrograde rockets ripple-fired to provide a 510 ft/s (155 m/s) delta V in the opposite direction of travel. Each retrorocket fires for a total of 10 seconds. They are fired 5 seconds apart so they overlap in burning (Retro # 1 fired at 5:14.1; Retro # 2 fired at 5:18.8 and Retro # 3 fired at 5:23.6 MET). The retrorocket firing could be easily heard, but the noise was not as loud as the sound of the jet trainers he had flown. The periscope was retracted at T+ 5 minutes and 45 seconds and the retropack was jettisoned at about T+ 6 minutes and 13.6 seconds. After retrofire the nose of the spacecraft was pitched up to a 14 degree from Earth-vertical attitude for reentry. This happened at about T+ 6 minutes and 20 seconds.

Launch of the Mercury-Redstone 3 spacecraft on May 5, 1961, 9:34 a.m. EST, with Alan Shepard onboard.

During the descent, Shepard tried to look out the awkwardly placed porthole windows to observe the stars. He could see nothing, not even the horizon. At about T+ 7 minutes and 48.2 seconds, the 0.05 g (0.5 m/s²) light came on, an indication that the acceleration buildup was about to start. The Automatic Stabilization & Control System (ASCS) detected the beginning of reentry and initiated a 10 deg/s roll. This maneuver makes the spacecraft more stable during reentry. During reentry a peak of 11.6 g (114 m/s²) was reached. Download high resolution version (770x1000, 171 KB)Description: Launch of the Mercury-Redstone 3 spacecraft on May 5, 1961, 9:34 a. ... Download high resolution version (770x1000, 171 KB)Description: Launch of the Mercury-Redstone 3 spacecraft on May 5, 1961, 9:34 a. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

At 21,000 ft (6.4 km) about T+ 9 minutes and 38.1 seconds after launch, the drogue parachute came out, at 15,000 ft (4.6 km) a snorkel valve opened to equalize cabin pressure with the outside air. At 10,000 ft (3 km), about T+ 10 minutes and 14.8 seconds into the flight, the antenna canister at the top of the spacecraft jettisoned as planned, pulling out the main parachute. About 5 seconds later, the beryllium heatshield dropped down four feet (1.2 m), extending the landing bag under the spacecraft. Freedom 7 was descending under the parachute at 35 ft/s (11 m/s).

Splashdown occurred at T+ 15 minutes and 22.0 seconds. Water impact was comparable to landing a jet on an aircraft carrier. Freedom 7 tilted over on the right side, about 60 degrees from an upright position. Shepard checked the spacecraft interior for leaks, but found none. Slowly, Freedom 7 came to an upright position, taking about a minute to do so.

A recovery helicopter that had been watching Freedom 7 for five minutes of its descent now came overhead and hooked a cable to the top of the spacecraft. The helicopter crew was in radio communications with Shepard. The astronaut indicated he would release the spacecraft hatch when it had cleared the water. The helicopter pulled the spacecraft a couple of feet (~1 m) higher in the water and Shepard released the hatch. A sling was lowered to the astronaut and he was lifted into the helicopter. Both Shepard and the Freedom 7 were then flown to the deck of the nearby recovery carrier, the USS Lake Champlain. They were onboard the carrier 11 minutes after landing in the water. The astronaut and spacecraft came through the flight in fine shape. The second Lake Champlain (CV-39) was laid down in drydock by the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth Va. ...

The flight lasted 15 minutes 28 seconds, and the spacecraft traveled 302 miles (486 km) from its launch point, ascending to 116.5 miles (187 km). Freedom 7 landed at these coordinates, 27.23 N; 75.88 W. It reached a speed of 5,180 mph (8,754 km/h). During the launch phase, Shepard experienced 6.3 g (62 m/s²) and during reentry 11.6 g (114 m/s²).

The Freedom 7 is now on display in the lobby of the Armel-Leftwich Visitor Center, at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD. It was placed there after Shepard's death in 1998. Teamwork: Fourth Class Midshipmen lock arms and use ropes made from uniform items as they brace themselves climbing the Herndon Monument The United States Naval Academy, or USNA, is an institution for the undergraduate education of officers of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. ...

Reference

• This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury - NASA SP-4201
• NASA NSSDC Master Catalog
• Postlaunch Report for Mercury-Redstone No. 3 (NASA)

Mercury Redstone Sub-Orbital Flight Events