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Virtualy all totalitarian regimes have treated Freemasonry as a potential source of opposition due to it's secret nature and international connections. It has been alleged by Masonic scholars that the language used by the totalitarian regimes is similar to that used by some modern critics of Freemasonry[1]. The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ...
The Masonic Square and Compasses. ...
Hungary
In 1919, Béla Kun proclaimed the dictatorship of the proletariat in Hungary. This marked the start of raids by army officers on Masonic lodges [1] along with theft, and sometimes destruction, of Masonic libraries, records, archives, paraphernalia, and works of art. Several Masonic buildings were seized and used for anti-Masonic exhibitions. Masonry was outlawed by a decree in 1920. Béla Kun Béla Kun (February 20, 1886, in Szilágycseh, today Cehu Silvaniei, Transylvania–probably in 1938 or 1939, in the Soviet Union) Hungarian Communist politician, who ruled Hungary for a brief time in 1919. ...
In post war Hungary, lodges were described as "meeting places of the enemies of the people's democratic republic, of capitalistic elements, and of the adherents of Western imperialism."[1].
Eastern Europe Freemasonry was suppressed throughout Eastern Europe during the Communist era. Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ...
Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ...
Iraq Under Saddam the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organizations." [2]
Italy Benito Mussolini decreed in 1924 that every member of his Fascist Party who was a Mason must abandon either one or the other organization, and in 1925, he dissolved Freemasonry in Italy, claiming that it was a political organisation. It is worth noting that General Cappello, one of the most prominent Fascists, and who had also been Deputy Grand Master of the Grande Oriente, Italy's leading Grand Lodge, gave up his membership in the Fascist Party rather than in Masonry. He was later arrested on false charges and sentenced to 30 years in jail[2]. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) led Italy from 1922 to 1943. ...
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...
A Grand Lodge is the usual governing body of Craft or, Blue Lodge, Freemasonry in a particular juristiction. ...
However as the membership list of the elite P2 Masonic Lodge revealed in 1981 many Italian Fascists and Black Shirt Members later became Freemasons. The Grand Master of P2, Lucio Gelli, was an intelligence officer with the Herman Goering Division and a fervent Mussolini supporter.[3]
Spain It is claimed that the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera ordered the abolition of Freemasonry in Spain[4]. In September 1928, one of the two Grand Lodges in Spain was closed and many Masons were included among those arrested for allegedly plotting against the government.[citation needed] Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Marqués de Estella (Jerez, January 8, 1870 - Paris, March 16, 1930) was a Spanish military official who ruled Spain as a dictator from 1923 to 1930, ending the turno system of alternating parties. ...
Under the dictator General Francisco Franco, Freemasonry was outlawed in Spain on 2 March 1940[3]. Being a Mason was automatically punishable by a jail term: up to six years for those holding degrees up to the 18th, and more for Masons with higher degrees [4]. It was reported that Masons were shot, tortured and murdered in every town in Spain, although details are lacking[5]. The Republican Regime which Franco overthrew had a strong Masonic presence.[5] Francisco Franco Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (pron. ...
March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ...
1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ...
The suppression of Freemasons in Spain continued into the 1970's[1].
Japan In 1938, a Japanese representative to the Weltdienst congress stated, on behalf of Japan, that "Judeo-Masonry is forcing the Chinese to turn China into a spearhead for an attack on Japan, and thereby forcing Japan to defend herself against this threat. Japan is at war not with China but with Freemasonry, represented by General Chiang-Kai-shek, the successor of his master, the Freemason Sun-Yat-Sen." [1]
Germany The factual accuracy of this section is disputed.
Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. The Nazis claimed that high degree Masons were willing members of "the Jewish conspiracy" and that Freemasonry was one of the causes of Germany's loss of the First World War. Image File history File links Stop_hand. ...
In 1933 Hermann Goering wrote that "..in National Socialist Germany, there is no place for Freemasonry."[6] Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Hermann Goering in English) (January 12, 1893–October 15, 1946) was a prominent and early member of the Nazi party, founder of the Gestapo, and one of the main architects of Nazi Germany. ...
In March 1935 According to Joseph Goebbels, the Soviet Union's recent inclusion in the League of Nations was engineered by 300 "members of the Jewish race and conspirators of Freemasonry." Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels (October 29, 1897 – May 1, 1945) was Adolf Hitlers Propaganda Minister (see Propagandaministerium) in Nazi Germany. ...
In 1937 Joseph Goebbels inaugurated an "Anti-Masonic Exposition" to display objects seized by the state.[6] The Ministry of Defence forbid officers from becoming Freemasons, with officers who remained as Masons being sidelined[1]. Field-Marshal Paulus was denounced as a "High-grade Freemason" when he surrendered to the Soviet Union in 1943.[7]
Some Freemasons were active in the opposition. Masons would sometimes be arrested, not for being Masons, but for offences such as treason with their membership noted during sentencing. Freemasonry continued to be practiced clandestinely, however, and it i sclaimed that during this time German Masons took to wearing the forget-me-not as a badge of recognition (although it is alleged that this was a later invention by Theodor Vogel, the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Germany in 1948-49[8]
There were nine grand lodges in Germany when when the Nazis seized power. Broadly speaking there were six small and generally liberal "Humanity" lodges. The three larger lodges were known as the "Prussian Grand Lodges"[9] and were avowedly nationalist and would not allow Jewish members[10], but they did allow Jewish Masons to visit the Lodge as early as 1854.
In the first few months of Nazi rule the six "Humanitarian" Grand Lodges were suppressed, while the three "Old Prussian" Grand Lodges were permitted to continue operating as 'Frederick the Great Associations' after sending letters denying that they were Freemasons.
Occupied Europe Freemasonry was banned by edict in all countries that were either allied with the Nazis or under Nazi control, including Norway and France. Anti-Masonic exhibitions were held in many occupied countries.
Notes and references - ↑ a b c d e 'Bigotry and the Murder of Freemasonry' Paul M. Bessel, November 1994, Retrieved 29 October 2005
- ↑ 'The Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction', Alphonse Cerza, published by the Masonic Service Association, September 1967
- ↑ BBC, Italian Press, In God's Name, Yallop, Inside the Brotherhood, Short
- ↑ "In 1925, Spain's first dictator of this generation, General Primo de Rivera, ordered the abolition of Freemasonry in his country." The Anhilation of Freemasonry by Sven G. Lunden by The American Mercury Newspaper, 1941. Hosted by the Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland
- ↑ "Following the election of the Socialist government in Spain, and the king's withdrawal from the country, there was an absolute avalanche of public officials who rushed to the Grand Orient Lodges to request entry. They thought they could thus be free of the persecution which had been practiced by the majority of Masons in the government. Their purpose was to give evidence of their republicanism and to prevent the certainty of having their careers ruined." General Mola, Chief of Spanish Internal Security, Tempestad Calma Intriga Y Crisis, quoted in Pawns In The Game by William G. Carr
- ↑ a b The American Mercury Newspaper, 1941
- ↑ Denslow, Freemasonry in the Eastern Hemisphere, at page 111, citing a letter from Dr. Otto Arnemann in 1947, cited as Note 22 in Bigotry and the Murder of Freemasonry by Paul M. Bessel
- ↑ Alain Bernheim, 33 - cited at freemasons-freemasonry.com
- ↑ What Is Freemasonry Information for Searchers, Oskar Posner, 1925
- ↑ Eric Howe, Freemasonry in Germany 1, published by the Grand Lodge of Scotland
1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...
October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 63 days remaining. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The American Mercury was born honourably enough, in 1924, as the brainchild of the irrepressible H.L. Mencken and drama critic George Jean Nathan. ...
See also Freemasonry The Masonic Square and Compasses. ...
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