NationMaster - Encyclopedia: French Section of the Workers' International

The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO), founded in 1905, was a French socialist political party, designed as the local section of the Second International (i.e. the Workers' International). After the 1917 October Revolution, it split up (during the 1920 Tours Congress) into two groups, the majority creating the Section française de l'Internationale communiste (SFIC), which became the French Communist Party (PCF). 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... The phrase Second International has two meanings: For the international association of socialist parties of the late 19th century, see Second International (politics) and a successor organization, the Socialist International For one of the Merriam-Webster dictionaries of American English, see Websters New International Dictionary, Second Edition This is... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Tours Congress was the 18th national congress of the SFIO, the French Section of the Second International, which took place in december 1920 and during which the majority voted to spin-out and create the SFIC (French Section of the Communist International), which later took its actual name of... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

Following the first unification of the French socialist movements in 1901, the Parti socialiste français and the Parti socialiste de France united during the 1905 Globe Congress in Paris, which followed the 1904 Amsterdam Congress of the Second International. The 1905 Globe Congress thus united the Marxist tendency represented by Jules Guesde' French Workers' Party with the social-democrat tendency represented by Jean Jaurès' Parti socialiste français. The "party of the workers' movement" was born, and continued existing until 1969, when it was replaced by the current Socialist Party (PS). The SFIO was led by Jules Guesde, Jean Jaurès - who quickly became its most influential figure, Edouard Vaillant and Paul Lafargue. It opposed itself to colonialism and to militarism, although following Jean Jaurès' assassination on 31 July 1914, four days before Germany's declaration of war to France, it abandoned its anti-militarist views and, as the whole of the Second International, replaced its internationalism conceptions about class struggle with patriotism, by supporting the National Union government (Union nationale). After the war, this was regarded as a major failure of the socialist movement and explains, in part, the split of the Tours Congress. Jaurès' ashes would be transferred to the Panthéon in 1924, while his assassin, Raoul Villain, who was judged but acquitted in 1919, would later be executed by the Spanish Republicans in 1936. Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Jules Basile Guesde (November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French socialist politician. ... The Parti Ouvrier FranÃ§ais (POF, or French Workers Party) was the first Marxist party in France, created in 1880 by Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue, Marxs son-in-law (famous for having written The Right to Be Lazy, which criticized labours alienation). ... Social democracy is a political ideology that emerged in the late 19th century out of the socialist movement. ... Jean JaurÃ¨s. ... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... The emblem of the French Socialist Party The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste or PS), founded in 1969, is the main opposition party in France. ... Jules Basile Guesde (November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French socialist politician. ... Jean JaurÃ¨s. ... Paul Lafargue Paul Lafargue (1842-1911) was a French revolutionary Marxist socialist journalist, political writer and activist; he was Karl Marxs son-in-law, having married his second daughter Laura. ... France had colonial possessions, in various forms, from the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. ... Militarism or militarist ideology is the doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military. ... July 31 is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the anarchist and socialist movement, which may be both characterized as internationalist movements. ... International Socialism redirects here. ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... National governments or national unity governments are broad coalition governments consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature and are often formed during times of war or national emergency. ... The PanthÃ©on The PanthÃ©on is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. ... Raoul Villain (1885-1936) assassinated the French socialist leader Jean Jaurès on the 31 August 1914 at the Paris café Le café du croissant in the Montmartre area around 21:40h, the day before mobilization for the First World War began. ...

Before the 1905 unification

After the failure of the Paris commune (1871), the French socialism was beheaded. Its leaders were died or exiled. In 1879, during the Marseille Congress, workers' associations created the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France or FTSF). However, three years later, Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx) left the federation, which considered so moderate, and founded the French Workers' Party (Parti ouvrier français or POF). The FTSF, led by Paul Brousse, was defined as "possibilist" because it advocated gradual reforms, whereas the POF promoted Marxism. Le PÃ¨re Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !â€¦ (Well now! buggering rascal, we will knock you the fuck off just like your crook of... The French Third Republic, (in French, La TroisiÃ¨me RÃ©publique, sometimes written as La IIIe RÃ©publique) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... The History of France from 1789 to 1914 (the long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes the periods of the First French Empire, the Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X (1814â€“1830), the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe dOrlÃ©ans (1830... Le PÃ¨re Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !â€¦ (Well now! buggering rascal, we will knock you the fuck off just like your crook of... Frances first socialist party, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (FÃ©dÃ©ration des travailleurs socialistes de France or FTSF), was founded in 1879. ... Jules Basile Guesde (November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French socialist politician. ... Paul Lafargue Paul Lafargue (1842-1911) was a French revolutionary Marxist socialist journalist, political writer and activist; he was Karl Marxs son-in-law, having married his second daughter Laura. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany â€“ March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... The Parti Ouvrier FranÃ§ais (POF, or French Workers Party) was the first Marxist party in France, created in 1880 by Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue, Marxs son-in-law (famous for having written The Right to Be Lazy, which criticized labours alienation). ... Paul Brousse (Montpellier, January 23, 1844-April 1, 1912) was a French socialist, leader of the possibilistes group. ...

In the same time, Edouard Vaillant and the heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui founded the Central Revolutionary Committee (Comité révolutionnaire central or CRC), which represented the French revolutionary tradition. Louis Auguste Blanqui Louis Auguste Blanqui (February 8, 1805 - January 1, 1881) was a French political activist. ...

In the 1880s, the Socialists knew their first electoral success, conquering some municipalities. Jean Allemane and some FTSF members criticized the focus on electoral goals. In 1890, they created the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire or POSR). Their main objective was the "general strike". Besides, some deputies declared Socialist whereas they were not member of a party. They had moderate opinions.

In 1899, a debate opposed the Socialist groups about the participation of Alexandre Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet, which included the Marquis de Gallifet, best know for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune. Furthemore, the participation in a "bourgeois government" sparked a controversy opposing Jules Guesde to Jean Jaurès. In 1902, Guesde and Vaillant founded the Socialist Party of France, while Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists formed the French Socialist Party. In 1905, during the Globe Congress, under the pression of the Second International, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers' International. Alexandre Millerand (February 10, 1859 - April 7, 1943) was a French socialist politician. ... Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (December 2, 1846 - August 20, 1904) was a French statesman. ... Photo of the marquis de Galliffet by Nadar. ... Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ... Jules Basile Guesde (November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French socialist politician. ... Jean JaurÃ¨s. ... The phrase Second International has two meanings: For the international association of socialist parties of the late 19th century, see Second International (politics) and a successor organization, the Socialist International For one of the Merriam-Webster dictionaries of American English, see Websters New International Dictionary, Second Edition This is...

It was hemmed in between the middle class liberals of the Radical Party and the revolutionary syndicalists who dominated the trade unions. Indeed, the General Confederation of Labour claimed its independance and the non-distinction between political and professional aims. The Radical-Socialist Party (Parti RÃ©publicain, Radical et Radical-Socialiste, more commonly called Parti Radical-Socialiste - Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party), was a major French political party of the early to mid 20th century, originally considered radical due to its anti-clericalism, a main trait of republicans during... Anarcho-syndicalist flag. ... A trade union or labor union is a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. ... The ConfÃ©dÃ©ration GÃ©nÃ©rale du Travail (CGT or General Confederation of Work) is one of the five major French confederations of trade unions. ...

1914-1920

During World War I, the Socialists suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections by the Bloc national (National Bloc) coalition which had played on the middle-classes' fear of the bolshevik (posters with a bolshevik with a knife between his teeth were used to discredit the socialist movement). The Bloc national won 70% of the seats, making the Chambre bleue horizon ("Blue Horizon Chamber"). â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... National governments or national unity governments are broad coalition governments consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature and are often formed during times of war or national emergency. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The National Bloc (al-Qutla al-Wataniyya) was a Nablus-based party established in 1935 in the Palestine by Abd al-Latif Salah. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...

On 25 December 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority of SFIO members accepted to join the Third International (Comintern), created by the Bolsheviks after the 1917 October Revolution. Led by Boris Souvarine and Ludovic Frossard, they created the Section Française de l'Internationale Communiste (SFIC). Another smaller group also accepted the membership to the Comintern, but not all 21 conditions, while the minority, led by Léon Blum and the majority of the elected socialists members, decided to "keep the old house" (Blum) and remain within the Second International. Marcel Sembat, Léon Blum and Albert Thomas refused to align themselves on Moscow. Ludovic Frossard would resign from the SFIC and join again the SFIO in January 1923. December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 6 days remaining in the year. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Tours Congress was the 18th national congress of the SFIO, the French Section of the Second International, which took place in december 1920 and during which the majority voted to spin-out and create the SFIC (French Section of the Communist International), which later took its actual name of... The Comintern (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð˜Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð½Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð», Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional â€“ Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... Boris Souvarine is the commonly used pseudonym of Boris KonstantinoviÄ LifÅ¡ic, a Russian-born French political activist and journalist. ... Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (also knwn as L-O Frossard or Oscar Frossard; March 5, 1889, Foussemagne, Territoire de Belfortâ€”February 11, 1946, Paris) was a French socialist and communist politician, a member of six successive French governments between 1935 and 1940. ... LÃ©on Blum LÃ©on Blum (9 April 1872 - 30 March 1950), was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. ...

The next year, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) trade union made the same split, those who became communists creating the Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire (which fused again with the CGT in 1936 during the Popular Front government). Léon Jouhaux was CGT's main leader until 1947 and the new split leading to the creation of social-democrat Force Ouvrière (CGT-FO). The ConfÃ©dÃ©ration GÃ©nÃ©rale du Travail (CGT or General Confederation of Work) is one of the five major French confederations of trade unions. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... LÃ©on Jouhaux (1 July 1879 â€“ 28 April 1954) was a French trade union leader who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1951. ... The General Confederation of Labor - Workers Force (French: ConfÃ©dÃ©ration GÃ©nÃ©rale du Travail - Force OuvriÃ¨re, or simply Force OuvriÃ¨re) is one of the five major union federations in France. ...

From the 1920 Tours Congress to the Popular Front

In 1922 and again in 1924, the Socialists joined with the Radicals in the Cartel des Gauches coalition. Although they took part in the first Cartel des gauches government (1924-26), led by Radical Edouard Herriot, they didn't participate in the second Cartel's government (1932-34) which was plagued by parliamentary instability. Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Radical-Socialist Party (Parti RÃ©publicain, Radical et Radical-Socialiste, more commonly called Parti Radical-Socialiste - Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party), was a major French political party of the early to mid 20th century, originally considered radical due to its anti-clericalism, a main trait of republicans during... After the French governments embarrassing failure to collect German reparations even after invading the Ruhr, the Bloc National was replaced by the Cartel des Gauches, a moderate socialistic coalition elected on May 11, 1924. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | 1872 births | 1957 deaths | Members of the Académie française | Prime ministers of France | Alumni of the École Normale Supérieure ...

The first Cartel saw the right-wing terrorized, and capital flight destabilized the government, while the divided Radicals didn't all support their socialist allies. The monetary crisis, also due to the refusal of Germany to pay the reparations, caused parliamentary unstability. Edouard Herriot, Paul Painlevé and Aristide Briand would succeeded themselves as president of the Council until 1926, when the right-wing came back to power with Raymond Poincaré. The newly elected communist deputies also opposed the first Cartel, refusing to support "bourgeois" governments. Seen in Asian markets in the 1990s capital flight is when assets and/or money rapidly flow out of a country. ... The reparations were a series of payments the German state was forced to make following its defeat during World War I, under Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | 1872 births | 1957 deaths | Members of the Académie française | Prime ministers of France | Alumni of the École Normale Supérieure ... Paul PainlevÃ©, French politician Paul PainlevÃ© (December 5, 1863â€“October 29, 1933, both at Paris, France) was a French mathematician and politician. ... Aristide Briand (March 28, 1862 â€“ March 7, 1932) was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize. ... Raymond PoincarÃ©, President of the French Republic during the Great War. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The second Cartel acceeded to power in 1932, but this time, the SFIO only gave their support without participation to the Radicals, which allied themselves with right-wing radicals. After years of internal feuds the reformist (or right) wing of the party, lead by Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel, split from the SFIO in November 1933 to form a neosocialist movement. The Cartel was again the victim of parliamentary unstability, while various scandals led to the 6 February 1934 riots organized by far-right leagues. Radical Edouard Daladier resigned on the next day, handing out the power to conservative Gaston Doumergue. It was the first time during the Third Republic (1871-1940) that a government had to resign because of street pressure. Marcel DÃ©at Marcel DÃ©at (March 7, 1894-January 5, 1955) was a French Fascist and politician prior to and during World War II. Born in Guerigny, DÃ©at became a member of the French Socialist Party in 1914. ... Neosocialism (also hyphenated as neo-socialism) is a term used to describe any one of a wide variety of left-wing political movements that are considered socialist and have developed recently. ... The 6 February 1934 crisis refers to an anti-parliamentarist demonstration organised in Paris by far-right leagues (antiparliamentarian militias), which finished by a riot on Place de la Concorde, which is located on the Right Bank of the Seine, in front of the Palais Bourbon, seat of the National... French politician Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (June 18, 1884 - October 10, 1970) was a French politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. ... Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (Aigues-Vives, Gard, August 1, 1863 â€“ June 18, 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La TroisiÃ¨me RÃ©publique, sometimes written as La IIIe RÃ©publique) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ...

Following the 6 February 1934 crisis, which the whole of the socialist movement saw as a fascist conspiracy to overthrow the Republic, a dream followed on by the royalist Action Française and other far-right leagues, anti-fascist organizations were created. The PCF, supported by the Comintern's abandon of the "social-fascism" directives in favor of "united front" directives, got closer to the SFIO, to form the coalition that would win the 1936 elections and bring about the Popular Front. In June 1934, Leon Trotsky proposed the "French Turn" into the SFIO, which is where the entrism strategy takes its origins from. The trotskyist Communist League's (the French section of the International Left Opposition) leaders were divided over the issue of entering the SFIO: Raymond Molinier was the most supportive of Trotsky's proposal, while Pierre Naville was opposed to it and Pierre Frank remained ambivalent. The League finally voted to dissolve into the SFIO in August 1934, where they formed the Bolshevik-Leninist Group (Groupe Bolchevik-Leniniste, GBL). At the Mulhouse party congress of June 1935, the Trotskyists led a campaign to prevent the United Front from expanding into a "Popular Front," which would include the middle-class Radical Party. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... The Action FranÃ§aise is a French Monarchist movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras. ... Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in Eindhoven in September 1944. ... During the late 1920s and early 30s, Communist Party leaders linked to the Communist International (such as Rajani Palme Dutt and Joseph Stalin) argued that capitalist society had entered a third period in which social fascism posed a threat. ... In Leninist bogus, a united front is a coalition of Clinton likeleft-wing working class forces which put forward a common set of demands and share a common plan of action, but which do not subordinate themselves to the front, retaining their abilities for independent political action and continuing to... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... (Russian: Ð›Ñ‘Ð² Ð”Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¢Ñ€Ð¾Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹, Lyov Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7 [O.S. October 26] 1879 â€“ August 21, 1940), born. ... The French Turn refers to the policy advocated by Leon Trotsky as a plan of action for his followers at various stages throughout the 1930s. ... Entryism (or entrism or enterism) is a political tactic by which a smaller organisation joins a (usually hostile) larger organisation in an attempt to either gain recruits, influence or both. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... The Left Opposition was a faction within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1923-1927. ... Raymond Molinier was a leader of the Bolshevik Leninist or Trotskyist movement in France prior to World War II. At the outbreak of that conflict he was abroad and only returned after the cessation of hostilities. ... Pierre Naville (Paris, 1904 â€” Paris, 1993) was a French writer and sociologist. ... Pierre Frank (1906-1984) was a French Trotskyist leader. ... Mulhouse (French: Mulhouse, pronounced ; Alsatian: MilhÃ¼sa; German: MÃ¼lhausen) is a town and commune in eastern France close to Swiss and German border. ... A Party Congress is a general conference of a political party. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... A popular front is a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists who are united by opposition to another group (most often fascist or far-right groups). ...

However, the Popular Front strategy was adopted, and Léon Blum became France's first socialist president of the Council in 1936, while the PCF supported - without participation - his government. A general strike applauded the socialists' victory, while Marceau Pivert cried "Tout est possible!" ("Everything is possible!"). Pivert would later split and create the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party (Parti socialiste ouvrier et paysan, PSOP); historian Daniel Guérin was also a member of the latter. Trotsky advised the GBL to break with the SFIO, leading to a confused departure by the Trotskyists from the Socialist Party in early 1936, which drew only about six hundred people from the party. The 1936 Matignon Accords set up collective bargaining, and removed all obstacles to union organization. The terms included a blanket 7-12 percent wage increase, and allowed for paid vacation (2 weeks) and a 40-hour work week — the eight-hour day had been established following the 1914-18 war of attrition and its mobilization of industrial capacities. LÃ©on Blum LÃ©on Blum (9 April 1872 - 30 March 1950), was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. ... Marceau Pivert (1895â€”1958) was a French schoolteacher, trade unionist, Socialist militant and journalist. ... The Workers and Peasants Socialist Party (Parti socialiste ouvrier et paysan, PSOP) was an ephemeral socialist organisation in France, formed in the on June 8, 1938 by Marceau Pivert. ... Daniel GuÃ©rin (May 19, 1904-April 14, 1988) was a French anarchist and author. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Also known as the Magna Carta of French Labor, the Matignon Accords of 1936 were an agreement to help the French Labor movement. ... A Collective agreement is a labor contract between an employer and one or more unions. ... Labour law (American English: labor) or employment law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which addresses the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. ... It has been suggested that Work permit be merged into this article or section. ... The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (a. ... Combatants Israel Egypt Soviet Union Strength unknown Egyptian: unknown Soviet advisors: 10,700â€“12,300 Casualties 1,424 soldiers and >100 civilians killed 2,000 soldiers and 700 civilians wounded [1] [2] 10,000 Egyptian soldiers and civilians killedÂ¹ 3 Soviet pilots killed The War of Attrition (Hebrew: â€Ž)(Arabic: â€Ž) was...

Within a year, however, Blum's government collapsed over economic policy (as during the Cartel des gauches, capital flight was an issue, giving rise to the so-called "myth of the 200 hundreds families") in the context of the Great Depression, and also over the issue of the Spanish Civil War. The demoralised left fell apart and was unable to resist the collapse of the Third Republic after the military defeat of 1940 (during World War II). Seen in Asian markets in the 1990s capital flight is when assets and/or money rapidly flow out of a country. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel AzaÃ±a Francisco Largo Caballero Juan NegrÃn Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola JosÃ© Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict... The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) (1870/75-1940/46), was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. ... In World War II, Battle of France or Case Yellow (Fall Gelb in German) was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, executed 10 May 1940 which ended the Phony War. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

After World War II

After the liberation of France in 1944 and the proclamation of the Fourth Republic (1947-58), the SFIO re-emerged under the new leadership of Guy Mollet, who was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government in 1956 and the SFIO's general secretary from 1946 to 1969. The Radicals were in steep decline, and the SFIO, along with the Christian-Democrat People's Republican Movement (MRP) created in 1947 by Georges Bidault and the powerful Communist Party were the three main parties governing the Fourth Republic, until Charles de Gaulle's return to power with the May 1958 crisis. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975), French politician, was born in Flers, in Normandy, the son of a textile worker. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Popular Republican Movement (Mouvement RÃ©publicain Populaire or MRP) was a French Christian democratic party of the Fourth Republic. ... Georges Bidault, French statesman Georges-Augustin Bidault (October 5, 1899 â€“ January 27, 1983) was a French politician and active in the French Resistance and Organisation de lArmÃ©e SecrÃ¨te (OAS). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Because of the Cold War, the PCF had to leave the government in May 1947, exactly like the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Anti-communism prevented the left from forming a united front. The CGT trade union, which had been united again in 1936, was relatively weakened by the 1948 creation of a social-democrat trade union, Force Ouvrière (FO), which was supported by the CIA. The split was led by CGT's own secretary general, Léon Jouhaux, who was granted the Nobel peace prize three years later. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The ConfÃ©dÃ©ration GÃ©nÃ©rale du Travail - Force OuvriÃ¨re (CGT-FO or General Confederation of Work - Workers Force), generally known as Force OuvriÃ¨re (FO), is one of the five major French confederations of trade unions. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... LÃ©on Jouhaux (1 July 1879 â€“ 28 April 1954) was a French trade union leader who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1951. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ...

Moreover, the SFIO was divided about the repressive policy of Guy Mollet in Algeria and his support to De Gaulle's come back. If the party returned in opposition in 1959, it couldn't prevent the constitution of another Unified Socialist Party (Parti socialiste unifié or PSU) in 1960, joined the next year by Pierre Mendès-France, whom was trying to anchor the Radical party in the left-wing and opposed the colonial wars. The Unified Socialist Party (French: Parti Socialiste UnifiÃ©, PSU) was a socialist political party in France, founded on April 3, 1960. ... Pierre MendÃ¨s France Pierre MendÃ¨s France (Paris, 11 January 1907 - 18 October 1982), French politician, was born in Paris, into a family of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin. ...

The Fifth Republic

The SFIO received its lowest vote in the 1960s. The Fifth Republic's Constitution had been tailored by Charles de Gaulle to satisfied his needs, and his gaullist movement managed to gather enough people from the left and the right-wing to govern without the parties' help. Furthemore, the SFIO hesitated between the alliance with the non-Gaullist center-right (that was the opinion of Gaston Defferre) and the reconciliation with the Communists. Guy Mollet refused to choose. The SFIO supported François Mitterrand to the 1965 presidential election although he was not member of the party. The SFIO then created with the Radicals the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste or FGDS), a center-left coalition led by François Mitterrand. But it split after May 68 and the electoral disaster of June 1968. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Charles de Gaulle, in his generals uniform Gaullism (French: Gaullisme) is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. ... Gaston Defferre (September 14, 1910 - May 7, 1986, Marseille) was a French socialist politician. ... IPA: (October 26, 1916 â€“ January 8, 1996) was President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the Socialist Party (PS). ... The 1965 French presidential election was the first presidential election by direct universal suffrage of the French Fifth Republic. ... The Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (FÃ©dÃ©ration de la gauche dÃ©mocrate et socialiste or FGDS) was a conglomerate of French center-left non-Communist forces. ... May 1968 poster: Be young and keep quiet In May 1968 a general insurrection broke out across France. ...

Gaston Defferre was the SFIO candidate to the 1969 presidential election. He was eliminated in the first round with only 5% of votes. One month later, in the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, the SFIO was replaced by the current Socialist Party. Guy Mollet let the leadership to Alain Savary Second Round First Round See also President of France France Politics of France Categories: | | ... The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste, PS) is one of the largest political parties in France. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Endnotes

Contents

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