The French and Iroquois Wars (also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars) commonly refer to a brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. The Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. The conflict pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant Mohawk, against the largely Algonquian-speaking tribes of the Great Lakes region. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Languages Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora, English, French Religions Christianity, Longhouse religion The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the League of Peace and Power; the Five Nations; the Six Nations; or the People of the Long house) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of... An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s. ... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Languages English, Mohawk Religions Christianity, Longhouse Related ethnic groups other Iroquoian peoples The Mohawk (Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning People of the Flint) are an indigenous people of North America originally from the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York to Southern Quebec and Eastern Ontario. ... The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... The Great Lakes states of the U.S. are colored red in this map. ...

The wars were of extreme brutality and are considered one of the bloodiest series of conflicts in the history of North America. The resultant enlargement of Iroquois territory realigned the tribal geography of North America, destroying several large tribal confederacies—including the Hurons, Neutrals, Eries, and Susquehannocks—and pushing other eastern tribes west of the Mississippi River. The Ohio country and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan were virtually emptied of Native people, as refugees fled west to escape Iroquois warriors. (This region would be repopulated by these Ohio people not long after, although generally in multi-ethnic indigenous "republics" rather than homogenous, discrete "tribes".) This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Huron redirects here. ... The Neutrals were a tribe of American Indians who lived in what is now upstate New York and southern Ontario. ... The Erie (also Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat) were a prehistoric group of Native Americans, related to the Iroquois, who lived from western New York to northern Ohio on the south shore of Lake Erie. ... Susquehannock The Susquehannock people were natives of areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York, through Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... The Ohio Country, showing the present-day U.S. state boundaries The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and in the region of the upper Ohio River south of Lake... The regions of lower Michigan and their major cities are identified on this map. ...

Both Algonquian and Iroquoian societies were greatly disturbed by these wars. The conflict subsided with the loss by the Iroquois of their Dutch allies in the New Netherland colony, and with a growing French desire to seek the Iroquois as an ally against English encroachment. Subsequently, the Iroquois became trading partners with the British, which was a crucial component of later British expansion. Algonquian Indians are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds, and hundreds of thousands who still identify with various Algonquian peoples. ... The Iroquoian languages are a Native American language family. ... Map based on Adriaen Blocks 1614 expedition to New Netherland, featuring the first use of the name. ... Scotland, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). ...

[edit] Origins

Written records for the St. Lawrence valley begin with the voyages of Jacques Cartier in the 1540s. Cartier tells of encounters with the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, also known as the Stadaconans or Laurentians, occupying several fortified villages, including Stadacona and Hochelaga. Cartier records that the Stadaconans were at war with another tribe known as the Toudamans who had destroyed one of their forts the previous year, resulting in 200 deaths. Continental wars and politics distracted further French efforts at colonization in the St. Lawrence Valley until the beginning of the 17th century. When the French returned, they were surprised to find that the sites of both Stadacona and Hochelaga were abandoned—completely destroyed by an unknown enemy. TheSaint Lawrence River (In French: fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel, ca. ... Territory occupied by the St. ... Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (Gift of God shall make prosper) Area: 547. ... Hochelaga is: A 16th century village on the Island of Montreal; see Hochelega (village) A neighbourhood of Montreal; see Hochelaga-Maisonneuve A federal electoral district within Montreal; see Hochelaga (electoral district) A movie about Montreal biker gangs; see Hochelaga (movie) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

Some historians have attempted to implicate the Iroquois Confederacy in the destruction of Stadacona and Hochelaga, but there is little evidence to support that claim. Iroquois oral tradition, as recorded in the Jesuit Relations, speaks of a draining war between the Mohawk Iroquois and an alliance of the Susquehannocks and Algonquins sometime between 1580 and 1600. Thus, when the French reappeared on the scene in 1601, the St. Lawrence Valley had already witnessed generations of blood-feud-style warfare. Indeed, when Samuel de Champlain landed at Tadoussac on the St. Lawrence, he and his small company of French adventurers were almost immediately recruited by the Montagnais, Algonquins and Hurons to assist them in attacking their enemies. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the League of Peace and Power) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... Cover of the Jesuit Relations for 1662-1663 The Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France, commonly abbreviated as the Jesuit Relations, are the annual reports which were issued by the superior of the Jesuit missions in New France to the Jesuit overseer in France between the years of... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... A much-reproduced fictional portrait of Champlain by Théophile Hamel (1870) (no authentic portrait has survived)[1]) Samuel de Champlain , the father of New France, was born around 1580 in the town of Brouage, a seaport on Frances west coast. ... Tadoussac was Frances first trading post on the mainland of New France (now in Quebec, Canada). ... The Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula in Eastern Canada. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ...

Relations between the Iroquois and the French were not harmonious in the early 17th century. The first encounter was in 1609, when Champlain, in the company of his Algonquin allies, engaged in a pitched battle with the Iroquois on the shores of Lake Champlain. Champlain himself killed three Iroquois chiefs with an arquebus. In 1610, Champlain and his arquebus-wielding French companions helped the Algonquins and Hurons defeat a large Iroquois raiding party. In 1615, Champlain joined a Huron raiding party and took part in the siege of an Iroquois town, probably among the Onondagas. The siege ultimately failed, and Champlain was injured in the attempt. // Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ... Landsat photo Lake Champlain (French: lac Champlain) is a large lake in North America, mostly within the borders of the United States (states of Vermont and New York) but partially situated across the US-Canada border in the province of Quebec. ... Japanese arquebus of the Edo era (teppo) The arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus[1] or hackbut; possibly related to German Hakenbuechse or Dutch Haakbus) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. ... // Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... The Onondaga (Onundagaono or the People of the Hills) are one of the original five constituent tribes of the League of the Iroquois (Hodenosaunee). ...

By the 1630s, however, the Iroquois had become fully armed with European weaponry through their trade with the Dutch, and they began to use their growing expertise with the arquebus to good effect in their continuing wars with the Algonquins, Hurons, and other traditional enemies. The French, meanwhile, had outlawed the trading of firearms to their native allies, though arquebuses were occasionally given as gifts to individuals who converted to Christianity. Although the initial focus of the Iroquois attacks were their traditional enemies (the Algonquins, Mahicans, Montagnais, and Hurons), the alliance of these tribes with the French quickly brought the Iroquois into fierce and bloodly conflict with the European colonists themselves. Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Mahicans settled the Hudson River south of the Mohawk River, moved east to Massachusetts, then to Wisconsin. ... The Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula in Eastern Canada. ...

Some historians have argued that the wars were accelerated by the growing scarcity of the beaver in the lands controlled by the Iroquois in the middle 17th century. At the time of the conflict, the Iroquois inhabited a region of present-day New York south of Lake Ontario and west of the Hudson River. The Iroquois lands comprised an ethnic island, surrounded on all sides by Algonquian-speaking Nations, including the Shawnee to the west in the Ohio Country, as well as by Iroquoian-speaking Huron on the north along the St. Lawrence River, who were not part of the Iroquois Confederation. Binomial name Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 A taxidermied American Beaver The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a large semi-aquatic rodent native to Canada, most of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. ... NY redirects here. ... Lake Ontario, bounded on the north by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south by Ontarios Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, USA, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. ... The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk in Mahican, is a river that runs through the eastern portion of New York State and, along its southern terminus, demarcates the border between the states of New York and New Jersey. ... The Shawnee, or Shawano, are a people native to North America. ... The Iroquoian languages are a Native American language family. ...

With the establishment of Dutch trading posts in the Hudson in the 1620s, the Iroquois, and in particular the Mohawk, had come to rely on the trade for the purchase of firearms and other European goods. The introduction of firearms, however, had accelerated the decline of the beaver population such that by 1640 the animal had largely disappeared from the Hudson Valley. The center of the fur trade thus shifted northward to the colder regions along the St. Lawrence River, controlled by the Hurons, who were the close trading partners of the French in New France. The Iroquois, who considered themselves to be the most civilized and advanced people of the region, found themselves displaced in the fur trade by other nations in the region. Threatened by disease and with a declining population, the Iroquois began an aggressive campaign to expand their area of control. Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty...

[edit] Iroquois attacks in New France

The war began in earnest in the early 1640s with Iroquois attacks on frontier Wyandot villages along the St. Lawrence, with the intent of disrupting the Wyandot trade with the French. In 1649, the Iroquois launched a devastating attack into the heart of Wyandot territory, destroying several key villages and killing hundreds, if not thousands, amongst whom were the Jesuit missionaries Jean Brebeuf, Charles Garnier, and Gabriel Lallemant—all of whom are considered martyrs of the Roman Catholic Church. Following these attacks, the remaining Wyandot dispersed to seek assistance from the Anishinaabek Confederacy in the Great Lakes, leaving the Oodaawaa Nation Ottawa to later fill the vacuum in the fur trade with the French. Huron redirects here. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... St. ... Charles Garnier may refer to Saint Charles Garnier, a Jesuit missionary, martyred in Canada in 1649. ... ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church... The Ottawa (also Odawa, Odaawa, Outaouais, or Trader) are a Native American and First Nations people. ...

In the early 1650s, the Iroquois began attacking the French. Some of the Iroquois Nations, notably the Oneida and Onondaga, had peaceful relations with the French but were under control of the Mohawk, who were the strongest nation in the Confederation and had animosity towards the French presence. After a failed peace treaty negotiated by Chief Canaqueese, Iroquois war parties moved north into New France along the Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River, attacking and blockading Montreal. Typically a raid on an isolated farm or settlement consisted of a war party moving swiftly and silently through the woods, swooping down suddenly, wielding tomahawk and scalping knife to attack the inhabitants. In some cases, prisoners were brought back to the Iroquois homelands. In the case of women and children, prisoners were incorporated into the nation. Oneida is the name of several places in the United States of America, derived from the Oneida tribe of the Iroquois: Oneida, Illinois Oneida, Kansas Oneida, Kentucky in Clay County, Kentucky, home of Oneida Baptist Institute Oneida, New York Oneida, Pennsylvania Oneida, Tennessee Oneida (town), Wisconsin in Outgamie County Oneida... Onondaga is the name of some places in North America: Onondaga, Michigan Onondaga, New York Onondaga, Ontario Onondaga County, New York Onondaga Lake Onondaga Reservation, New York Onondaga Township, Michigan Other meanings: Onondaga Native American Iroquois First Nations group Onandaga Cave State Park in Leasburg, Missouri Onondaga Camp Minden,Ontario... Landsat photo Lake Champlain (French: lac Champlain) is a large lake in North America, mostly within the borders of the United States (states of Vermont and New York) but partially situated across the US-Canada border in the province of Quebec. ... The Richelieu River in Quebec, Canada flows about 130 km north to drain Lake Champlain into the St. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (in unity, prosperity) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... Native American Afraid of Hawk, holding a tomahawk A tomahawk is a type of axe native to North America, traditionally resembling a hatchet with a straight shaft. ... Native American Big Mouth Spring with decorated scalp lock on right shoulder. ...

Although such raids were by no means constant, when they occurred they were terrifying to the inhabitants of New France, and the colonists initially felt helpless to prevent them. Some of the heroes of French-Canadian folk memory are of individuals who stood up to such attacks, such as Dollard des Ormeaux, who died in May 1660 while resisting an Iroquois raiding force at the Long Sault at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa Rivers. He succeeded in saving Montreal by his sacrifice. Another such hero was Madeleine de Verchères, who in 1692 at age 14 led the defence of her family farm against Iroquois attack. Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, (1635-1660), usually known simply as Dollard des Ormeaux, was a colonist of New France who led his companions from the newly founded town of Ville Marie in 1660 to ambush a larger force of Iroquois. ... // Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ... Long Sault is one of two towns in the Canadian province of Ontario (Ingleside is the other) built to replace The Lost Villages, which were flooded by the construction of the St. ... This is about the river in Canada. ... Madeleine de Verchères was the daughter of a seigneur in New France whose ingenuity is credited with thwarting a raid on Fort Vercheres. ... Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ...

[edit] Iroquois expansion in the west

At the same time that the Iroquois were attacking northward, they also began a major expansion to the west along Great Lakes. By 1650, they controlled a region of North America extending from the Virginia Colony in the south up to the St. Lawrence. In the west, the Iroquois engaged in a wide-ranging campaign of conquest. Led by the Senecas, Iroquois war parties first destroyed the powerful Neutral Confederacy, a nation located in southern Ontario that had been reckoned numerically equal to the Iroquois but lacked European firearms. They next annihilated another sizable confederacy known as the Eries or Nation of the Cat who had occupied the shores of Lake Erie. Then, they drove the Algonquin-speaking Shawnee out of the Ohio Country and seized control of the Illinois Country as far west as the Mississippi River. The 1609 charter for the Virginia colony from sea to sea The Virginia Colony refers to the English colony in North America that existed during the 17th and 18th centuries before the American Revolution. ... The Seneca Tribe, or Onodowohgah (People of the Hill Top), traditionally lived in New York State between the Genesee River and Canandaigua Lake. ... Lake Erie (pronounced ) is the eleventh largest lake on Earth[2] and, of the five Great Lakes of North America, it is the fourth largest by surface area, the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume. ... French settlements and forts in the Illinois Country in 1763, showing U.S. current state boundaries. ...

As a result of Iroquois expansion and war with the Anishinaabek Confederacy, eastern Nations such as the Lakota were pushed across the Mississippi onto the Great Plains, adopting the nomadic lifestyle for which they later became well known. Other refugees flooded the Great Lakes area, resulting in a conflict with existing nations in the region. The vast majority of the fighting was between the Anishininaabek Confederacy and the Iroquois Confederacy. One of the last great battles was fought on what is now called Wasaga Beach. Eddie Plenty Holes, a Sioux Indian photographed about 1899. ... The Great Plains covers much of the central United States, portions of Canada and Mexico. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

[edit] French counterattack

The tide of war began to turn in the middle 1660s with the arrival of a small contingent of regular troops from France, the brown-uniformed Carignan-Salières Regiment—the first group of uniformed professional soldiers to set foot on what is today Canadian soil. At the same time, the Dutch allies of the Iroquois lost control of the New Netherland colony to the English in the south. The Carignan-Salières Regiment was a French military unit formed by merging the Carignan Regiment and the Salières Regiment in 1659. ... Scotland, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). ...

In January 1666, the French invaded the Iroquois homeland, led by the aristocrat Alexandre de Prouville the "Marquis de Tracy" and viceroy of New France. Although the invasion was abortive, they took Chief Canaqueese prisoner. In September, they proceeded down the Richelieu River and marched through Iroquois territory a second time. Unable to find an Iroquois army, they resorted to burning their crops and homes. Many Iroquois died from starvation in the following winter. 1666 is often called Annus Mirabilis. ... Marquis Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy (1603-1670) was an aristocrat statesman and military leader born in France. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... The Richelieu River in Quebec, Canada flows about 130 km north to drain Lake Champlain into the St. ...

The Iroquois sued for peace, which lasted a generation. In the meantime, many from the Carignan-Salieres regiment stayed on in the colony as settlers, significantly altering the colonial demography. They were, after all, hardened veteran soldiers, who before coming to Canada had fought the Turks. They were rough in manners and speech, and any hope that local churchmen might have had of fostering a quiet, pietistic society on the banks of the St. Lawrence evaporated. After the departure of the Carignan-Salières regiment in 1667, with the Iroquois temporarily pacified, the colony's administrators at last took steps to form an effective militia organization. Now all men in the colony between the ages of 16 and 65 (excluding the clergy and certain public officials) were issued a musket and ammunition and became liable for military service. // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an organization of citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ...

[edit] Resumption of the war

The war between the French and Iroquois resumed in the 1683 after the Governor Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, attempted to enrich his own fortune by pursuing the western fur-trade with a new aggressiveness, which adversely affected the growing activities of the Iroquois in this area. This time the war lasted ten years and was as bloody as the first. Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... Categories: People stubs | 1622 births | 1698 deaths | Canadian historical figures | Michigan history ...

With renewal of hostilities the local militia was stiffened after 1683 by a small force of regular troops of the French navy, the Compagnies Franches de la Marine. The latter were to constitute the longest-serving unit of French regular force troops in New France. The men came to identify themselves with the colony over the years, while the officer corps became completely Canadianized. Thus in a sense these troops can be identified as Canada's first standing professional armed force. Officers' commissions both in the militia and in the Compagnie Franches became much coveted positions amongst the socially eminent of the colony. The militia together with members of the Compagnie Franches, dressed in the manner of their Algonquin Indian allies, came to specialize in that swift and mobile brand of warfare termed la petite guerre, that was characterized by long and silent expeditions through the forests and sudden and violent descents upon enemy encampments and settlements—the same kind of warfare that was practiced against them by the Iroquois. As they were seen to be urging the Iroquois on, some of the most infamous of these raids were made against settlements in the English colonies, most notably in 1690 against Schenectady in present-day New York, Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, and Portland, Maine. As in the Iroquois raids, the inhabitants were either indiscriminately slaughtered or carried away captive. Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... The Compagnies Franches de la Marine was the main organization for the defence of New France from 1683 to 1755. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Union Colleges Nott Memorial, one of the most recognized buildings in Schenectady Schenectady (IPA ) is a city in Schenectady County, New York, United States, of which it is the county seat. ... Dover is a small city located in Strafford County, New Hampshire, in the United States of America. ... Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maine, with a 2004 population of 63,882. ...

[edit] Great Peace

Finally in 1698, increasingly seeing themselves as the convenient scapegoat in what was essentially an English inspired war, the Iroquois sued for peace ending the wars. The French, meanwhile, were eager to have the Iroquois as a bulwark between New France and the English to the south. The Grande Paix (Great Peace) was signed in 1701 in Montreal by 39 Indian chiefs, the French and the English. In the treaty, the Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees from the Great Lakes to return east. The Shawnee eventually regained control of the Ohio Country and the lower Allegheny River. Events January 4 - Palace of Whitehall in London is destroyed by fire. ... The Allegheny River (historically, especially in New York state, also spelled Allegany River) is a principal tributary of the Ohio River, which it forms with the Monongahela River at the downtown Pittsburghs Golden Triangle point. The river is approximately 325 mi (523 km) long, in the U.S. states...

[edit] See also

• Military history of France
• Military history of Canada
• Oka Crisis

Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... Canadian soldiers advancing behind a tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, one of Canadas greatest military victories. ... Pte. ...

[edit] References

• Salvucci, Claudio R. and Anthony P. Schiavo, Jr. (2003). Iroquois Wars II: Excerpts from the Jesuit Relations and Other Primary Sources. Bristol, PA: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-34-5. 
• Schiavo, Jr., Anthony P. and Claudio R. Salvucci (2003). Iroquois Wars I: Excerpts from the Jesuit Relations and Primary Sources 1535-1650. Bristol, PA: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-37-X. 

Bristol is a borough located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. ... Bristol is a borough located in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. ...

[edit] External links

• Timeline of the Iroquois Wars (1533-1650)