It has been suggested that French citizenship and identity be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

French nationality law is historically based on the principle of jus soli, according to Ernest Renan's definition, opposed to the German's definition of nationality formalized by Fichte. However, elements of jus sanguinis have been included in the French code, especially during the 1992 reform, which forced children born in France of foreign parents to request French nationality at adulthood, instead of being automatically accorded it (no conditions are required to acquire it, but it forces children of foreigners to go through a bureaucratic process, while children of French citizens - whether immigrants or not - cut through all the red tape). As in most other countries, but differing from the US, children born in France to tourists or short term visitors do not acquire French citizenship by virtue of birth in France: residency must be proven. As immigration became more and more of a political theme in the 1980s, albeit a lower immigration rate (see Demographics in France), both left- and right-wing governments have issued several laws restricting more and more the possibilities of being naturalized. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into French nationality law. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Jus soli (Latin for right of the territory), or birthright citizenship, is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state. ... Ernest Renan (February 28, 1823–October 12, 1892) was a French philosopher and writer. ... Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte (May 19, 1762 - January 27, 1814) has significance in the history of Western philosophy as one of the progenitors of German idealism and as a follower of Kant. ... Jus sanguinis (Latin for right of blood) is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state. ... Red tape (or sometimes paperwork) is a derisive term for excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant or bureaucratic and hinders or prevents action or decision-making. ... It has been suggested that French people be merged into this article or section. ... Naturalization is the act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality which is not his or her nationality at birth. ...

Attribution of French Nationality

• The attribution of French nationality due to filiation. (Jus sanguinis)
• The attribution of French nationality by birth in France. (Jus soli)

In copyright law, attribution is the requirement to acknowledge or credit the author of a work which is used or appears in another work. ... Paternity is the social and legal acknowledgment of the parental relationship between a father and his child. ... Jus sanguinis (Latin for right of blood) is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state. ... In copyright law, attribution is the requirement to acknowledge or credit the author of a work which is used or appears in another work. ... Jus soli (Latin for right of the territory), or birthright citizenship, is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state. ...

Filiation

As of the birth the child is French of which one of the parents is French. The nature of filiation imports little: it perhaps legitimates, natural or adoptive. The plenary adoption is the only one which carries direct effects on nationality. Because contrary to the simple adoption, the child adoptive according to the procedure of the plenary adoption (articles 343 of the Civil code and following) breaks any bond with his family of origin. Adoption is the legal act of permanently placing a child with a parent (or parents) other than the birth parents. ...

Filiation must be established during the minority of the child to take effect. Consequently, the recognition of a child after it reached his majority is without effect on his nationality (article 20-1 of the Civil code).

The child who was born abroad and only one of the parents is French with the possibility of repudiating French nationality during the six months preceding its majority or in the year which follows it (article 19-4 of the Civil code).

Birth in France

The principle is that Birth in France does not automatically confer nationality.

General Conditions

Children born in France (including overseas territories) whose parents are French citizens, whether immigrants or not, automatically acquire French citizenship at birth.

Exceptions

Furthermore, a child born in France from foreign parents may acquire French citizenship:

• at birth, if stateless.
• at age 18, if resident in France, with at least 5 years residence since age 11, and if he explicitly requests at adulthood (before the 1992 reform of the Code de la nationalité, it was automatically given without needs to do administrative red tape).
• if born in France of parents born before independance on a colony/territory in the past under French sovereignty.
  • at birth, if born in France before January 1, 1994.
  • at age 18, if born in France on or after January 1, 1994.

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Acquisition of French Nationality

Naturalisation

A person may apply for French citizenship by naturalisation after five years residence in France. Exceptions to the residence period include:-1...

• The residence period is reduced to two years for those who are graduates of a French university or grande école
• The residence period may be waived for citizens of French speaking countries or for those who have served in the French military.

Naturalisation through residency is accorded by publication of a decree in the Journal Officiel by decision of the Ministry of Labour, Social Cohesion and Housing. A listing of universities and major tertiary education institutions in France. ... The grandes écoles (French for great schools) of France are higher education establishments outside of the mainstream framework of the public universities. ...

At the rate of marriage

If the couple has been living in France for three years, after a period of four year's marriage to a French citizen, it is possible to make a declaration of French citizenship by marriage. If the couple is living outside of France, a three year waiting period is required. In addition to the many documents required to prove both the applicant's nationality and the spouse's french nationality, there is a requirement for competency in the French language.

The declaration of citizenship is made by the couple to the local court, or the French consulate if overseas. The declaration is accepted or rejected by decision of the Ministry of Justice.

Dual Citizenship

Dual citizenship has been permitted since 1973. The main exception has been concerning those countries which are signatories to the European Convention on Nationality. The European Convention on Nationality (E.T.S. No. ...

Denaturalisation

According to philosopher Giorgio Agamben, France was one of the first European countries to pass denaturalisation laws, in 1915, with regard to naturalized citizens of "enemy" origins. Its example was followed by most European countries. Giorgio Agamben (born 1942) is an Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia. ...

See also

• Illegal immigration

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

External links

• French Citizenship & Nationality Law
• Acquiring another Citizenship (France)
• official website of the CIMADE, an ecumenist NGO helping immigrants (including illegal immigrants) in their juridical demands.
• GISTI ("Groupe d'Information et de Soutien aux Travailleurs Immigrés" (same: "Group of Information and Support of Immigrants Workers", although they also carry more directly activist actions, such as blocking controversed expels by charter, mainly by informing all passengers of the plane - as the pilot is the only authority on board, he may refuse to embark an illegal alien, thus blocking police's attempts)

• Further information: fr:Nationalité française