The Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC), or "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda", is a liberation movement in Angolan province and Republic of the Congo, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. As of 1991, the population was 163,000, with an area of 7,270 km2. Portuguese explorers, missionaries and traders arrived at the mouth of the Congo (or Nzere) river in the mid-15th century... Cabinda, Angola is a country in southwestern Africa bordering Namibia, Congo-Kinshasa, and Zambia, and with a west coast along the Atlantic Ocean. The exclave province Cabinda has a border with Congo-Brazzaville. A former Portuguese colony, it has considerable natural resources, among which oil and diamonds are the most relevant... Angola.

The FLEC acted in the region occupied by the former kingdoms of Kakongo, Loango and N'Goyo.

On February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 333 days remaining, (334 in leap years). Events 1662 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. 1713 - The Kalabalik or Tumult in Bendery results from the Ottoman sultan... February 1, 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. Events January January 4 - The first successful appendectomy is performed by Dr. William W. Grant on Mary Gartside. January 20 - L.A. Thompson patents the roller coaster. January 26 - Troops loyal to the Mahdi conquer Khartoum February February 5 - King Leopold II... 1885, a treaty was signed at Simulambuco establishing Cabinda as a The Republic of Portugal (República Portuguesa), or Portugal, is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; it is the westernmost country in continental Europe. Portugal is bordered by Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic... Portuguese protectorate. A monument was built there later.

The FLEC was founded in 1963 by the union of three nationalist movements:

• MLEC - Movemento de Liberaçao do Enclave of Cabinda,
• CAUNC - Comite d'acçao do Union Nacional Cabindesa, and
• ALLIAMA - Aliança Nacional do El Mayombe. (Mayombe is a mountain between Cabinda and the The Republic of the Congo, also known as Middle Congo, Congo-Brazzaville, and Congo (but not to be confused with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire, which was also at one time known as the Republic of the Congo), is a former French colony of west-central Africa... Republic of Congo.

The MLEC flag was yellow with a seal in the center showing the Mayombe.

The leader of the united group was Luiz Ranque Franque, who refused to join other Angolan independence movements. FLEC adopted a flag was with horizontal red, yellow and blue bands -- one color for each of the groups. The new emblem (a white star and a green triangle within a ring) was added in the center.

In 1975, FLEC constituted a provisional government led by Enriquez Tiago that proclaimed independence from Portugal on August 1st is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. Events 500-1899 527 - Justinian I becomes Byzantine Emperor. 1291 - The Swiss Confederation is formed. 1492 - Ferdinand and Isabella drive the Jews out of Spain. 1461 - Edward IV crowned... August 1, 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). Events January January 1 - Watergate scandal: John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up and are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in... 1975. Luiz Ranque was the president.

Between November 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). Events January January 1 - Watergate scandal: John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up and are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in... 1975 and January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 361 days remaining (362 in leap years). Events 871 - Battle of Reading - Ethelred of Wessex fights a Danish invasion army . 1493 - Christopher Columbus leaves the New World, ending his first journey . 1642 - English Civil War... January 4, 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-February January 12 - UN Security Council votes 11-1 to admit the Palestinian Liberation Organization January 15 - Would-be Gerald Ford presidential assassin Sara Jane Moore is sentenced to life in prison January 16... 1976, the Cabinda enclave was invaded by soldiers of the The MPLA flag The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (Movimiento Popular de Libertação de Angola) is an Angolan political party that has ruled the country since independence in 1975. MPLA was founded in 1956 by Angolan students in Portugal. The party was one of three movements (MPLA... Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola (MPLA), which was the dominant independence movement in the rest of Angola, supported by The Republic of Cuba is an archipelago in the northern Caribbean that lies at the confluence of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. To the north are found the United States and the Bahamas, to the west Mexico, to the south the Cayman Islands and... Cuban troops. The MPLA quickly gained control of the region.

After its defeat, FLEC broke into three factions:

• FLEC-Ranque Franque,
• FLEC-N'Zita, led by Enriquez Tiago N'Zita, and
• FLEC-Lubota, led by Francisco Xavier Lubota.

In November For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). Events January-February January 1 - First woman Episcopal priest ordained. January 6 - EMI sacks the Sex Pistols January 18 - Scientists identify a previously unknown bacterium as the cause of the mysterious legionnaires disease January 18 - Australia experiences its worst railway disaster... 1977, another faction was created:

• the Military Command for the Liberation of Cabinda.

In June 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. Events January January 1 - United States and the Peoples Republic of China establish diplomatic relations January 4 - State of Ohio agrees to pay $675,000 to families of dead and injured in Kent State University shootings. January 7 - Vietnam and Vietnam... 1979, the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Cabinda created another movement:

• MPLC - the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Cabinda (Movimento Popular de Libertaçăo de Cabinda).

In the 1980s, FLEC received help from the UNITA sticker The União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) is an Angolan political faction. Until 2002, the group was largely a military force and had been fighting a civil war since 1975. From its foundation until his death, the group was dominated by its charismatic... National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which opposed the MPLA-controlled government of Angola, and from The Republic of South Africa (pronunciation) is a large republic in Southern Africa. It is located at the southern tip of the continent, and borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. The small nation of Lesotho is entirely contained within South African territory. Its economy is the largest and most... South Africa.

In 1990s, two more factions were created:

• UNLC - the National Union for the Liberation of Cabinda (Uniăo Nacional de Libertaçăo de Cabinda), led by Lumingu Luis Gimby, and
• CCC - the Communist Committee of Cabinda (Comité Communista de Cabinda), led by Kaya Mohamed Yay.

The original FLEC was re-formed in the 1990s, and two factions were created:

• FLEC-Renovada, whose flag was white with a central stripe divided into three colors: green, yellow and black, with a red ring in the center of the flag.

• FLEC-Armed Forces of Cabinda (Forças Armadas do Cabinda - FLEC-FAC), using the original red, yellow, and blue flag, with emblem.

Another group was created by Cabindese ex-patriates in Netherlands (disambiguation). The Netherlands ( Dutch: Nederland) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). The Netherlands is a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch, located in northwestern Europe. It borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany... the Netherlands in 1996:

• FLEC - Frente de Libertacao do Estado de Cabinda" (Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda). This group adopted a flag blue, yellow and black with the Silambuco monument in the center.

In April 1996, a ceasefire was signed between FLEC-Renovada and Angola government. Other groups joined the ceasefire later.

See also

• This is a list of currently active autonomist and secessionist movements around the world. For defunct movements, please see: List of historical autonomist and secessionist movements Africa Algeria Kabyles Proposed state: Kabylia Political: Front des Forces Socialistes, le Mouvement pour lAutonomie de la Kabylie Angola Cabinda Government-in-exile... List of active autonomist and secessionist movements

links

• Frente de Libertação do Estado de Cabinda (http://www.cabinda.org/cartadaflec.htm) (Portuguese)