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Freshwater angelfish are cichlids that originate around the Amazon River basin with a striking, elongated vertical body shape and long extended dorsal and anal fins. The fish are taller than they are long. Angelfish that are longer than they are tall are the victims of poor aquarium maintenance and have grown poorly. There are three recognized species, all belonging to the genus Pterophyllum. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (308x625, 70 KB) Summary A Peru Altum Angelfish () photographed in an aquarium. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms (as opposed to folk taxonomy). ...
Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Orthonectida (parasitic to flatworms, echinoderms, etc. ...
Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicatas Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with...
Orders See text The Actinopterygii are the ray-finned fish. ...
Families many, see text The Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, include about 40% of all fish and are the largest order of vertebrates. ...
Genera Apistogramma - Dwarf Cichlids Astronotus (Oscars) Boulengerochromis Cichlasoma - American Ciclids Crenicichla Pterophyllum - Freshwater Angelfish Symphysodon - Discus Teleogramma Tilapia Cichlids are a family of perciform fishes. ...
Johann Jakob Heckel (January 23, 1790 - March 1, 1857) was an Austrian taxidermist, zoologist, and ichthyologist. ...
In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ...
1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ...
Martin Lichtenstein Martin Heinrich Carl Lichtenstein (January 10, 1780 - September 2, 1857) was a German physician, explorer and zoologist. ...
1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Genera Cichlids (pronounced “sick-lidsâ€) are a fishes from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes. ...
A satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River, looking south The Amazon River (occasionally River Amazon; Spanish: RÃo Amazonas, Portuguese: Rio Amazonas) of South America is one of the two longest rivers on Earth, the other being the Nile in Africa. ...
Angelfish inhabit slow waters in the Amazon region. Its shape allows it good protection among roots and plants, often on a vertical surface. It the wild it eats small fish and is no danger to most other fish in an aquarium, however if a tankmate will fit into its mouth there is a good chance the angelfish will try to eat it.
P. scalare
The best known species of Angelfish is Pterophyllum scalare. Its natural color is silvery with three brownish vertical stripes. It is very peaceful (when it isn't trying to fit other tankmates into its mouth) and is a popular aquarium fish. P. scalare, like all angelfish, comes from slow moving sections of rivers in the Amazon basin. Angelfish also do not inhabit dense vegetation except when very young, when they school together and hide in vegetation for protection. Adults are much more frequently found amongst sunken driftwood where very few plants grow. They spawn on broad-leaved sword plants in the wild, and prefer broad-leaved plants to spawn in an aquarium, if available. Its maximum size is around 12–15 cm (up to 6 inches) length, up to 20 cm (8 in.) height- although exceptional husbandry on the part of the owner can produce an angel up to nine inches in rare instances. These Angelfish prefer water with a 6.0–8.0 pH,with 6.5-7.4 being ideal. a water hardness of 5.0–13.0 dGH, and a temperature range of 24–30°C (75–86°F). A centimetre (US: centimeter) is a factor of the SI unit of length: there are one hundred centimeters in the base unit of measure, the metre. ...
Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial and U.S. customary unit of length. ...
The title of this article should be pH. The initial letter is capitalized due to technical restrictions. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
A degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ...
Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ...
Average lifespan in an Aquarium is 10 years, but there have been reported instances of individuals living twice as long. Freshwater angelfish are piscivores, meaning that they eat other fish. In the wild angels sit just below the surface, waiting to lunge at unaware small fish that pass above them in the twilight of the early morning and late evening. However, in an aquarium, their predilection for laziness sets in and they rapidly show preference for slow moving processed food rather than having to run down larger, harder to chew live fish. They are safe to keep with other peaceful fish that are not too small (i.e. those that could fit in its mouth). For example, an angel that has never seen a neon tetra might eat a small one just out of instinct if it can fit in its mouth. Binomial name Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) The neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) is a freshwater fish of the characin family (family Characidae) of order Characiformes. ...
 Freshwater angelfish at the Montreal Biodome - P. scalare
 Sketch of P. scalare from an 1866 expedition.
Freshwater angelfish at the Montreal Biodome, by mendel. ...
Freshwater angelfish at the Montreal Biodome, by mendel. ...
Drawing by Jacques Burkhardt of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare, collected during the Thayer Expedition, 1866 This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ...
Drawing by Jacques Burkhardt of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare, collected during the Thayer Expedition, 1866 This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ...
1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
P. altum The Pterophyllum altum Angelfish species originates from rivers in the Amazon River basin where the upper Negro River drains, and from the Orinoco River basin. Its natural color is also silvery with three brownish vertical stripes. Some of the largest Angelfish are of this species, growing up to 18 cm (7 in) long and 25cm (10 in) These Angelfish prefer water with a 4.8–6.2 pH, a water hardness of 1.0–5.0 dGH, and a temperature range of 27–31°C (81–88°F). Unlike P. scalare (mentioned above) which prefer to spawn on broad leaved plants, P. altum prefers to spawn on driftwood. Altum angels are true blackwater fish. In the wild they come from water that is so stained with tannins from detrius such as decaying peatmoss and driftwood that it is a dark brown and visibility is only a few inches. Neon tetra and cardinal tetra come from similar water. The Negro (Spanish: black) River, the great northern tributary of the Amazon River and the largest blackwater river in the world, has its sources along the watershed between the Orinoco and the Amazon basins, and also connects with the Orinoco by way of the Casiquiare canal. ...
This page is about the Orinoco River, for the Aphra Behn novel see Oroonoko With a length of 2140 km, the Orinoco is one of the largest rivers of South America. ...
The title of this article should be pH. The initial letter is capitalized due to technical restrictions. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
This article is unconnected to the various rivers named Blackwater: see Blackwater River (note capitalization) Blackwater rivers are rivers with waters colored like clear tea to coffee. ...
Binomial name Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) The neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) is a freshwater fish of the characin family (family Characidae) of order Characiformes. ...
Binomial name Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) The Cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is a freshwater fish of the characin family (family Characidae) of order Characiformes. ...
P. leopoldi The Pterophyllum leopoldi is a river dwelling Angelfish species that originates from rivers in the Amazon River basin along the Solimões River, Amazon River, and Rupununi River. Available in the hobby, this fish is difficult for most people to discern from P. scalare. For this reason, it is rarely appropriately labeled in North America. Often it is only available to the hawkeyed hobbyist, able to fish out a leopoldi that somehow made it into a shipment of scalare. A satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River, looking south The Amazon River (occasionally River Amazon; Spanish: RÃo Amazonas, Portuguese: Rio Amazonas) of South America is one of the two longest rivers on Earth, the other being the Nile in Africa. ...
The Rupununi River is a river in southern Guyana, originating in the Kanuku Mountains. ...
Angelfish in the fishkeeping hobby Most strains of angelfish available in the fishkeeping hobby are the result of many decades of selective breeding. For the most part, the original crosses of wild angelfish were not recorded and confusion between the various species of Pterophyllum, especially P. scalare and P. leopoldi, is common. This makes the origins of "Domestic angelfish" unclear. Domestic strains are most likely a collection of genes resulting from more than one species of wild angelfish combined with the selection of mutations in domesticated lines over the last 60 or more years. The result of this is a domestic angelfish that is a true hybrid with little more than a superficial resemblance to wild Pterophyllum species. It would be inaccurate to say that they accurately represent any species of wild angelfish, although they most resemble P. scalare and are frequently referred to as such. A freshwater aquarium. ...
Domestic angelfish have been bred and crossbred for several decades. There are hundreds of mutations of little importance by themselves. Much of the research into the known genetics of P. scalare is the result of the research of Dr. Joanne Norton, who published a series of 18 articles in Freshwater and Marine Aquarium (FAMA) Magazine. Those articles are reprinted at http://theangelfishsociety.org/genetics.htm .
 Halfblack Veil Angelfish - P. scalare
 Gold Pearlscale Angelfish - P. scalare
 Sunset Blushing Veil Angelfish - P. scalare
 Gold Marble Angelfish - P. scalare
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 210 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Freshwater angelfish User:Neil916 ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 210 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Freshwater angelfish User:Neil916 ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 210 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Freshwater angelfish User:Neil916 ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 210 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Freshwater angelfish User:Neil916 ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 214 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Freshwater angelfish User:Neil916 ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 214 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Freshwater angelfish User:Neil916 ...
Download high resolution version (900x833, 162 KB)Marble - Gold AngelFish - Pterophyllum scalare. ...
Download high resolution version (900x833, 162 KB)Marble - Gold AngelFish - Pterophyllum scalare. ...
Genetics of domestic angelfish The following genes have had a major effect on the appearance of angelfish and whose inheritance characteristics have been discovered. The letter in parenthesis is the gene notation (shorthand used to track the genotype). These are the only mutations whose allelic inheritance are proven with documented research. Other genes are claimed to exist, but have not been scientifically proven to the public.
Albino (a)
- A recessive mutation that removes the pterin and melanin pigments leaving the carotenoid pigment layer exposed.
Dark (D) - An incomplete dominant gene that is present in Black and many other dark angelfish. Commonly referred to as the Black gene, in error. An allele of Gold Marble, New Gold and Marble.
Gold Marble (Gm) An allele is any one of a number of viable DNA codings of the same gene (sometimes the term refers to a non-gene sequence) occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome. ...
- A lightly marked marble that act similar to the Gold gene in crosses. An allele of Dark, Marble and Gold.
Halfblack (h) - Recessive mutation whose penetrance may be influenced by modifiers. Environment will influence the expression of this gene.
Marble (M) - An incomplete dominant gene that is an allele of Dark, New Gold and Gold Marble.
Gold (g) - A recessive mutation that can be hidden in many strains. Originally referred to as New Gold. It is only one of a few gold mutations. Naja Gold and Hong Kong Gold (which are probably both lost to the hobby) are the other two. New Gold is an allele of Dark, Gold Marble and Marble.
Pearl (p) - Not a color gene, but a recessive scale mutation that reflects light in a sparkling manner. Expressivity is environmentally influenced. The phenotype is commonly referred to as pearlscale.
Smokey (Sm) - A dominant mutation. The phenotype of an angel that is homozygous for Smokey is known as a Chocolate.
Streaked (St) - A dominant mutation that acts as a modifier of the Dark gene. It causes white or clear streaks in the fins and iridescent patches on the body in Blacks and others varieties containing the Dark gene. It exhibits variable expression. The streaks can be one or two fine lines or a bold white stripe. An underlying mottling can also be seen in (DD) and (Dg) that contain the gene for Streaked. There is some evidence that it is now expressing in some fish without the Dark gene.
Stripeless (S) - An incomplete dominant that exhibits variable expressivity. It is not a color gene, but one that effects the expression of other color genes.
Veil (V) - An incomplete dominat gene that affects the length of the fins of the angelfish. There may actually be several versions of this gene.
Zebra (Z) - A dominant mutation that is an allele of Stripeless, therefore you cannot have a Blushing Zebra
Wild-Type (+) - The allele that occurs most frequently in a population, or the one that is designated as normal, is called wild-type. For angelfish, this is commonly called Silver.
Common Phenotypes Silver (+/+) - This is also referred to as "wild-type", this type of fish does not contain any dominant color genes and at most a single dose of any recessive genes.
Sunset Blushing (g/g S/S) - The Sunset Blushing has two doses of gold and two doses of stripeless. They have a bright orange crown like a sunset. The body is mostly white in color, fins are clear. The amount of orange showing on the fish can vary. On some the body is a pinkish or tangerine color.
Koi (Gm/Gm S/S) or (Gm/g S/S) - The Koi has a double or single dose of Gold Marble with a double dose of stripeless. They have a bright orange crown and some have orange on the fins. Body sometimes is all white, sometimes has a tangerine color.
Leopard (Sm/Sm Z/Z) or (Sm/Sm Z/+) - The leopard is a very popular fish when young, having spots over most of their body. Most of these spots grow closer together as an adult so it looks more like a solid color.
German Blue Blushing (S/S) - Some breeders feel there is a unique gene for this color variation that has not been described. The fish show a blue irridescent coloring and no stripes.
Captive Breeding P. scalare is relatively easy to breed in the aquarium, although one of the results of generations of inbreeding is that many breeds have almost completely lost their rearing instincts resulting in the tendency of the parents to eat their young. In addition, it is very difficult to accurately identify the gender of any individual until they are nearly ready to breed.
Angelfish pairs form long-term relationships where each individual will protect the other from threats and potential suitors. Upon the death or removal of one of the mated pair, some breeders have experienced a total refusal of the other mate to pair up with any other angelfish; others have had more success with subsequent mates. Both parents care for the young.
Depending upon aquarium conditions, P. scalare reaches sexual maturity at the age of six to twelve months or more. In situations where the eggs are removed from the aquarium immediately after spawning, the pair is capable of spawning every seven to ten days. Around the age of approximately three years, spawning frequency will decrease and eventually cease.
When the pair is ready to spawn, the pair will choose an appropriate medium upon which to lay the eggs and spend one to two days picking off detritus and algae from the surface. This medium may be a broad-leaf plant in the aquarium, a flat surface such as a piece of slate placed vertically in the aquarium, a length of pipe, or even the glass sides of the aquarium. The female will deposit a line of eggs on the spawning substrate, followed by the male who will fertilize the eggs. This process will repeat itself until there are a total of 100-600 eggs. The pair will take turns maintaining a high rate of water circulation around the eggs by swimming very close to the eggs and fanning the eggs with their lateral fins. In a few days, the eggs will hatch and the fry will remain attached to the spawning substrate. During this period, the fry will not eat and will survive by consuming the remains of their yolk sacs. At one week, the fry will detach and become free-swimming. Successful parents will keep close watch on the eggs until they become free-swimming. Once they begin swimming, the parents will clean them by sucking them into their mouths and spitting them out. At the free-swimming stage, the fry can be fed newly-hatched brine shrimp (artemia spp.); frozen or fresh. Detritus may refer to: In geology, detritus is the name for loose fragments of rock that have been worn away by erosion. ...
A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ...
Species Artemia franciscana Artemia gracilis Artemia monica Artemia parartemia Artemia parthenogenetica Artemia persimilis Artemia salina Artemia sinica Artemia tunesiana Artemia urmiana Brine shrimp (Artemia) are a primitive type of aquatic crustacean. ...
P. altum is notably difficult to breed in an aquarium environment.
See also A vast number of species of fish have been successfully kept in the home aquarium. ...
Genera Apolemichthys Centropyge Chaetodontoplus Genicanthus Holacanthus Pomacanthus Pygoplites See text for species. ...
References - Pterophyllum (TSN 169844). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on May 11, 2004.
- "Pterophyllum altum". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. April 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
- "Pterophyllum leopoldi". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. April 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
- "Pterophyllum scalare". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. April 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
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