Prince Frederick of Hesse (May 1, 1868 - May 28, 1940), Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin, Prinz und Landgraf von Hessen und Brabant, brother-in-law to Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and elected king of Finland (October 9, 1918). May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... ... Hesse-Kassel (Hessen-Kassel) was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip of Hesse and his eldest son Wilhelm IV inherited the northern portion and established his capital in Kassel. ... Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Augusta Viktoria Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859–June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 1888 to 1918. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in Leap years). ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

In the Finnish election document the prince is called Fredrik Kaarle, but according to conventional wisdom his name as king would have been Väinö I of Finland. Although the correctness of this name is not quite undisputed, it is repeated in many places, for instance at Finland's parliament's official web-site[1]. Conventional wisdom is a term coined by the economist John Kenneth Galbraith, used to describe certain ideas or explanations that are generally accepted as true by the public. ... Prince Frederick of Hesse (May 1, 1868 - May 28, 1940), Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin, Prinz und Landgraf von Hessen, brother-in-law to Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and elected king of Finland (October 9, 1918). ...

Frederick Charles of Hesse and Brabant, born 1868 in the family's Scandinavian Castle of Panker in coast of Baltic Sea, was the third son of Frederick, landgrave of Hesse, 1875-84 head of the House of Hesse, and his wife Anna of Prussia, daughter of prince Charles of Prussia and Marie Louise of Saxe-Weimar. 18 days later the baby Frederick's first cousin, the then Grand Duchess Maria Fedorovna, daughter of his aunt Louise Queen of Denmark, gave in St.Petersburg birth to Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia who would become Frederick Charles' predecessor as the monarch of Finland (1894-1917). Landgrave Frederick, a Danish military officer, had been one (and perhaps the foremost) of candidates of Christian VIII of Denmark in 1840's to succeed on the Danish throne if the latter's male line dies out. Landgrave Frederick was of practically Danish upbringing, having lived all his life in Denmark. His parents were Wilhelm, Landgrave of Hesse, and Charlotte, Princess of Denmark. Those Hesse princes and their fathers had lived in Denmark since 1760's. Of Landgrave Wilhelm, Frederick Charles' grandfather, Danish history textbooks tells e.g: "Landgrave Wilhelm (1787-1867) was an officer by upbringing and made from his youth his career in Denmark, which he regarded as his fatherland, and he was eagerly involved in era's flourishing Danish literature. In 1810 he married Charlotte, the youngest of daughters of Hereditary Prince Frederick (of Denmark and Norway) and Sophie Frederikke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin". Wilhelm had participated in army sent by Denmark to guard against France after Napoleon's fall. Frederick Charles' father Frederick, nephew of king Christian VIII, had in 1851 finally renounced his rights to Danish throne in favor of his sister (= Frederick Charles' aunt) Louise of Hesse who thus became the Queen of Denmark. In 1875, when the senior branch of Hesse-Cassel went extinct, Landgrave Fredrick had settled in Northern Germany, where the House held substantial landholdings. Tsar Nicholas II (18 May 1868 – 17 July 1918)1 was the last crowned Emperor of Russia. ... Christian VIII Christian VIII (September 18, 1786–January 20, 1848), king of Denmark 1839-48 and of Norway 1814-14, the eldest son of the hereditary prince Frederick of Denmark and Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, was born in 1786 at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen. ... Louise of Hesse-Cassel, Luise Wilhelmine Friederike Caroline Auguste Julie von Hessen-Kassel (in Danish, Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie), (born Kassel 7 September 1817, died Bernstorff 29 September 1898), was a daughter of ancient German princely family, the Landgraves of Hesse, and became Queen of Denmark, being the...

25 January 1893 Prince Frederick married Margaret (1872-1954), youngest daughter of the late Frederick III of Prussia and Victoria of Great Britain, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, Empress of India. ... Her Majesty Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria Wettin, née Hanover) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1876 until her death. ...

At the time of first world war, Fredrick Charles' elder brother Alexander was the Head of the House of Hesse.

On Germany's urging, Finland had declared itself independent from Russia on December 6, 1917, (recognized by Bolshevist Russia on January 4, 1918), and there was a fierce debate on whether the new state should declare itself a republic or remain a monarchy. This culminated after the Civil War in Finland, during the Social Democrats' exclusion from the Eduskunta, which on October 9, 1918, elected the German prince Frederick of Hesse to the Finnish throne. (German spelling: Prinz Friedrich Karl von Hessen-Kassel). The Finnish declaration of independence was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on December 6, 1917. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Bolshevist Russia is a common term that refers to the Red side in the Russian government between the Bolsheviks October Revolution (November 7, 1917) and the constitution of the Soviet Union (December 30, 1922). ... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ... The Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) is one of the most influential political parties in Finland, along with the Centre Party and the Coalition Party. ... The Eduskunta in Finnish, or the Riksdag in Swedish, is the parliament of Finland. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in Leap years). ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Hesse-Kassel (Hessen-Kassel) was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip of Hesse and his eldest son Wilhelm IV inherited the northern portion and established his capital in Kassel. ...

Lithuania had already in July 1918 taken a similar step, electing Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach, Count of Württemberg (1864–1928), as King Mindove II of Lithuania. For Latvia and Estonia, a "General Provincial Assembly" consisting of Baltic-German aristocrats, had called upon the German Kaiser Wilhelm to recognize the Baltic provinces as a joint monarchy and a German protectorate. Consequently Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1873–1969), brother of Prince Hendrik of the Netherlands, was nominated Duke of "the United Baltic Duchy" by the Germans. 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Württemberg (often spelled Wurttemberg in English) refers to an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in south-western Germany. ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mindaugas II of Lithuania (3 March 1864, Monaco - 24 March 1928, Rapallo, Italy) was a King-elect in 1918. ... The Baltic Germans (Baltendeutsche, Balten, and Deutschbalten respectively), were the ethnically German inhabitants of that area on the Eastern shore of the Baltic Sea which forms today the countries of Estonia and Latvia. ... Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Augusta Viktoria Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859–June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 1888 to 1918. ... For the rule of Oliver Cromwell, see The Protectorate. ... Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a Duchy (from 1815 a Grand Duchy) in northeastern Germany, formed by a partition of the Duchy of Mecklenburg. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... His Grand Ducal and Royal Highness Heinrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, (April 19, 1876 - July 3, 1934), Prince of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, was the husband of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. ... The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Spain and France (in Italy, principe... The United Baltic Duchy was a shortlived construct, made possible through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, but doomed through Germanys defeat in World War I. On February 24, 1918, shortly before the Brest-Litovsk treaty was signed, an Estonian republic had been proclaimed by the Maapäev, a popularly...

Independent Finland had initially, like the Baltic provinces, close ties with Imperial Germany. Germany was the only power that had supported the preparations for independence, not the least by the training of voluntary Finnish Jaeger troops. Germany had also had a military intervention in the Civil War in Finland, despite her own precarious situation. Finland's position vis-à-vis Germany was already in spring 1918 evolving towards that of a protectorate, and the election of Prinz Friedrich, brother-in-law of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, was rather thought of as a confirmation of the close relations. In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... The Jäger troops were volunteers from Finland in Germany trained as Jägers (elite light infantry) during World War I. It was one of many means by which Germany intended to weaken Russia and to cause Russias loss of western provinces and dependencies. ... The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the Reds (punaiset), i. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For the rule of Oliver Cromwell, see The Protectorate. ... Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Augusta Viktoria Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859–June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 1888 to 1918. ...

The adoption of a new monarchist constitution had been delayed, and the legitimacy of the royal election was based upon the Instrument of Government of 1772, adopted under King Gustav III of Sweden, when Finland had been a part of Sweden. The same constitutional document had also served as the basis for the rule of the Russian Tsars, as Grand Dukes of Finland, during the 19th century. The Swedish Constitution consists of four fundamental laws (Swedish: grundlagar): The Instrument of Government (1974) The Act of Succession (1810) The Freedom of the Press Act (1766) The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991) There is also a law on the working order of the Parliament with a special... 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Gustav III (13 January 1746 (O.S.) (24 January 1746 (N.S.))–March 29, 1792) was the King of Sweden from February 12, 1771 until his death. ... The title of Grand Duke (Latin, Magnus Dux; German, Großherzog, Russian, Великий князь) used in Slavic, Baltic, and Germanic countries, is ranked in honour below King but higher than a sovereign Duke (Herzog) or Prince (Fürst). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On November 11, 1918, the armistice between the warring fractions of World War I was signed, and two days earlier Kaiser Wilhelm had abdicated and Germany was declared a Republic. Germany's defeat in the war, and the stated fact that none of the allies would ever accept a German-born prince as the king of Finland, led Frederick to finally renounce the throne on December 14, 1918, and subsequently for Finland to also adopt a republican constitution. November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Augusta Viktoria Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859–June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 1888 to 1918. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. ... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

15 March 1925 Landgrave Alexander of Hesse abdicated as the Head of the House of Hesse, whereby Frederick Charles succeeded him.

At his death in 1840, his eldest surviving son Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, succeeded him, as the Head of the House of Hesse, and further, at the extinction of the Grand Ducal branch of Hesse on 30 May 1968, succeeded also as Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse and by The Rhine, Landgrave of Darmstadt. Hesse-Kassel (Hessen-Kassel) was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip of Hesse and his eldest son Wilhelm IV inherited the northern portion and established his capital in Kassel. ...

However, according to certain family documents and correspondence, his successor as King of Finland would have been his second surviving son Prince Wolfgang of Hesse (1896-1989) who married Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden (1902-44), but was childless. The reason of this selection in 1918 was apparently Wolfgang being with his parents and ready to travel to Finland, whereas Philip was in military and somewhere in tight spot uncommunicado. As Wolfgang died childless in 1989, his succession rights went to late Philip's eldest son, Landgrave Maurice of Hesse (born 1926), the current head of the House of Hesse.