Baron von Steuben

Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Steuben, Baron von Steuben (* September 17, 1730; † November 28, 1794) was a German-Prussian General who served with George Washington in the American Revolutionary War and is credited with teaching the Continental Army the essentials of military drill and discipline. He reorganized the Continental Army and guided it to victory. Download high resolution version (1109x1383, 307 KB)Engraving of Baron von Steuben, from the 18th century. ... Download high resolution version (1109x1383, 307 KB)Engraving of Baron von Steuben, from the 18th century. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births April 16 - Henry Clinton, British general (d. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Anthem Preußenlied, Heil dir im Siegerkranz (both unofficial) The Kingdom of Prussia at its greatest extent, at the time of the formation of the German Empire, 1871 Capital Berlin Government Monarchy King  - 1701 — 1713 Frederick I (first)  - 1888 — 1918 William II (last) Prime minister  - 1848 Adolf Heinrich von Arnim... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... This article is about military actions only. ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ...

Early life

Steuben was born at Magdeburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, the son of Wilhelm Augustin Steuben (1699-1783), a lieutenant of engineers. His mother was Elizabeth von Jagvodin. Steuben accompanied his father to the Russian Empire when Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg, ordered Wilhelm into the service of Czarina Anna I. The family returned to Prussia after the accession of Friedrich II to the throne in 1740. This article is about the German city. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Frederick William I (German: Friedrich Wilhelm I) (August 14, 1688 – May 31, 1740) of the House of Hohenzollern, was the King in Prussia from 1713 until his death. ... The following is a list of Kings of Prussia (Könige von Preußen) from the Hohenzollern family. ... The Margrave of Brandenburg was one of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire created by the Golden Bull of 1356. ... The crown of Anna Ioannovna Anna Ivanovna (In Russian: Анна Ивановна) (February 7, 1693 - October 28, 1740) reigned as Duchess of Courland from 1711 to 1730 and as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. ... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... Frederick II (German: ; January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740–1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ...

Steuben was schooled in Breslau by Jesuits and by the age of 17 was a Prussian officer in the military. He was a member of an infantry unit and a staff officer in the Seven Years' War, and was later made a member of the General Staff, serving periodically in Russia. His service was commendable, and he was eventually given an assignment with Frederick the Great's headquarters. His experiences as a General Staff member in the Prussian Army gave him a wealth of knowledge. His training would eventually bring to the American soldiers the technical knowledge necessary to create an army. Motto: Miasto spotkaÅ„ (the meeting place) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Lower Silesian Powiat city county Gmina WrocÅ‚aw Established 10th century City Rights 1262 Government  - Mayor RafaÅ‚ Dutkiewicz Area  - City 292. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain and its American Colonies Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and... Frederick II (German: ; January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740–1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty. ...

Looking for work

Statue of Steuben at Valley Forge

At the age of 33, in 1763, Steuben was discharged as a captain from the army, for reasons that are only speculative. The following year he received the title Freiherr when he became chamberlain at the Petty Court of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. He was the only courtier to accompany his incognito prince to France in 1771, hoping to borrow money. Failing to find funds, they returned to Germany in 1775, deeply in debt. Looking for work to reverse his fortunes, Steuben tried employment in several foreign armies including Austria, Baden, and France. He discovered that Benjamin Franklin was in Paris and that possibly he could find work with the Continental Army in America. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (600x800, 108 KB) Picture of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben statue at Valley Forge. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (600x800, 108 KB) Picture of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben statue at Valley Forge. ... This article is about the American Revolutionary War winter encampment. ... Freiherr (German for Free Lord) is a title of lower nobility in Germany, the Baltic states and Austria-Hungary, considered equal to the title Baron. ... Hohenzollern-Hechingen is a branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known however than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg, Prussia and ultimately Germany in the centuries to 1918. ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ...

Steuben traveled to Paris in the summer of 1777. As luck would have it, he was endorsed for service by the French Minister of War, Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain, who fully realized the potential of an officer with Prussian General Staff training. Steuben was introduced to George Washington by means of a letter from Franklin as a "Lieutenant General in the King of Prussia's service," a certain exaggeration of his actual credentials. He was advanced travel funds and left Europe from Marseilles. On September 26, 1777, he reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire and by December 1, was being extravagantly entertained in Boston. Congress was in York, Pennsylvania, after being ousted from Philadelphia for the winter and on February 5, 1778, Steuben was with them. They accepted his offer to volunteer, without pay for the time, and on the 23rd of the same month, Steuben was reporting for duty to Washington at Valley Forge. Steuben did not speak English, but his French was such that he could communicate with some of the officers. Alexander Hamilton and Nathanael Greene were of great help in this area. The two men assisted Steuben in drafting a training program for the soldiers which found approval with the Commander-in-Chief in March. Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain (1707-1778), French general, was born on the 15th of April 1707, at the Cháteau of Vertamboz. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Marseilles redirects here. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1777 (MDCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Location in Rockingham County, New Hampshire Coordinates: , Country State County Rockingham County Incorporated 1653 Government  - Mayor Steve Marchand  - City manager John P. Bohenko Area  - City  16. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country United States State Pennsylvania County York Incorporated  - Borough September 24, 1787  - City January 11, 1887 Government  - Mayor John Brenner Area  - City  5. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the American Revolutionary War winter encampment. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757[1]—July 12, 1804) was an Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. ... Charles Willson Peale painted a portrait of General Greene from life in, which was then copied several times by C.W. Peale and his son, Rembrandt Peale. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ...

In 1780 Steuben sat on the court-martial of the British Army officer Major John André, who was charged with espionage. The next year he took part, as a major general, in the Siege of Yorktown, Virginia. After the war he received grants of land from several states, and finally Congress voted him a pension of $2,500. He became an American citizen in 1783. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Major John André John André (May 2, 1750 - October 2, 1780) was a British officer hanged as a spy during the American Revolutionary War for an incident in which he assisted Benedict Arnolds attempted surrender of the fort at West Point, New York to the British. ... Spy and Secret agent redirect here. ... Combatants Kingdom of France  United States Great Britain German mercenaries Commanders Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau François de Grasse Gilbert de La Fayette George Washington Nathanael Greene Charles Cornwallis # Charles O’Hara # Banastre Tarleton # (stationed at Gloucester, Virginia) Strength 10,800 French 8,500 Americans 24 French warships 7,500...

Training techniques

He was appointed inspector general, prepared a manual of tactics for the building army, remodeled its organization, organized an efficient staff, and improved its firing rate. Much of this led to the organization's structure as it is today.

Steuben's training technique was to create a "model company", a group of 120 chosen men who in turn successively worked outward into each brigade. Steuben's eclectic personality greatly enhanced his mystique. He trained the soldiers, who at this point were greatly lacking in proper clothing themselves, in full military dress uniform, swearing and yelling at them up and down in German and French. When that was no longer successful, he recruited Captain Benjamin Walker, his French speaking aide, to curse at them for him in English. ^{[citation needed]} To correct the existing policy of placing recruits in a unit before they had received training, Steuben introduced a system of progressive training, beginning with the school of the soldier, with and without arms, and going through the school of the regiment. Each company commander was made responsible for the training of new men, but actually instruction was done by selected sergeants, the best obtainable. Standard NATO code for a friendly infantry company. ... In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ...

Warfare in the 18th century was a comparatively simple matter. Once the battle was joined, combat was at close range, with massed-fire mêlée, where rapidity of firing was of primary importance. Accuracy was less important than firing faster than the opposing line. Much of the Regulations dealt with the manual of arms and firing drills. But battle was close-order drill, and speed of firing could only be obtained by drilling men in the handling of their firearms until the motions of loading and firing were mechanical. Firing was done in eight counts and twelve motions: Mêlée generally refers to disorganized hand-to-hand combat involving a group of fighters. ...

• Fire! One Motion.
• HalfCock — halflock! One Motion.-----------------------------------------------------
• Handle — Cartridge! One Motion.-----------------------------------------------------
• Prime! One Motion.------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Shut — Pan! One Motion.----------------------------------------------------------------
• Charge with Cartridge! Two motions.-------------------------------------------------
• Draw — Rammer! Two motions.--------------------------------------------------------
• Ram down — Cartridge! One Motion.-------------------------------------------------
• Return — Rammer! Two motions.------------------------------------------------------

Complicated as they seem, the new firing regulations were much simpler than those used by foreign armies and they sped up firing considerably. The bulk of the fighting in the Revolutionary War was a stand up and slug match. The winning side was the one that could get in a good first volley, take a return fire and re-load faster than its foes. Once the individual could handle himself and his musket he was placed in groups of three, then in groups of twelve, and taught to wheel, to dress to the right and to the left. Alignment and dressing the ranks was emphasized but only because proper alignment was necessary for effective, coordinated volley fire.

Another program developed by Steuben was camp sanitation. He established standards of sanitation and camp layouts that would still be standard a century and a half later. There had previously been no set arrangement of tents and huts. Men relieved themselves where they wished and when an animal died, it was stripped of its meat and the rest was left to rot where it lay. Steuben laid out a plan to have rows for command, officers and enlisted men. Kitchens and latrines were on opposite sides of the camp, with latrines on the downhill side. There was the familiar arrangement of company and regimental streets. E. Coli bacteria under magnification Sanitation is the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste, as well as the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures. ...

Perhaps Steuben's biggest contribution to the American Revolution was training in the use of the bayonet. Since the Battle of Bunker Hill, Americans had been mainly dependent upon using their ammunition to win battles. Throughout the early course of the war, Americans used the bayonet mostly as a cooking skewer or tool rather than as a fighting instrument. Steuben's introduction of effective bayonet charges became crucial. In the Battle of Stony Point, American soldiers attacked with unloaded rifles and won the battle solely on Steuben's bayonet training. For other uses, see bayonet (disambiguation). ... For a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle, see Bunker Hill. ... Combatants United States British Commanders Anthony Wayne Henry Johnson Strength 1,350 700 Casualties 15 killed, 83 wounded 63 killed, 70 wounded, 543 prisoners The Battle of Stony Point was a battle of the American Revolutionary War. ...

Statue of Steuben at Monmouth Battlefield State Park

The first results of the army training were in evidence by May 20, 1778 at Barren Hill and then again at Monmouth (ending June 28). Washington recommended an appointment for Steuben as Inspector General on April 30; Congress approved it on May 5. It was Steuben serving in Washington's headquarters in the summer of 1778 who was the first to report the enemy was heading for Monmouth. During the winter of 1778-1779, Steuben prepared "Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States," also known as the "Blue Book." Its basis was the plan he devised at Valley Forge. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x1536, 414 KB) Statue of Baron Von Steuben at Monmouth Battlefield State Park, the site of the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x1536, 414 KB) Statue of Baron Von Steuben at Monmouth Battlefield State Park, the site of the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey. ... Combatants United States of America Great Britain Commanders George Washington Sir Henry Clinton Strength 11,000 10,000 Casualties 69 killed, 37 died of heat-stroke 160 wounded 95 missing Total: 361 65 killed 59 died of heat-stroke 170 wounded 50 captured 14 missing Total: 358 The Battle of... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article should belong in one or more categories. ... Combatants United States of America Great Britain Commanders George Washington Sir Henry Clinton Strength 11,000 10,000 Casualties 69 killed, 37 died of heat-stroke 160 wounded 95 missing Total: 361 65 killed 59 died of heat-stroke 170 wounded 50 captured 14 missing Total: 358 The Battle of... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the American Revolutionary War winter encampment. ...

The following winter (1779-1780) Steuben's commission represented Washington to Congress regarding the reorganization of the army. He later traveled with Nathanael Greene, the new commander of the Southern campaign. He quartered in Virginia since the American supplies and soldiers would be provided to the army from there. During the spring of 1781 he aided the campaign in the south, culminating in the delivery of 450 Virginia Continentals to Lafayette in June. He was forced to take sick leave, rejoining the army for the final campaign at Yorktown, where his role was as commander of one of the three divisions of Washington's troops. Steuben gave assistance to Washington in demobilizing the army in 1783 as well as aiding in the defense plan of the new nation. He became an American citizen by act of the Pennsylvania legislature in March 1784 (and later by the New York authorities in July 1786). He was discharged from the military with honor on March 24, 1784. This article is about the U.S. state. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Steuben established residency in New York where he became a prominent figure and elder in the German Reformed Church. His business acumen was not very keen, and he found himself in a difficult financial condition once more. The primary reason was most likely the fact that he was living off the prospect of financial compensation from the United States government which was unrealized until June 1790 when he was granted a yearly pension of $2,500. His financial problems were not ironed out until Alexander Hamilton and other friends helped him gain a "friendly" mortgage on the property he was given in New York, about 16,000 acres (65 km²). He died a bachelor in 1794, leaving his property to his former aides, William North and Benjamin Walker and is buried at what is now the Steuben Memorial State Historic Site. This article is about the state. ... The Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS) is a small Christian denomination in the German Reformed theological heritage. ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757[1]—July 12, 1804) was an Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. ... A bachelor is a man above the age of majority who has never been married (see single). ... The Steuben Memorial State Historic Site is an historic location and state park in the eastern part of Steuben, Oneida County, New York State, USA that honors Baron von Steuben, the Drillmaster of the American Revolution. ...

Namesakes, honors, and trivia

• Von Steuben has a holiday, Von Steuben Day, which takes place in September in the United States. It is often considered the German-American event of the year. Participants march, dance, wear Germanic costumes and play Germanic music, and the event is attended by millions of people. The largest event is the Annual German-American Steuben Parade in New York City, which is traditionally followed by a Volksfest (People's Festival) in Central Park. The German-American Steuben Parade has been taking place since 1957. Chicago's Steuben Day parade is featured in the American movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off." Philadelphia is also known to host a very large Von Steuben Parade that runs throughout the Northeast of the city.

• The post-World War I years were difficult times for the German-American community during which they reorganized their main association into the Steuben Society, now the largest organization for Americans of German extraction.

• A warship, a submarine, and an Ocean liner (later pressed into military service) were named in Von Steuben's honor. In World War I the captured German ship Kronprinz Wilhelm was renamed as the USS Baron von Steuben, and in World War II there was the Dampfschiff (DS) General von Steuben, an ill-fated German luxury passenger ship which was turned into an armed transport ship during the war. During the Cold War, a US Navy submarine was named for him, the USS Von Steuben.

• Several locations in the United States are named Steuben, most of them in his honor. Examples include Steuben County, New York, Steuben County, Indiana, and the city of Steubenville, Ohio.l

• Von Steuben Metropolitan Science Center is a public high school in Chicago, Illinois.

• Steuben is one of four German-American military leaders who assisted the American cause during the Revolution honored with a statue in Lafayette Square just north of The White House in Washington, DC.

• A Steuben House presented to Steuben as a gift for his services in the Continental Army is located in River Edge, New Jersey. Originally belonging to a Loyalist family, the house and surrounding farmland were seized in 1781. It was bought by the county of Bergen in 1928 for $9,000 and preserved as a national monument and public museum. The area around the house is used for both Revolutionary and Civil War re-enactments.

• The Hamilton College football team plays on Steuben Field constructed in 1897, one of the top ten oldest collegiate football fields in the United States.^[1] The field is named for Baron von Steuben who laid the cornerstone of the school acting as Alexander Hamilton's surrogate. Upon graduating, all Hamilton seniors receive a cane as a gift from the college. The cane's design features a tri-corn hat at the top of the cane to honor von Steuben.

• The various depictions of Steuben in popular (American) media include portrayals by Nehemiah Persoff in the 1979 U.S. TV Miniseries The Rebels, Kurt Knudson in the 1984 TV miniseries George Washington, and being voiced by Austrian-American Arnold Schwarzenegger in the animated series Liberty's Kids.

• Steuben has been cited (most notably by Randy Shilts in his book Conduct Unbecoming) as an early example of a gay man in the military, but the evidence in this matter is inconclusive.^[2]

Von Steuben Day is held September 17, celebrating Baron Friedrich von Steuben, who arrived in the United States as a volunteer offering his services to General George Washington, and is generally considered the German-American event of the year. ... German Americans (German Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of ethnic German ancestry and currently form the largest ancestry group in the United States, accounting for 17% of US population. ... A group in Bavarian Tracht marches in the 2006 Steuben Parade. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The German ship Kronprinz Wilhelm was built by the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin, Germany in 1901. ... The Dampfschiff (DS) General von Steuben[1] (formerly called the München (after Munich), but renamed in 1938) was a German luxury passenger ship which was turned into an armed transport ship in World War II. She was named after Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus Steuben, a famous German officer from... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... See USS Von Steuben for other ships of the same name USS Von Steuben (SSBN-632), a James Madison-class ballistic missile submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1730–1794), the German army officer who served in... Steuben is the name of several places in the United States of America: Steuben, Maine Steuben County, Indiana Steuben County, New York Town of Steuben, New York These were most likely named for General Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus Steuben, Baron von Steuben, a German military man who aided the colonials in... Steuben County is a county located in the state of New York. ... Steuben County is a county located in the state of Indiana. ... Nickname: Location within the state of Ohio Coordinates: , Country State County Jefferson Founded 1795 Government  - Mayor Dominic Mucci (D) Area  - Total 10. ... Von Steuben Metropolitan Science Center, otherwise known as Von Steuben High School, is a high school in Chicago, Illinois. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... Presidents Park, located in Washington, D.C., includes the White House, a visitor center, Lafayette Park, and the Ellipse. ... This page is about the official residence of the President of the USA. For other White Houses see White House (disambiguation). ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Main article: New Jersey during the American Revolution The Steuben House is a historical site located at New Bridge Landing along the Hackensack River in River Edge, in Bergen County, New Jersey. ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ... Map highlighting River Edges location within Bergen County. ... Bergen County is the most populous county of the state of New Jersey, United States. ... For other colleges with the same name, see Hamilton College (disambiguation). ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757[1]—July 12, 1804) was an Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. ... Nehemiah Persoff (born 1919, Jerusalem) is an actor. ... Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (German pronunciation IPA: ) (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-born American bodybuilder, actor, and politician, currently serving as the 38th Governor of the U.S. state of California. ... Libertys Kids is a 40-part animated television series produced by DiC Entertainment, originally broadcast on PBS Kids from September 2, 2002 to April 4, 2003. ... Randy Shilts (August 8, 1951 – February 17, 1994) was a gay American journalist and author. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ...

References

1. ^ NESCAC Football Record Book
2. ^ Uniform Discrimination. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 2007-09-18.

Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Baron Von Steuben: An account of a 19th century visit to America by his German relatives