Fritz Pfeffer, 1938

Friedrich 'Fritz' Pfeffer (April 30, 1889 – December 20, 1944) was a German dentist and Jewish refugee who hid with Anne Frank during the Nazi Occupation of the Netherlands, and who perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp in Northern Germany. In Anne Frank's The Diary of a Young Girl, Pfeffer is given the pseudonym Albert Dussel. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... X-rays can reveal if a person has cavities Dentistry is the practical application of knowledge of dental science (the science of placement, arrangement, function of teeth) to human beings. ... Anne Frank Her handwriting, translated: This is a photo as I would wish myself to look all the time. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Nazism. ... Neuengamme was a concentration camp near Hamburg, Germany during World War 2 [1]. The site is one of the few concentration camps in Germany where most of the buildings have been conserved and serves as a memorial today. ... Anne Franks first diary The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank was published in Dutch in 1947 (and in English in 1952), using extracts from the diary she kept while in hiding during the Nazi occupation of The Netherlands. ... A pseudonym (Greek: false name) is a fictitious name used by an individual as an alternative to his or her legal name. ...

Early life

He was born in Gießen, Germany, one of the five children of Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeannette Hirsch-Pfeffer, who lived above their clothing and textiles shop at 6 Marktplatz in Giessen. After completing his education Fritz trained as a dentist and jaw surgeon, obtained a licence to practice in 1911 and opened a surgery the following year in Berlin. theatre in Gießen Gießen (pronunciation â–¶(?)) is a city in the federal state (Bundesland) of Hessen in Germany, capital of both the Gießen district and the Gießen region . ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

He served in the German Army during the First World War and afterwards, in 1921 married Vera Bythiner (March 31, 1904 – September 30, 1942) who was born in Posen, Germany. The marriage produced a son Werner Peter Pfeffer (April 3, 1927 – February 15, 1995) but soon dissolved and they were divorced in 1932. Fritz was granted custody of the boy and raised him alone until the rising tide of Nazi activity in Germany persuaded him to send him into the care of his brother, Ernst, in England in November 1938. Werner emigrated to California in 1945 after his uncle's death and changed his name to Peter Pepper, later establishing a successful office supplies company under that name. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 1904 (MCMIV) is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... Posen (Polish: Poznań): is the German name of the city of Poznań, Poland. ... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) is a leap year starting on Friday. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 3rd 410,000 km² 402. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The tide of Anti-Semitism in Germany which increased from the election of Adolf Hitler in 1933 forced most of Fritz's relatives to flee the country. His mother had died in 1925; his father remarried and remained in Germany, only to be arrested and killed in Theresienstadt in October 1942. His elder brother, Julius Pfeffer had died in 1928, Emil Pfeffer emigrated to South Africa in 1937, Ernst Pfeffer moved to England and died in 1944, and Hans left for New Jersey. Their sister Minna remained with their father in Germany and died in nazi custody. Vera escaped to Holland but was arrested in 1942 and died in Auschwitz. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 until his death. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Fortress plan, 1869 Terezín (German: Theresienstadt) is name of former military fortress and garrison town in Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. ... This article is about the year. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Official language(s) None defined, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 47th 22,608 km² 110 km 240 km 14. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ...

In 1936 he met a young Catholic woman, Charlotta Kaletta (1910 - 1985), born in Ilmenau, Thuringia in Central Germany, who shared his history of broken marriage. She was estranged from her first husband, Ludwig Lowenstein, a Jewish dentist like Pfeffer, and their son Gustaf. Neither survived the war. The couple moved in together but were prohibited from marrying under the 1935 Nazi Nuremberg laws which forbade the marriage of Jew and Gentile. 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... -1... This article is about the year. ... The Free State of Thuringia (German Freistaat Thüringen) lies in central Germany and is among the smaller of the countrys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), with an area of 16,200 sq. ... Hl. ... The word Gentile from the Latin gentilis, can either be a translation of the Hebrew Goy/גוי or of the Hebrew word Nochri/נכרי. In the most common modern use it refers to the former being derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and it is...

Kristallnacht cemented their decision to leave Berlin and they fled to Amsterdam in December 1938. They were there for two years before the German invasion, and subsequent anti-Jewish laws which did not permit the co-habitation of Jews and Gentiles, forced them to officially separate and register under different addresses. After establishing a dental practice in Amsterdam's Rivierenbuurt he became acquainted with the Van Pels and Frank families through one of his patients, Miep Gies. Die Kristallnacht, also known as die Reichskristallnacht (literally Imperial Crystal Night), die Pogromnacht and in English as the Night of Broken Glass, was a massive nationwide pogrom in Germany and Austria on the night of November 9, 1938 (including the early hours of the following day). ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates 52°22′N 4°54′E Website www. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates 52°22′N 4°54′E Website www. ... Miep Gies, 1945 Hermine Miep Santrouschitz-Gies (born on February 15, 1909) is one of the Dutch citizens who hid Anne Frank and her family from the Nazis during World War II and preserved Annes diary to be published later. ...

Fritz Pfeffer and Charlotta Kaletta, 1939

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (616x903, 104 KB)Fritz and Charlotta, 1939 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (616x903, 104 KB)Fritz and Charlotta, 1939 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

In hiding and afterwards

In the autumn of 1942, he decided to go into hiding and inquired with Miep Gies about suitable addresses. She consulted Otto Frank, who, with his and the van Pels family, was being hidden by her at secret rooms in her office building. Frank agreed to accommodate Pfeffer and he was taken into their hiding place on November 16. This article is about the year. ... A secret passage is a hidden route that is used to travel stealthily. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ...

Margot Frank moved into a room with her parents, which allowed Pfeffer to share a small room with Anne, beginning what would become a torturous relationship for both. The forty-year age gap between them was perhaps the least of their differences. Pfeffer's orthodox approach to Judaism clashed with Anne's liberal views; her energy and capriciousness grated on his nerves while his sobriety and rigidity frustrated her. Margot Frank, May 1942 Margot Betti Frank (February 16, 1926 – March 1945) was the academically-gifted elder sister of Anne Frank, whose deportation order prompted the Frank family to go into hiding, and who perished in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. ... Anne Frank Her handwriting, translated: This is a photo as I would wish myself to look all the time. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ...

Pfeffer left a farewell letter to Charlotta and Miep met her on a weekly basis to bring letters from him and take provisions from her. His letters never disclosed the location of the hiding place and Miep never revealed it, until August 1944, when the eight occupants of the hiding place were anonymously betrayed and arrested for deporatation to Nazi concentration camps. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

With the rest of the group and two of their protectors, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, Pfeffer was taken to the Nazi headquarters in Amsterdam-South, then to a prison for three days before being transported to Westerbork on August 8. Pfeffer was taken to the Punishment Barracks with the others, where he undertook hard labour, until he was selected for deportation to Auschwitz on September 3. He was separated from the others on arrival on September 6 and sent to the men's barracks, where he was reunited with Otto Frank. On October 29 he was transferred with 59 other medics to Sachsenhausen and from there to Neuengamme on an unknown date, where he died of starvation, exhaustion, and, according to the camp's records, enterocolitis, in the sick barracks on December 20, 1944 at the age of 55. Johnannes Kleiman (August 17, 1896 - January 28, 1959) was one of the Dutch citizens who helped hide Anne Frank and her family during the Nazi occupation of The Netherlands. ... Victor Kugler (June 5, 1900-December 16, 1981) was one of the people who helped hide Anne Frank and her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. ... This article is about the concentration camp. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 63 days remaining. ... Sachsenhausen may refer to a quarter of Oranienburg in Germany, see Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg), and a detention facility here a quarter of Frankfurt am Main in Germany, see Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main) a municipality of Weimarer Land, see Sachsenhausen (Thüringen) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other... Starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. ... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness or lethargy, with a desire to rest, perhaps to sleep. ... Enterocolitis (or coloenteritis) is an inflammation of both the small and large intestine. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Posthumous reputation

Charlotta married Pfeffer posthumously in 1950, with restropective effect to May 31, 1937. She had become estranged from his son Werner but both were united in their defense of Pfeffer after the publication of Anne Frank's diary in 1947, feeling that Anne's portrait of him — and of the pseudonym she had chosen for him, Dr. Dussel, which in German is "Dr. Idiot" — was injurous to his memory. Otto Frank tried to placate them by reminding them of Anne's youth and of the unflattering portraits of some of the other people in hiding. The subsequent exaggerations of this portrait in the 1955 play and 1959 movie led Charlotta to contact the screenwriters Albert Hackett and his wife Frances Goodrich to complain that they were libelling her deceased husband. The Hacketts replied that their script did not mirror reality and that to inform a non-Jewish audience of the significance of Judaic ceremonies one character had to be ignorant of them. Charlotta pointed out that her husband was far from unbelieveing and a master of Hebrew, but the character of "Dr. Dussel" remained unchanged. 1950 (MCML in Roman) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Anne Franks first diary The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank was published in Dutch in 1947 (and in English in 1952), using extracts from the diary she kept while in hiding during the Nazi occupation of The Netherlands. ... A pseudonym (Greek: false name) is a fictitious name used by an individual as an alternative to his or her legal name. ... Otto Frank Otto Heinrich Frank (May 12, 1889 - August 19, 1980) was the father of Anne Frank. ... Albert Hackett (February 16, 1900 – March 16, 1995) was an American dramatist and screenwriter. ... Albert Hackett (February 16, 1900 – March 16, 1995) was an American dramatist and screenwriter. ...

Embittered by the unrepresentative portrait, she severed her links with Otto Frank and Miep Gies as Anne's fame grew in the decades after the war, and refused requests to be interviewed about her memories of him.

Werner remained in touch with Otto and had the opportunity to meet Miep shortly before he died of cancer in 1995, to thank her for her attempt to save his father's life.

A collection of letters written by Pfeffer to Charlotta and a box of photographs of him were rescued with some of Charlotta's possessions from an Amsterdam flea market after her death in 1985. This article is about the year. ...

See also

• People associated with Anne Frank

See also main article: Anne Frank. ...

Sources and further reading

• The Diary of a Young Girl: The Definitive Edition, Anne Frank, translated by Susan Massotty, edited by Otto H. Frank and Mirjam Pressler, Anchor Books, 1995.
• The Roommate of Anne Frank, Nanda van der Zee, Aspekt, 2003.
• The Footsteps of Anne Frank, Ernst Schnabel, Pan, 1959.
• Anne Frank Remembered, Miep Gies and Alison Leslie Gold, Simon and Schuster, 1988.
• Anne Frank: Reflections on her Life and Legacy, edited by Hyman A. Enzer and Sandra Solotaroff-Enzer, University of Illinois, 2000.
• Roses from the Earth, Carol Ann Lee, Penguin, 1999.