Friulian (furlan (help· info) or affectionately marilenghe in Friulian, friulano in Italian) is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaetian family, spoken in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy. Friulian has around 600,000 speakers, the vast majority of whom also speak Italian. It is sometimes called Eastern Ladin, since it comes from the same roots as the Ladin Language although over the centuries it has diverged under the influence of surrounding languages including German, Italian, Venetian, and Slovenian. Documents in Friulian are attested from the 11th century, and poetry and literature dating as far back as 1300. By the 20th century, there was a revival of interest in the language, which has continued to this day. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Italic subfamily is a member of the Centum branch of the Indo-European language family. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... Italo-Western is the largest sub-group of Romance languages. ... Gallo-Romance languages Gallo-Italian languages Lombard Piedmontese Emilian-Romagnol Venetian Ligurian Gallo-Rhaetian languages Oïl languages(including French) Burgundian Champenois Franc-Comtois French Gallo Lorrain Norman Anglo-Norman Channel Island Norman Auregnais Dgèrnésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Picard Poitevin-Saintongeais Walloon Rhaetian languages Friulian Ladin Romansh *Franco... The Gallo-Romance branch of Romance languages includes French, Oïl languages, Catalan, and Occitan, among other languages. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... Image File history File links Furlan. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... This article or section should be merged with List of Rhaetian languages Rhaetian languages are a Romance language sub-family which includes a few languages spoken in Switzerland and North-Eastern Italy. ... Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: Friûl, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ... Ladin (Ladino in Italian, Ladin in Ladin, Ladinisch in German) is a Rhaetian language spoken in the Dolomite mountains in Italy, between the regions of Trentino-Alto Adige and Veneto. ... A business sign in Venetian Venet or Venetian is a Romance language spoken by over ten million people, mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

History

A question which causes many debates is the influence of the Latin spoken in Aquileia and surrounding areas. Some claim that it had peculiar features that later passed into Friulian. Epigraphs and inscriptions from that period show some variants if compared to the standard Latin language, but most of these are common to other areas of the Roman Empire. The language spoken before the arrival of the Romans in 181 BC was of Celtic origin, since the inhabitants belonged to the Carni, a Celtic population. In modern Friulian the words of Celtic origins are few, while much influence of the original population is showed in toponyms (names of villages which end in -acco, -icco are an example). Even influences from Longobardic language —Friuli was one of their strongholds—are very few. From this evidence, scholars today agree that the formation of Friulian dates back to around 1000, at the same time as other dialects derived from Latin (see Vulgar Latin). The first written records of Friulian have been found in administrative acts of the 13th century, but these documents became more frequent in the following century, when literary works also emerged (Frammenti letterari for example). The main center at that time was Cividale. The Friulian language has never acquired official status: legal statutes were first written in Latin, then in Venetian, and finally in Italian. Aquileia (Friulian Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman town of Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC - 180s BC - 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC Years: 186 BC 185 BC 184 BC 183 BC 182 BC - 181 BC - 180 BC 179 BC... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Scandinavia that entered the late Roman Empire. ... Europe in 1000 The year 1000 of the Gregorian Calendar was the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the first millennium. ... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito at Pompeii, was the speech of ordinary people of the Roman Empire — different from the classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Cividale del Friuli (Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Northern Italy, close to Urine. ...

Relationship with Ladin (La questione ladina)

The idea of a unity among Ladin, Romansh and Friulian comes from the Italian historical linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, who was born in Gorizia. In 1871 he presented his theory that these three languages are part of one family, which in the past stretched from Switzerland to Muggia and perhaps also Istria. Today we can see only those three languages, isolated from one another, that evolved differently—in particular, Friulian was much less influenced by German. The scholar Francescato claimed subsequently that until the 14th century the Venetian language shared a good number of phonetic features with Friulian and Ladin; therefore he thought that Friulian was a much more conservative language. It is also interesting to note that before the arrival of the Romans, the border between Carni and Venetic populations was the river Liquentia (nowadays Livenza), which is still the border between Friulian and Venetian today. The most widely-held opinion is that these languages were part of a family but were split many centuries ago. Also, many features that Ascoli thought were peculiar to the Rhaeto-Romance languages can in fact be found in other languages of northern Italy. Ladin (Ladino in Italian, Ladin in Ladin, Ladinisch in German) is a Rhaetian language spoken in the Dolomite mountains in Italy, between the regions of Trentino-South Tyrol and Veneto. ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of the four national languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian and French. ... Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time. ... Gorizia (Slovenian: Gorica, German: Görz, Friulian: Gurize) is a small town at the foot of the Alps, in northeastern Italy, on the border with Slovenia. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Muggia (Slovenian: Milje) is a small Italian comune south of Trieste on lying on the border with Slovenia. ... Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria) is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... A business sign in Venetian Venet or Venetian is a Romance language spoken by over ten million people, mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. ... Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken in ancient times in the Veneto region of Italy, between the Po River delta and the southern fringe of the Alps. ...

The area of diffusion

In Italy

Today, Friulian is spoken in the province of Udine including the area of the Carnia Alps, but widely throughout the province of Pordenone, in half of the province of Gorizia, and in the eastern part of the province of Venice. In the past, the language borders were wider since also in Trieste and Muggia particular variants of Friulian were spoken—the main document about the dialect of Trieste, or tergestino, is "Dialoghi piacevoli in dialetto vernacolo triestino", published by G. Mainati in 1828. Udine (It. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pordenone (Friulian Pordenon) is a comune of Pordenone province of northeast Italy in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. ... Gorizia (It. ... Venice (It. ... Trieste (Italian: Trieste; Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian: Trst; German: Triest) is a city and port in northeastern Italy right on the border with Slovenia. ... Muggia (Slovenian: Milje) is a small Italian comune south of Trieste on lying on the border with Slovenia. ... Year 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

In the world

Friuli was until the 1960s an area of deep poverty, causing a large number of Friulian speakers to emigrate. Most went to France, Belgium, and Switzerland or outside Europe, to Canada, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the United States, and South Africa. In these countries there are associations of Friulian immigrants (called Fogolâr furlan) who try to protect their traditions and language. The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Image File history File links Friulian_speaking_area. ...

Literature

Main article: Friulian literature

The first texts in Friulian date back to the 13th century and are mainly commercial or juridical acts. We can see in these examples that Friulian was used together with Latin, which was still the administrative language. The prime examples of literature that have survived—much from this period has been lost—are poetry from the 14th century, which are mainly dedicated to the theme of love and were probably inspired by the Italian poetic movement Dolce Stil Novo. The most famous work is Piruç myò doç inculurit (which means "My sweet, coloured pear"), composed by an anonymous author from Cividale, probably in 1380. Even if the first poems in Friulian are from XIV century (anonymous works written in Cividale such as Piruç myò doç inculurit and Soneto furlan, close to the italian poetic movement Dolce Stil Novo), the birth of a full flavoured Friulian literature dates back only to XIX century, when Friuli... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Dolce Stil Novo (Italian for The Sweet New Style) is the name given to the most important literary movement of 13th century Italy. ... Cividale del Friuli (Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Northern Italy, close to Urine. ... September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo - Russian forces under Grand Prince Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow resist a large invasion by the Blue Horde, Lithuania and Ryazan, stopping their advance at Kulikovo. ...

There are few differences in the first two rows, which demonstrates that there has not been a great evolution in the language except for several words which are no longer used (for example, dum(n) lo, a word which means "child", which was used frequently in the past). A modern Friulian speaker can understand these texts with only a little difficulty.

The second important period for Friulian literature is the 16th century. The main author of this period was Ermes di Colorêt, who composed over 200 poems. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Famous poets and writers

• Ermes di Colorêt (16th century)
• Pietro Zorutti (19th century)
• Pier Paolo Pasolini (20th century)

Pier Paolo Pasolini (March 5, 1922 - November 2, 1975) was an Italian poet, intellectual, film director, and writer. ...

Phonology

Long vowels are typical of the Friulian language and this has a great influence also on Friulian pronunciation of Italian.

Friulian distinguishes between short and long vowels, e.g. in the following minimal pairs (long vowels are marked in the official orthography with a circumflex accent):

lat (milk)

lât (gone)

fis (fixed, dense)

fîs (sons)

lus (luxury)

lûs (light n.)

The Friulian dialects differ in their treatment of long vowels. In certain dialects, some of the long vowels are actually diphthongs. The following chart shows how four words (pît foot, sêt thirst, pôc (a) little, fûc fire) are pronounced in four dialects. Each dialect uses a unique pattern of diphthongs (yellow) and monophthongs (blue) for the long vowels:

The double consonants (ll, rr, and so on), used frequently in Italian, are nearly absent in Friulian.

Grammar

Morphology

Articles

In Friulian, nouns referring to inanimate objects or abstract concepts can have either masculine or feminine grammatical gender: e.g. "il mûr" ("the wall", masculine), "la cjadree" ("the chair", feminine). Noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ...

Articles take the following forms, derived from the Latin ille and unus: An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ...

Before a vowel, both il and la can be abbreviated to l'. The indefinite article in Friulian (corresponding to "a" in English) varies according to gender. Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzards 1996 performance released on video and CD. The video/DVD and CD performances were both recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, England. ...

Note that these are the standard forms; in spoken language you can hear also el (in northern Friuli) or al (in southern and western Friuli) instead of il, li (or las in northern Friuli) instead of lis and le instead of la, but these should be avoided in written language. Remember that the final -e of une is pronounced. An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made to the noun. ... Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: Friûl, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ... Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: Friûl, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ...

Also a partitive article exists; it has only one form, des (for example, des vacjis means some cows).

Nouns

Nouns in Friulian, as in other Romance languages, are either masculine or feminine in gender. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...

Feminine

Most feminine nouns end in -e. (Remember, this final -e is pronounced.)

Examples:

• cjase = house (from Latin "casa, -ae" hut)
• lune = moon (from Latin "luna, -ae")
• scuele = school (from Latin "schola, -ae")

Some feminine nouns, however, end in a consonant, including those ending in -zion (from Latin). Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

• man = hand (from Latin "manŭs, -ūs" f)
• lezion = lesson (from Latin "lectio, -nis" f)

Masculine

Most masculine nouns end either in a consonant or in -i.

• cjan = dog
• gjat = cat
• fradi = brother
• libri = book

A few masculine nouns end in -e, including sisteme (system) and probleme (problem). These are usually words coming from ancient Greek. However, because most masculine nouns end in a consonant, it is not uncommon to find the forms system and problem instead—though this is more likely to occur in print than in speech.

There are also a number of masculine nouns which have been borrowed intact from Italian, that is, with a final -o, like treno (train). Many of these words have been fully absorbed into the language, even forming their plurals with the regular Friulian -s rather than the Italian -i. Still, there are some purists, including those influential in Friulian publishing, who frown on such words, insisting that the "proper" Friulian terms should be without the final -o. So despite the fact that one almost always hear treno, chances are that if you see the word in print it will be seen as tren.

Adjectives

A Friulian adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it qualifies. Most adjectives have four forms for singular (masculine and feminine) and plural (masculine and feminine), for example brut (ugly): talea harris and sophie king are sluts In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject, giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ...

Note that, in northern Friuli, the feminine plural is pronounced brutes instead of brutis. Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: Friûl, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ...

To form the plural, normal rules are followed; given a masculine singular form, the corresponding feminine form is not so straightforward:

• in most cases, just add an ending -e (curt, curte)
• if the final letter is a -c, feminine is in -cje, -cje, -che, -ghe
• if the final letter is a -f, feminine is in -ve
• if the final letter is a -p, feminine is in -be
• if the final letter is a -t, feminine is in -de

Rules for the formation of plurals

To form the plural of nouns ending in -e, whether feminine or masculine, change the final -e to -is.

• taule, taulis = table, tables
• cjase, cjasis = house, houses
• lune, lunis = moon, moons
• scuele, scuelis = school, schools
• sisteme, sistemis = system, systems

To form the plural of almost all other nouns, simply add a final s. Note: this final s is always pronounced as a soft s, that is, like the s of the English word cats, and never with the hard z-sound of the s in dogs. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

• man, mans = hand, hands
• lezion, lezions = lesson, lessons
• cjan, cjans = dog, dogs
• gjat, gjats = cat, cats
• fradi, fradis = brother, brothers
• libri, libris = book, books
• treno, trenos = train, trains
• braç, braçs = arm, arms (from Latin "bracchium")
• guant, guants = glove, gloves (compare English "gauntlet")

Please note that, in some Friulian dialects, there are many words whose final consonant becomes silent when the +s is added. These words include just about all those whose singular form ends in -t. The plural of gjat, for example, is written as gjats, but is pronounced in much of Friuli as though it were gjas, and that of plat (that means dish), though written as plats, is often pronounced as plas. Other words in this category include clâf (key) and clap (stone), whose plural forms, clâfs and claps, are often pronounced with a silent f and p, respectively (clâs, clas), so that the longer a in the former is all that distinguishes it from the latter. Note also that a final -ç, which is pronounced either as the English "-ch" (in central Friulian) or as "-s", is pluralized in writing as -çs, regardless of whether the pluralized pronunciation is "-s" or "-ts" (it varies according to dialect); an example is messaç / messaçs (message). The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Exceptions

Masculine nouns ending in -l or -li form their plurals by substituting -i for the l or the li.

• cjaval, cjavai = horse, horses (from Latin "caballus")
• fîl, fîi = string, strings (from Latin "filum")
• cjapiel, cjapiei = hat, hats
• cjaveli, cjavei = hair, hairs
• voli, voi = eye, eyes
• zenoli, zenoi = knee, knees (from Latin "genu")

Feminine nouns ending in -l are pluralized regularly.

• piel, piels = skin, skins
• val, vals = valley, valleys

Some masculine nouns which end in -t are pluralized by changing the final -t to -cj.

• dint, dincj = tooth, teeth (from Latin "dens, -tis")
• dut, ducj = all (of one thing), all (of several things) (from Latin "totus")

Nouns ending in s do not change spelling when pluralized (even though some speakers may pronounce the plural -s differently from the singular -s).

• vues = bone, bones
• pes = fish (singular or plural) (from Latin "piscis")
• mês = month, months (from Latin "mensis")

The plural of an (year) has several forms depending on dialect, including ain, ains, agn and agns. Regardless of pronunciation, the written form is agns.

Clitic subject pronouns

A feature of Friulian are the clitic subject pronouns. These, known in Friulian as pleonastics, are never stressed; they are used together with the verbs to express the subject, and can be found before the verb in declarative sentences or immediately after it in case of interrogative or vocative (otative) sentences. See subject (grammar) for the linguistic definition of subject. ... In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun phrase. ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... In linguistics, a sentence is a unit of language, characterized in most languages by the presence of a finite verb. ... A question may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or else the request itself made by such an expression. ...

An example: jo o lavori means I work; jo lavorio? means Do I work?, while lavorassio means I wish I worked.

Verbs

• Friulian verbal infinitives have one of four endings, either -â, -ê, -i, -î; if you remove the ending you get the root which is used to form the other forms (fevel - â, to speak). In the case of irregular verbs, even the root changes. These kind of verbs are commonly used (jessi, to be, vê, to have, podê, to be able to). Frequently people use verbs in combination with adverbs to restrict the meaning.

In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. ...

Adverbs

An adjective can be made into an adverb by adding -mentri to the ending of the feminine singular form of the adjective (lente becomes lentementri, slowly), though it can sometimes^[1] lose the -e of the adjective (facile becomes facilmentri, easily). These type of formation is more common in written language; in spoken language people use frequently other forms or locutions (i.e. a planc for slowly). An adverb is a part of speech. ...

Vocabulary

Most of the Friulian vocabulary is derived from Latin. Needless to say, there have been substantial phonological and morphological changes throughout its history. Therefore many words are shared with Romance languages,^[2] but other languages have contributed too: The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...

• German words were introduced in particular in the Middle Ages, during the Patrie dal Friûl, when the influence from this culture was quite strong (i.e. bearç, backyard; bussâ, to kiss).
• Slavic words were brought by immigrants that several times were called to Friuli to repopulate lands where the inhabitants had been killed due to Hungarian invasions in 10th century (i.e. cjast, barn; zigâ, to shout). There is also a good number of toponyms of Slavic origins.
• There are many words that have Germanic (probably Longobardic origins) and Celtic roots (what still remains of the languages spoken before Roman colonizations). Examples of the first category are sbregâ, to tear; sedon, spoon; taponâ, to cover. For the latter category, troi, path; bragons, trousers.
• The Venetian language influenced Friulian vocabulary, for example canucje, straw.
• scientific terms are often of Greek origin, and there are also some Arab terms in Friulian (lambic, still)
• Some French words entered the Friulian vocabulary: examples include pardabon, really and gustâ, to have lunch
• Many English words (such as computer, monitor, mouse and so on) have entered the Friulian vocabulary through Italian.
• Italian itself has a growing influence on Friulian vocabulary, especially as far as neologisms are concerned (e.g. treno meaning train, aereo meaning airplane). Such neologisms are currently used, although not accepted in the official diccionary.

The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... List of Bishops and Archbishops of Aquileia. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: Friûl, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Scandinavia that entered the late Roman Empire. ... A business sign in Venetian Venet or Venetian is a Romance language spoken by over ten million people, mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. ... Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Present condition of Friulian

Road signs in Italian and Friulian

Nowadays, Friulian is officially recognized in Italy, supported by law 482/1999, which protects linguistic minorities. Therefore, teaching of Friulian has been introduced in many primary schools. An online newspaper is active, and there are also a number of musical groups which use Friulian for their songs as well as some theatrical companies. Recently two movies have been made in Friulian (Tierç lion, Lidrîs cuadrade di trê), with positive reviews in Italian newspapers. In about 40 per cent of the communities in the Province of Udine, road signs are in both Friulian and Italian. There is also an official translation of the Holy Bible. In 2005, a famous brand of beer used Friulian for one of its commercials. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Udine (It. ... The Bible (From Greek βιβλια—biblia, meaning books, which in turn is derived from βυβλος—byblos meaning papyrus, from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported papyrus) is the sacred scripture of Christianity. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The main association to foster the use and development of Friulian is the Societât filologjiche furlane, founded in Gorizia in 1919. Gorizia (Slovenian: Gorica, German: Görz, Friulian: Gurize) is a small town at the foot of the Alps, in northeastern Italy, on the border with Slovenia. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Toponyms

Every city and village in Friuli has two names, one in Italian and one in Friulian. Only the Italian is official and used in administration, although it is widely expected that the Friulian ones will receive partial acknowledgement in the near future. For example, the city of Udine is called Udin in Friulian, while the town of Tolmezzo is called Tumieç. This is a list in both Italian and Friulian language of place of names in the historical area of Friuli. ... Udine (Friulian Udin, Slovene Videm) is a city in the north-east of Italy, capital of the historical region of Friuli, in the middle of Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic sea and the Alps (Alpi Carniche), less than 40 km far from the Slovenian border. ... Tolmezzo (Friulian: Tumieç) is a town and commune in the province of Udine, part of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-eastern Italy. ...

Challenges of standardisation

A challenge that Friulian shares with other minorities is to create a standard language and a unique writing system. The regional law 15/1996 approved a standard orthography, which represents the basis of a common variant and should be used in toponyms, official acts, written documents. These standard is based on Central Friulian, which was traditionally the language used in literature already in 1700 and afterwards (the biggest examples are probably Pieri Çorut's works), but with some changes:

• the diphthong ie'''' replaces ia, e.g. fier (iron) instead of fiar or tiere (soil, Earth) instead of tiare.
• the use of vu instead of u at the beginning of word, e.g. vueli (oil) instead of ueli or vueit (empty) instead of ueit.
• the use of i between vocals, for example ploie (rain) instead of ploe.

Standard Friulian is called in Friulian furlan standard, furlan normalizât, or, using a Greek word coinè. In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... In linguistics, a koiné language (common language) is a standard language or dialect, specifically one that has arisen as a result of language contact much as pidgins or creoles, but where the original dialects are mutually intelligible. ...

Advertisement in a magazine to promote usage of Friulian

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (942x1333, 109 KB) Summary Advertisement in magazines by Province of Udine to foster usage of en:Friulian language. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (942x1333, 109 KB) Summary Advertisement in magazines by Province of Udine to foster usage of en:Friulian language. ...

Criticism against standard Friulian

There have been several critics of the standardization of Friulian, mainly from speakers of local variants which can differ a lot from it; they also argue that the standard could eventually kill local variants. The answer of the supporters of standardization are the various advantages that a unique form can bring to the language, above all it can help to stop the influence of Italian language in the neologisms, which pose a serious threat to Friulian's future development. They also explain this is a written standard, and it doesn't affect pronunciation, that can follow local variants. Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[1] primarily in Italy and Switzerland. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ...

Variants of Friulian

Four dialects of Friulian can be distinguished, all mutually intelligible. They are usually distinguished by the last vowel of many parts of speech (including nouns, adjectives, adverbs), following this scheme: This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

• Central Friulian, spoken around Udine

• words end in -e
• used in official documents and generally considered standard
• some people sees it as the less original, since it doesn't show interesting features which can be found in other variants

• Northern Friulian, spoken in Carnia

• several variants; language can vary with the valleys; words can end in -o, -e, or -a

• South-eastern Friulian, spoken in Bassa Friulana, and Isontino, spoken in the area along the Isonzo River (the area of the old Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca

• words end in -a
• some features of the pronunciation have been lost; this dialect is closer to Italian

• Western Friulian, including Pordenonese, spoken in the Province of Pordenone, also called concordiese, from Concordia Sagittaria

• words end in -a
• Venetian influence
• some claims that this is the more conservative variant

For example, the word home becomes cjase in Central Friulian, and cjasa or cjaso in other areas. It is also notable that the most famous intellectual who used friulian during the 20th century. Pier Paolo Pasolini, wrote his works in Western Friulian, since he learned the language from his mother who was from Casarsa/Cjasarsa ([1]), near Pordenone. Udine (Friulian Udin, Slovene Videm) is a city in the north-east of Italy, capital of the historical region of Friuli, in the middle of Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic sea and the Alps (Alpi Carniche), less than 40 km far from the Slovenian border. ... Area located in the very Southern part of Provincia di Udine, in an Italian region called Friuli Venezia Giulia. ... The river Soča (Italian Isonzo) is a river in West Slovenia and North Italy. ... Gorizia and Gradisca (German: ; Italian: ; Slovenian: GoriÅ¡ka in Gradiščanska; Friulian: Gurize e Gradiscje) was a county in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy and Slovenia. ... Pordenone (It. ... Concordia Sagittaria is a town in the province of Venezia, Veneto, Italy. ... Pier Paolo Pasolini (March 5, 1922 - November 2, 1975) was an Italian poet, intellectual, film director, and writer. ... Casarsa della Delizia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pordenone in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 80 km northwest of Trieste and about 15 km east of Pordenone. ... Pordenone (Friulian Pordenon) is a comune of Pordenone province of northeast Italy in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. ...

It's worth to note that in 13th century, early literary works in Friulian were based on the language spoken in Cividale, which was at that time the most important town in Friuli. These works show endings in -o, which, interestingly, nowadays is restricted to some villages in Carnia. Later, the main city of Friuli became Udine and the most common ending was -a; only from the 16th century on, -e endings were used in standard Friulian. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Cividale del Friuli (Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Northern Italy, close to Urine. ... Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: Friûl, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ... Udine (Friulian Udin, Slovene Videm) is a city in the north-east of Italy, capital of the historical region of Friuli, in the middle of Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic sea and the Alps (Alpi Carniche), less than 40 km far from the Slovenian border. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Writing systems

In the official writing system, approved by the Province of Udine and used in official documents, Friulian is written using the Latin alphabet, plus the c-cedilla (ç). The letter q is used only for personal names and historical toponyms, in every other case is replaced by c. Besides that, k, x, w, and y appear only in loan words, so they are not considered part of the alphabet. Udine (It. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Zz

There are also grave accents (à, è, ì, ò and ù) and circumflex accents (â, ê, î, ô, and û), which are put above the vowels to distinguish between homophonic words or to show where there is stress (the former) and show long vowels (the latter). The grave accent ( ` ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek until 1982 (polytonic orthography), French, Catalan, Welsh, Italian, Vietnamese, Scottish Gaelic, Norwegian, Portuguese and other languages. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Other systems

An alternative system is called Faggin-Nazzi from the names of the scholars who proposed it. It is less common, probably also because it is more difficult for a beginner due to its use of letters such as č that are typical of Slavic languages, but seem foreign to native Italian speakers. These letters are used in order to more accurately reflect particular features of Friulian phonology. The Faggin-Nazzi writing system is an orthographic system proposed to write the Friulian language, named after its creators, Gianni Nazzi and Giorgio Faggin. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup...

Some examples

• Hello, my name is Jack!

  Mandi, jo mi clami Jacum!

• Today the weather is really hot!

  Vuê al è propite cjalt!

• I really have to go now, see you

  O scugni propite lâ cumò, ariviodisi

• I can’t go out with you tonight, I have to study

  No pues vignî fûr cun te usgnot, o ai di studiâ

References

The grammar section is based on An introduction to Friulian by R. Pontisso. Some parts are also based loosely on Gramatiche furlane by Fausto Zof, Edizioni Leonardo, Udine 2002.

Notes

1. ^ Such is the case of Friulian adjectives deriving from Latin adjectives of the second class.
2. ^ Language similarity table

External links

Friulian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Official Friulian orthography
• Lenghe.net – Online bilingual magazine (Friulian/Italian)
• Online magazine and resources
• The juridical defence of Friulian (in English)
• Ethnologue report for Friulian
• Course of Friulian
• Friulian Journal of Science – an association to foster the use of Friulian in the scientific world
• Fogolâr furlan of Toronto
• Fogolâr Furlan of Windsor
• Societat Filologjiche Furlane
• Centri interdipartimentâl pe ricercje su la culture e la lenghe dal Friûl "Josef Marchet"
• Friulian version of Firefox browser
• Centri Friûl Lenghe 2000, with online tools
• Friulians in South America
• Furlan English Dictionary from Webster's Online Dictionary – the Rosetta Edition
• C-evo Furlan – a computer game in Friulian
• Serling – friulian language linguistic services