Frombork Cathedral, with the Vistula Lagoon in the background

Frombork (German: Frauenburg) is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship, with a population of 2,602 in 2005. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 2016 KB) Summary author: Maciej SzczepaÅ„czyk - user Mathiasrex Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Frombork Nicolaus Copernicus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 2016 KB) Summary author: Maciej SzczepaÅ„czyk - user Mathiasrex Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Frombork Nicolaus Copernicus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or... Landsat photo Vistula Lagoon Vistula Lagoon (or Bay, Gulf) is the sweet water lagoon on the Baltic Sea that is cut off from Gdansk Bay by the Vistula Spit. ... Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship since 1999 Coat of Arms of Warmia-Masuria Warmia i Mazury (officially, the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship) is an administrative region or voivodship of north-eastern Poland. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Frombork was meticulously reconstructed after its destruction in World War II and is a popular tourist attraction, especially the over 700 year old cathedral, former residence of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Casualties Military dead: 18 million Civilian dead: 33 million Full list Military dead: 7 million Civilian dead: 4 million Full list World War II, also known as the Second World... Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish polymath, now remembered as providing the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. ...

Early history

Frombork's Cathedral Hill

The town was founded as a defensive stronghold on an Old Prussian site. According to local legend, its inhabitants were baptised by Anselm, the first Bishop of the Bishopric of Warmia which was created in 1242 by a papal legate after the area was conquered by Teutonic Knights. ImageMetadata File history File links Poland_Frombork_-_Cathedral_Hill. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Poland_Frombork_-_Cathedral_Hill. ... Stronghold is a commercial version of Apache Web Server, distributed by RedHat Inc. ... The Prussians kill Adalbert The Prussian people, or (old) Prussians, inhabited the area around the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons, (in what is now northern Poland), in the region roughly occupied by the Mazurian Lakes. ... The Archbishopric of Warmia (formerly Bishopric of Warmia) (Polish: Archidiecezja warmińska, Latin: Archidioecesis Varmiensis, German: Erzbistum Ermland) is a bishopric in Poland. ... // Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Chudskoye Lake, Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... Teutonic Knights, charging into battle. ...

Supposedly when the stronghold's lord died, his widow Gertruda offered the settlement to the bishop, and in her honor it was named Frauenburg ("woman castle" in German). This name is not unique in German, but it usually originates in the construction of a fortified chapel, church, or monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary, similar to Marienburg, which is also the German name of the nearby castle and city, Malbork. The name Frauenburg was given to many towns in German-speaking countries in the Middle Ages. ... Saint Mary and Saint Mary the Virgin both redirect here. ... There are many fortresses, castles, and towns of this name. ... Malbork Castle 2003. ...

The village was first mentioned in a 1278 document signed by Bishop Gerko Fleming. On July 8, 1310, Bishop Eberhard of Neisse (Nysa) granted the town Lübeck city rights, as used by many member cities of the Hanseatic League. It was described rather unspecifically as Civitas Warmiensis (Warmian city). For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... Events May 11 - In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy Abulfeda becomes governor of Hama. ... Nysa (German Neisse or Neiße) is a town in south-western Poland on the Nysa Kłodzka river, with 52,000 inhabitants (2004), situated in the Opole Voivodship. ... Lübecks law was from the 13th century in the Middle Ages the foundation for municipal laws in many neighbouring cities on the Baltic Sea. ... Carta marina of Baltic Sea (1539) The Hanseatic League (German: die Hanse, Dutch: de Hanze, Polish: Hanza) consisted of an alliance of trading cities that established and maintained a trade monopoly over the Baltic Sea and most of Northern Europe for a time in the later Middle Ages and the...

In 1329-1388, the magnificent Gothic cathedral was built, and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, or "Our Lady" (in Latin, Domina Nostra; in German, Unsere Frau, hence Frauenburg, Frawenburg, Fromborg, finally Frombork). Events Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII. Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland A Chinese army under Xu Da sacks Karakorum Births September 14 - Claudius Claussön Swart, Danish geographer September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... See also Gothic art. ... MARY IS ONLY A VIRGIN IF YOU DONT COUNT ANAL!!!!11 LOLKTHNX. ...

Over the centuries, the cathedral has been expanded and rebuilt repeatedly. There are also several other historic churches, dedicated to St. Nicolas, St. George, and St. Anne, all built in the 13th century. Saint Nicholas, also known as Nikolaus in Germany and Sinterklaas (a contracted form of Sint Nicolaas) in the Netherlands and Flanders, is the common name for the historical Saint Nicholas of Myra, who lived in 4th century Byzantine Anatolia, (now in modern Turkey) and had a reputation for secret gift... Saint-George is a municipality with 695 inhabitants (as of 2003) in the district of Aubonne in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. ... The Holy Family with Joachim and Anne, drawn by Hans Holbein the Younger Anna, also known as Saint Anne, is known by tradition as the mother of The Virgin Mary. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

Copernican Era

"Astronomer Copernicus: Conversation with God." - Painting by Jan Matejko.

In 1414 the city was plundered and burned during a war between Poland and the Teutonic Order. In 1454, during the Thirteen Years' War, the hill and its cathedral were occupied by Jan Skalski. From the 1466 Second Peace of Toruń, Frombork was an important city of the Bishopric of Warmia and part of the province of Royal Prussia. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Jan Matejko , self-portrait Jan Matejko, also Jan Mateyko (b. ... // Events Council of Constance begins. ... Teutonic Knights, charging into battle. ... Events February 4 - In the Thirteen Years War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. ... The Thirteen Years War (also called the War of the Cities) started out as an uprising by Prussian cities and the local nobility with the goal of gaining independence from the Teutonic Knights. ... Events Chimú Empire conquered by troops of the Inca End of term for Regent of Sweden Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna. ... The Second Treaty of ToruÅ„ (Polish: ToruÅ„) was a peace treaty concluded in the Polish city of ToruÅ„ on October 19, 1466 between the Polish king, the Prussian cities, and duke of Pomerania on one side, and the Teutonic Order on the other. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Warmia in 1547 Warmia (Polish: , German: , Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. ... Map of Royal Prussia Royal Prussia (Polish: Prusy Królewskie, German: Königliches Preussen) was the western part of two parts of Prussia, which previously were governed as one Lands of the Teutonic Order. ...

In the Middle Ages, Frombork's inhabitants were mainly merchants, farmers and fishermen. The most famous resident was the mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus, who lived and worked as Canon (priest) here from 1512-16 and 1522-43. Copernicus is said to have called Frauenburg also jokingly "Weiberstadt" (wives town) or "Ginnepolis" (Ginne meaning woman in Old Prussian). As astronomer, he wrote his De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium at Frombork. Shortly after finally publishing it in 1543, he died here and was buried in the cathedral, where his tomb may have been found recently by archaeologists. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: MikoÅ‚aj Kopernik, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish polymath, now remembered as providing the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. ... A canon (from the Latin canonicus and Greek κανωνικωσ relating to a rule) is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the Christian clergy subject to a rule (canon). ... 1512 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés. ... // Events February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn. ... The Prussians kill Adalbert The Prussian people, or (old) Prussians, inhabited the area around the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons, (in what is now northern Poland), in the region roughly occupied by the Mazurian Lakes. ... Title page of De revolutionibus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (English: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, German: Von den Umdrehungen der Himmelskörper), printed 1543 in Nuremberg, is the seminal work on heliocentric theory and the masterpiece of the great astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. ...

The city was featured by the Prussian historian and director of the local gymnasium Christoph Hartknoch of Thorn (Toruń) in his Alt- und Neues Preußen (Old and New Prussia, 1679). Christoph Hartknoch (born 1644 in Jablonken (JabÅ‚onków) in the Ortelsburg (Szczytno) region of Ducal Prussia - died 1687 in Thorn (ToruÅ„) was a historian and educator. ... ToruÅ„ (pronounce: [], Kashubian: TorÅ„, German: Thorn, see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula river. ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ...

Thorn/Thorun Nicolaus Copernicus' City of Birth:

Hartknoch features his last residence, the city of Thorn

Image File history File links Torun_Hartknoch. ... Image File history File links Torun_Hartknoch. ...

Modern History

Frombork Cathedral

After the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772), the area became part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and thus in 1871 of the German Empire. The Preußische Ostbahn railway line was opened in 1899 connecting Elbing (Elbląg) and Braunsberg (Braniewo) via Frauenburg, leading further to the Russian border at Eydtkuhnen (Chernyshevskoye). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (640x960, 116 KB) Poland, Frombork - Cathedral. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (640x960, 116 KB) Poland, Frombork - Cathedral. ... The Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commonly known as the Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Flag of Prussia (1894 - 1918) The Kingdom of Prussia existed from 1701 until 1918, and from 1871 was the leading kingdom of the German Empire, comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the area of the Empire. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Flag of the German Empire, 1871–1919: black-white-red Coat of arms The term German Empire commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... // Epoch 0 (1835-1870) German Railway history began December 7, 1835 with the Adler (Eagle) locomotive driving between Nürnberg and Fürth. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: none Voivodship Warmia-Masuria Municipal government Rada Miejska w Elblągu Mayor Henryk Słonina Area 83,32 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 130. ... Braniewo is a city in northeastern Poland: Warmia - Mazury voivodship). ... Chernyshevskoye (German: Eydtkuhnen) is a town in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, formerly part of the German province of East Prussia. ...

Towards and after the end of World War II, the German inhabitants were either evacuated or expelled like most of the German population of East Prussia. After the war, the town, along with the rest of southern East Prussia, was returned to Poland under territorial changes promulgated by the Potsdam Conference. Frombork was resettled by Poles, many of them expellees from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Casualties Military dead: 18 million Civilian dead: 33 million Full list Military dead: 7 million Civilian dead: 4 million Full list World War II, also known as the Second World... The Evacuation of East Prussia refers to the events that took place in East Prussia, especially the evacuation of German population from that area as well as from other Prussian lands in 1944 and 1945. ... East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ... Attlee, Truman, and Stalin at Potsdam The Potsdam Conference was a conference held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin), from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... Under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, adjusted by agreement on 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug, and San, except for Wilno country with its capital Wilno (Vilnius), which was given to Lithuania, and...

In 1959 Frombork regained its city rights. Having been heavily (70%) damaged in World War II, it was rebuilt by Polish Boy Scouts in 1966-1973, in time for the 500th anniversary of Copernicus' birth. 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lily emblem of the ZHP ZwiÄ…zek Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish Scouting and Guiding Association, ZHP) is the Polish Scouting organization recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1973 calendar). ...

Political Timeline of Frombork/Frauenburg

• 1278 first mentioned
• 1310 Lübeck law rights granted for Civitas Warmiensis
• 1388 cathedral completed and dedicated to the Virgin Mary
• 1466 Second Peace of Toruń: now part of the Bishopric of Warmia and Royal Prussia
• 1772 First partition of Poland: now part of the Kingdom of Prussia
• 1871 German Empire founded: now automatically a part of it
• 1945 The Potsdam Conference places Frombork under administration of Poland pending a final peace conference, but since one never takes place, the decision effectively makes Frombork a part of Poland. The new borders are recognized by East Germany in 1950, accepted by West Germany in 1970, and confirmed by newly reunified Germany in 1990 ([1]).

For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Events May 11 - In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy Abulfeda becomes governor of Hama. ... Lübecks law was from the 13th century in the Middle Ages the foundation for municipal laws in many neighbouring cities on the Baltic Sea. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland A Chinese army under Xu Da sacks Karakorum Births September 14 - Claudius Claussön Swart, Danish geographer September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... Saint Mary and Saint Mary the Virgin both redirect here. ... Events Chimú Empire conquered by troops of the Inca End of term for Regent of Sweden Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna. ... The Second Treaty of ToruÅ„ (Polish: ToruÅ„) was a peace treaty concluded in the Polish city of ToruÅ„ on October 19, 1466 between the Polish king, the Prussian cities, and duke of Pomerania on one side, and the Teutonic Order on the other. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Warmia in 1547 Warmia (Polish: , German: , Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. ... Map of Royal Prussia Royal Prussia (Polish: Prusy Królewskie, German: Königliches Preussen) was the western part of two parts of Prussia, which previously were governed as one Lands of the Teutonic Order. ... 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commonly known as the Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Flag of Prussia (1894 - 1918) The Kingdom of Prussia existed from 1701 until 1918, and from 1871 was the leading kingdom of the German Empire, comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the area of the Empire. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Flag of the German Empire, 1871–1919: black-white-red Coat of arms The term German Empire commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Attlee, Truman, and Stalin at Potsdam The Potsdam Conference was a conference held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin), from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... The Treaty of Zgorzelec or the Treaty between the Republic of Poland and the German Democratic Republic concerning the demarcation of the established and existing Polish-German state border was signed in Zgorzelec, Lower Silesia, Poland on July 6, 1950 by the prime ministers Józef Cyrankiewicz of Poland and... National motto: none Official languages German Capital East Berlin Largest city East Berlin Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 106th 108,333 km² Negligible Creation -Abolition 7 October 1949 3 October 1990 Currency East German mark Time zone  â€“ in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Internet... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Treaty of Warsaw is a treaty between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany is the final peace treaty negotiated between the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and... This article is about the year. ...

Monuments

Several monuments are on display in Frombork (see external links): The Taj Mahal in Agra (Uttar Pradesh, India) Monuments are usually created for the dual function of commemorating an important event or person while also creating an artistic object that will improve the appearance of a city or location. ... Fromborks Cathedral Hill Frombork (German: ) is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon (German: ) in Warmia-Masuria Voivodship, with a population of 2,602 in 2005. ...

• monument to Nicolaus Copernicus, was replaced in the mid-1950s as the monument erected by Imperial Germany's Wilhelm II was destroyed in WW II
• monument honoring Red Army soldiers, inscribed: "Glory to the Red Army heroes fallen in liberating Frombork"
• monument to people of East Prussia who drowned in the Vistula Lagoon during the 1945 exodus, made from a glacial erratic rock found in the water
• memorial honoring the Boy Scouts and others who took part in "Operation 1001" 1966-73, the rebuilding of the town from its devastation in World War II
• Copernicus' astronomical observatory, work room, instruments and planetarium are on display at Frombork's Copernicus Museum

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: MikoÅ‚aj Kopernik, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish polymath, now remembered as providing the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. ... // Events and No. ... This article or section should include material from German Monarchy The term German Empire (the translation from German of Deutsches Reich) commonly refers to Germany, from its consolidation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... German Emperor Wilhelm II (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Hohenzollern 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia, ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ... Landsat photo Vistula Lagoon Vistula Lagoon (or Bay, Gulf) is the sweet water lagoon on the Baltic Sea that is cut off from Gdansk Bay by the Vistula Spit. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... A Glacial erratic is a piece of rock carried by glacial ice some distance from the rock outcrop from which it came. ... Lily emblem of the ZHP ZwiÄ…zek Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish Scouting and Guiding Association, ZHP) is the Polish Scouting organization recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1973 calendar). ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Casualties Military dead: 18 million Civilian dead: 33 million Full list Military dead: 7 million Civilian dead: 4 million Full list World War II, also known as the Second World... Lunar astronomy: the large crater is Daedalus, photographed by the crew of Apollo 11 as they circled the Moon in 1969. ...

External links

• ((English)) Municipal website
• ((Polish)) Frombork maps from mapa.szukacz.pl
• ((English)) Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork
• ((Polish)) Monuments in Frombork
• ((Polish)) Description of Frombork Cathedral - Photos and Plans
• ((German)) History at Ostpreussen.net
• Map of Prussia as of 1629, with Frawenburg (near the small ship)