Background

Among the Acts of Parliament denounced by the Patriots as Intolerable Acts were the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade Anglo-American settlement west of the Appalachians; and the Quebec Act of 1774, which made provision for the extension of Québec's borders to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Together, these acts implicitly restored the balance of power between French Canadians, Native Americans, and the imperial Crown that had existed prior to the Seven Years' War. Anglo-American settlers, particularly those already west of the Appalachians, saw these acts as a betrayal of their interests to those of Native Americans. At the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768, the British sought a compromise by shifting the Proclamation line westward. Settlers under Daniel Boone and others continued to establish themselves in what is now Kentucky and made war on the Shawnee, Delaware, Huron, and other nations. In response to the escalating violence, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, led a militia expedition into the frontier in 1774, defeating the Native Americans at the battle of Point Pleasant and forcing them to accept the Ohio river as the boundary between themselves and Virginia. See Dunmore's War Please put this back up. ... The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by the British government in the name of King George III to prohibit settlement by British colonists beyond the Appalachian Mountains in the lands captured by Britain from France in the French and Indian War/Seven Years War and to... The Appalachian Mountains are a system of North American mountains running from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada to Alabama in the United States, although the northernmost mainland portion ends at the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec. ... The Quebec Act of 1774 was an act by the British Parliament setting out procedures of governance in the area of Quebec. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ... Length 6,270 km Elevation of the source 450 m Average discharge Saint Louis¹: 5,500 m³/s Vicksburg²: 16,800 m³/s Baton Rouge³: 12,800 m³/s Area watershed 2,980,000 km² Origin  Lake Itasca Mouth  Gulf of Mexico Basin countries United States (98. ... Carl D. Perkins Bridge in Portsmouth, Ohio with Ohio River and Scioto River tributary on right. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A Sioux in traditional dress including war bonnet, circa 1908. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Seven Years War (1754 and 1756–1763) pitted Great Britain, Prussia, and Hanover against France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony. ... Two different treaties between Native Americans and European-Americans were signed at Fort Stanwix, which was located near present-day Rome, New York. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Daniel Boone Daniel Boone (November 2, 1734-September 26, 1820), was a famous United States pioneer and frontiersman who blazed the Wilderness Road and founded Boonesborough, Kentucky (also known as Boonesboro). ... State nickname: Bluegrass State Other U.S. States Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Governor Ernie Fletcher (R) Official languages English Area 104,749 km² (37th)  - Land 102,989 km²  - Water 1,760 km² (1. ... Shawnee The Shawnee are a people native to North America. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... This article is about the First Nations people, the Wyandot, also known as the Huron. ... Lord Dunmore John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (1730–February 25, 1809) was the British governor of the Province of New York from 1770 to 1771 and the Virginia Colony, from September 25, 1771 until just before the American Revolutionary War began in June 1775. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of Point Pleasant was an action in Lord Dunmores War between Virginia militia and the Indians fought on October 10, 1774 near modern Point Pleasant, West Virginia. ... Dunmores War (or Lord Dunmores War) was the result of several collisions that took place in the spring of 1774, on the Ohio River above the mouth of the Little Kanawha River, between Native American peoples (particularly Shawnee, Miami, and Wyandot) and parties of Anglo_American settlers who were...

Most Native Americans sided against the United States, as they were bound by treaty to the British Crown and in any case threatened by Anglo-American settlement for control of their lands. The British thus benefited from Native assistance along the frontier, from the Cherokees of North Carolina to the Micmacs of New England. Secure in these Native alliances, the British retained such Loyalist garrisons as Fort Frontenac, Fort Niagara, Detroit, Fort St Joseph, and Fort Michilimackinac. From here, the British were able to equip and trade with their network of Great Lakes allies. Native Americans staged raids on Patriot settlements in New York, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and elsewhere. Alternate meanings: Cherokee (disambiguation) The Cherokee (ah-ni-yv-wi-ya in Cherokee) are a people native to North America who at the time of European contact in the 16th century inhabited what is now the eastern and southeastern United States before most were forcefully moved to the Ozark Plateau. ... The Mikmaq (also Míkmaq, Micmac, Migmaq) are a First Nations people indigenous to northeastern New England, Canadas Maritimes, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. ... Fort Frontenac was the historic nucleus of the modern city of Kingston, Ontario. ... Historical recreation actors at Old Fort Niagara Fort Niagara is a 300 year old fortification built to protect the interests of New France, located near Youngstown, New York on the eastern bank of the Niagara River at its mouth on Lake Ontario. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815... Fort Saint Joseph was a historic fort near present day Niles, Michigan. ... Fort Michilimackinac was an 18th century French, and later British, fort and trading post in the Great Lakes of North America. ...

Iroquois country

The rising fortunes of the Patriots at Saratoga brought bitter division to the Iroquois Confederacy. The Oneidas and many Tuscaroras, believing a US victory inevitable, chose to join with the Patriots, thus plunging the League into civil war. The council fire of the League was extinguished in June of 1777, and the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga and Cayuga nations entered the war on the side of the British Crown, with Joseph Brant Thayendenegea as their main commander. The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee, also known as the League of Peace and Power) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... Oneida is the name of several places in the United States of America, derived from the Oneida tribe of the Iroquois: Oneida, Illinois Oneida, Kansas Oneida, Kentucky in Clay County, Kentucky, home of Oneida Baptist Institute Oneida, New York Oneida, Pennsylvania Oneida, Tennessee Oneida (town), Wisconsin in Outgamie County Oneida... The Tuscarora are a Native American tribe originally in North Carolina, which moved north to New York, and then partially into Canada. ... The Kanienkehaka, or Mohawk tribe of Native American people live around Lake Ontario and the St. ... The Seneca are a Native American people, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. ... Onondaga is the name of some places in North America: Onondaga, Michigan Onondaga, New York Onondaga, Ontario Onondaga County, New York Onondaga Lake Onondaga Reservation, New York Onondaga Township, Michigan Other meanings: Onondaga Native American Iroquois First Nations group Onandaga Cave State Park in Leasburg, Missouri Onondaga Camp Minden,Ontario... Cayuga is the name of a town in Canada and some places in the United States of America: Cayuga, Ontario Cayuga, Indiana Cayuga County, New York Village of Cayuga in New York Cayuga Lake. ... Joseph Brant, painted in London by George Romney in 1776 Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant (sometimes spelled Brandt or Brand) (c. ...

Among the Iroquois attacks on US targets were the Wyoming Valley and Cherry Valley massacres of 1778. These massacres provoked outrage among colonists, and in retaliation General John Sullivan led a large force into western New York during the summer of 1779. On the 29th of August he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Iroquois at Newtown, on the site of the present Elmira. In addition several Indian villages and the crops of the Indians were destroyed in the lake region of western New York. See Sullivan Expedition A nineteenth century American depiction of the Wyoming Valley massacre. ... Incident in Cherry Valley - fate of Jane Wells from the original picture by Alonzo Chappel by Thomas Phillibrown, engraver. ... John Sullivan (February 17, 1740 – January 23, 1795) was an American general in the Revolutionary War and a delegate in the Continental Congress. ... Elmira is a city located in Chemung County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 30,940. ... The Sullivan Expedition, also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, was a campaign led by Major General John Sullivan and General James Clinton against Loyalists (Tories) and the four nations of the Iroquois who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War. ...

Ohio Country

The Shawnee diplomat Cornstalk, who had counselled neutrality towards the United States, was murdered by US soldiers in the autumn of 1777 whilst on a mission to Fort Randolph in what is now Point Pleasant, West Virginia. Cornstalk (1720?–November 10, 1777) was a prominent leader of the Shawnee people in the era of the American Revolution. ... Jump to: navigation, search Point Pleasant is a city located in Mason County, West Virginia, at the confluence of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers. ...

The Patriots counter-attacked the Native American alliance in 1778-79 under George Rogers Clark. With a company of volunteers under the authority of the state of Virginia, Clark captured Kaskaskia, the chief post in the Illinois country, on the 4th of July 1778, and later secured the submission of Vincennes, which, however, was recaptured by General Henry Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit. In the spring of 1779 Clark raised another force, and recaptured Vincennes from Hamilton. See Battle of Vincennes George Rogers Clark Painted by Rosemary Brown Beck George Rogers Clark (November 9, 1752–February 13, 1818) was the preeminent American military leader on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. ... Kaskaskia is a village located in Randolph County, Illinois. ... The city of Vincennes is the county seat of Knox County, Indiana. ... Henry Hamilton (c. ... The Battle of Vincennes took place on February 23-25, 1779 when a small force of men led by George Rogers Clark encircled Fort Sackville at Vincennes, Indiana and continued marching around it until the Indians and British garrisoned there were convinced that there were hundreds of soldiers. ...

However, a decisive victory in the West eluded the United States even as their fortunes had risen in the East. Raids and skirmishes continued along the frontier, including one at Gnadenhutten in 1782, at which US forces attacked a village of pacifist Moravian Delawares in retaliation for attacks by another group of First Nations. Later that year, the last major battle of the war, Blue Licks, saw a party of Kentuckians soundly defeated by a superior force of British regulars, Iroquois, Mingos, Shawnees and other First Nations. The Gnadenhütten massacre (8 March 1782) was a mass murder of nearly 100 Native Americans (mostly women and children) by American militiamen during the American Revolutionary War. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A Moravian can be: an ethnic group a Christian denomination This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... The Battle of Blue Licks, on August 19, 1782 was the last major battle of the American Revolutionary War. ...

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References

• Williams, Glenn F. Year of the Hangman: George Washington's Campaign Against the Iroquois. Yardley: Westholme Publishing, 2005.
• Calloway, Colin G. The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
• Downes, Randolph C. Council Fires on the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley until 1795. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940; third paperback printing, 1989.
• Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois in the American Revolution. Syracuse University Press, 1972.
• Sosin, Jack M. The Revolutionary Frontier, 1763-1783. New York: Holt, 1967.