Fructification (Latin: fructificatio) is a term used in the plant morphology to denote the generative parts of the plant (flower and fruit) (as opposed to its vegetative parts: trunk, roots and leaves). Sometimes it is applied more broadly to the generative parts of gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes (even though they have neither a fruit, nor a flower). Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Divisions Green algae Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum... Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum... Clivia miniata bears bright orange flowers. ... Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ... Trunk may be: Look up trunk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Primary and secondary roots in a cotton plant In vascular plants, the root is that organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil (compare with stem). ... In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... Coast Douglas-fir cone, from a tree grown from seed collected by David Douglas Gymnosperms are seed-bearing, vascular plants. ... Ferns could be the plural of fern, a type of plant that reproduces using spores rather than seeds. ... Species Subgenus Equisetum Equisetum arvense- Field or Common Horsetail Equisetum bogotense- Andean Horsetail Equisetum diffusum- Himalayan Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile- Water Horsetail Equisetum palustre- Marsh Horsetail Equisetum pratense- Shade Horsetail Equisetum sylvaticum- Wood Horsetail Equisetum telmateia- Great Horsetail Subgenus Hippochaete Equisetum giganteum- Giant Horsetail Equisetum myriochaetum- Mexican Giant Horsetail Equisetum hyemale... Classes Lycopodiopsida - clubmosses Selaginellopsida - spikemosses Isoetopsida - quillworts The division Lycopodiophyta is a tracheophyte subdivision of the Kingdom Plantae that includes some of the most primitive of extant (living) vascular plants. ...

Since the works of Andrea Caesalpino (1519-1603) the characters of fructfication have been extensively used as a basis for the scientific classification of plants. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) raised the description of the parts of fructification to an unprecedented level of precision. He insisted that genera and the higher groups of plants must be characterised in terms of the fructification alone without using vegetative parts (which can be used only to characterise the species within genera). At that time it was believed that all plants have flowers and fruits. It was not until the nineteenth century that the important difference between seeds and spores was recognised and the use of terms flower and fruit was restricted to the flowering plants (angiosperms). Andrea Cesalpino. ... Events March 4 - Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. ... King James I of England/VII of Scotland, the first monarch to rule the Kingdoms of England and Scotland at the same time Events March - Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, sails to Canada March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James I of... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms (as opposed to folk taxonomy). ... Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as (help· info), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), the name with which his publications were signed, was a Swedish botanist and physician who laid the foundations for the modern scheme... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal April 25 - Allied army is defeated by Bourbonic army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession. ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic grouping. ... In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ... A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ...

Later plant taxonomists used a more balanced approach and re-introduced the use of the vegetative parts of the plant as a basis for characters at different levels of taxonomic hierarchy. Taxonomy (from Greek verb tassein = to classify and nomos = law, science, cf economy) may refer to: the science of classifying living things (see alpha taxonomy) a classification Initially, taxonomy was only the science of classifying living organisms, but later the word was applied in a wider sense, and may also... For the various types of hierarchy, see hierarchy (disambiguation) A hierarchy (in Greek: Ιεραρχία, it is derived from ιερός-hieros, sacred, and άρχω-arkho, rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is subordinate to a single other element. ...

See also

• Scientific classification