The shapes of most fruit trees can be manipulated by pruning and training in order to increase yield, or to improve their suitability for different situations and conditions. Pruning a tree to a pyramid shape means that trees can be planted closer together. An open bowl or cup form increases the penetration of sunlight, thus encouraging a high fruit yield whilst keeping the tree short and easy to pick from. Other shapes such as cordons, espaliers and fans offer opportunities for growing trees two dimensionally against walls or fences, or can themselves be trained as barriers.
Bush trees are the traditional open goblet shaped form, with a clear lower stem.
Cordons are single stemmed trees with fruiting spurs planted at an angle. Any side branches are removed by pruning. cordons take less space and crop earlier than most other forms which means that more varieties can be got into a small space, but yields are smaller per tree.
Espaliers have a central vertical trunk with three or four horizontal branches each side.
Fans have a short central trunk with several radiating branches growing from the crown.
Step-over espaliers have single horizontal branches @ 1’ from the ground and make a novel and productive border to the vegetable plot.
All of these shapes require training by tying the branches to the required form, and pruning to retain the desired structure. This is usually carried out in autumn for major cutting back and late summer for light trimming. Autumn pruning encourages woody growth whilst late summer pruning encourages fruiting. Not all trees will accept all of the shapes above- apples and pears do well as cordons and espaliers for example, whereas cherries prefer to be fanned.
Fruittree propagation is usually carried out asexually by grafting the desired variety onto a suitable rootstock.
Trees on this stock begin producing fruit within three to four years, and yield up to 90 to 110 lb (50 kg) after some seven or eight years.
He is also conducting research into the 'coppice-ability' of own-root fruittrees, including an experimental 'Coppice Orchard' project, wherein own-root trees are planted in north-south rows; "When the canopy of the orchard closes, a north-south row will be coppiced and the land in the row used for light demanding crops while the trees regrow.
Botanically, a fruit is the ripened ovary of a flowering plant, dry or moist and fleshy.
Some culinary fruits are not fruits in the botanical sense, for example rhubarb: only the stems are edible.
Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals and/or to stick to the hairs of animals, using them as dispersal agents.
Feeds |
Contact