FACTOID # 169: Train spotters should go to Australia - Australians have more railway per capita than anyone else on the globe.
 
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Encyclopedia > Fuel efficiency in transportation
Mode Efficiency
per passenger
Avg
occupancy		 Max
occupancy
Bicycling 653 mpg
Combino light rail 510 mpg[1] 1400 mpg[2]
TGV train 500 mpg[3] 630 mpg[4]
Colorado Railcar 330 mpg 470 mpg
Neighborhood electric vehicle 260 mpg[5] 870 mpg
GM EV1 Electric Car (recalled) 260 mpg[6] 400 mpg[7]
BART commuter train 244 mpg[8] 520 mpg
Walking 235 mpg
Clean Air Express (bus),
Santa Barbara, CA, USA		 230 mpg 330 mpg
Airplane 67 mpg[9] 85 mpg
Toyota Prius (hybrid vehicle) 60 mpg[10] 230 mpg[11]
Amtrak intercity rail 44 mpg[12] 800 mpg
[citation needed]
Automobile (avg US)
 36 mpg[13] 92 mpg
Commercial airline 29 mpg[9] 48 mpg
Hydrogen automobile
 25 mpg [14] 64 mpg [15]
Steamship 12 mpg 17 mpg[16]
Helicopter 4 mpg 20 mpg

This page describes fuel efficiency in means of transportation. For the environmental impact assessment of a given product or service throughout its lifespan, see life cycle assessment. Police officer on a bicycle Cycling is a means of transport, a form of recreation and a sport. ... Combino Tram in Basel Combino tram in PoznaÅ„ on PST line Combino D1 class in Melbourne The Combino is a low floor tram produced by Siemens Transportation Systems (formerly Duewag). ... For the group of heart conditions referred to as TGV, see Transposition of the great vessels. ... Colorado Railcar is a manufacturer of railroad rolling stock. ... A Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (NEV) is an American term for a speed limited battery electric vehicle (usually 25 miles per hour in the U.S.A.) restricted by law to operation on roads with speed limits not exceeding 35 MPH. Often such vehicles are not built from scratch but instead... EV1 redirects here. ... A westbound BART train with aerodynamic design A car in downtown San Francisco. ... Commuting is the process of travelling from a place of residence to a place of work. ... Human-powered transport is transport of person(s) and/or goods powered by human muscle. ... Autobus redirects here. ... Nickname: Location in Santa Barbara County and the state of California Coordinates: , Country State County Santa Barbara Government  - Mayor Marty Blum Area  - Total 41. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Fixed-wing aircraft is a term used to refer to what are more commonly known as aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada) or airplanes in North American English. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius [ˈpri. ... For other types of hybrid transportation, see Hybrid vehicle (disambiguation). ... Vermonter at the Brattleboro, Vermont, station, 18 March 2004. ... Car redirects here. ... Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from General Motors Filler neck for hydrogen of a BMW, Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany Tank for liquid hydrogen of Linde, Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its on-board fuel for motive power. ... Paddle steamers - Lucerne-Switzerland Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. ... For other uses, see Helicopter (disambiguation). ... Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. ... For the movement of people or objects, see transport. ... An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is an assessment of the likely influence a project may have on the environment. ... This article is about a term used in economics. ... A life cycle assessment (also known as life cycle analysis, life cycle inventory, ecobalance, cradle-to-grave-analysis, well-to-wheel analysis, and dust-to-dust energy cost) is the assessment of the environmental impact of a given product or service throughout its lifespan. ...

Contents

Caveats


This section does not cite any references or sources. (March 2008)
Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
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Please improve this article if you can. (March 2008)

Comparing Fuel efficiency in transportation is a bit like comparing apples and oranges in some ways. Here are a few things to consider. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

  • There is a distinction between vehicle MPGe and passenger MPGe. Most of these entries cite passenger MPGe even if not explicitly stated.
  • Systems that re-use vehicles like trains and buses can't be directly compared to vehicles that get parked at their destination. They use energy to return (less full) for more passengers and must sometimes run on schedules and routes with little patronage. These factors greatly affect overall system efficiencies.
  • Most cars run at less than full capacity, with the usual average load being between 1 and 2. Cars are also subject to inefficiencies because of congestion and the need to negotiate road junctions.
  • Vehicles are not isolated systems. They usually form a part of larger systems whos design inherently determines energy consumption. Judging the value of transport systems by comparing the performance of their vehicles alone can be misleading. For instance, metro systems may have a poor energy efficiency per passenger kilometer, but their high throughput and low physical footprint makes the existence of high urban population densities viable. Total energy consumption per capita declines sharply as population density increases, since journeys become shorter.[17]

Miles per Gallon of Gasoline Equivalent (MPGe) is a unit of measurement that transfers the traditional unit of measurement for fuel efficiency (miles per gallon of gasoline) and the carbon emissions generated from obtaining to burning one gallon of gasoline (often referred to as well to wheel emissions) and compares... For battery powered passenger automobiles, see battery electric vehicle. ... A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. ... Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, that is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the earth’s crust. ... A rapid transit, underground, subway, tube, elevated, or metro(politan) system is a railway — usually in an urban area — with a high capacity and frequency of service, and grade separation from other traffic. ... Urban density is a term used in urban planning and urban design to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area. ... Energy consumption is a measure of the rate of energy use such as fuels or electricity. ...

Transportation modes

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Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Walking

  • Walking or running one kilometre requires approximately 70 kcal or 330 kJ of food energy [18]. This equates to about 1 L/100 km (235 MPGeUS) in terms of gasoline energy.

A calorie refers to a unit of energy. ... A kilojoule (abbreviation: kJ) is a unit of energy equal to 1000 joules. ... Food energy is the amount of energy in food that is available through digestion. ... Petrol redirects here. ...

Bicycling

  • Cycling requires about 120 kJ per km[18] which equates to approximately 0.4 L/100 km (653 MPGeUS).

For other uses, see Bicycle (disambiguation). ...

Automobiles

Main article: Fuel economy in automobiles
See also: Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors
  • Data from the Metropolitan Transport Commission for the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area, states an automobile occupancy rate of about 1.3 passengers per car.[19]
  • In 2006, the average occupancy for cars in the UK was 1.58.[20]
  • The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) state that the energy content of 1 U.S gallon of unleaded gasoline is 115,000 BTU, and that of 1 U.S. gallon of diesel is 130,500 BTU.[21]
  • Honda Insight was rated 70 mpg–U.S. (3.36 L/100 km / 84.1 mpg–imp) highway.[citation needed]
  • Toyota Prius - According to the U.S. EPA's revised estimates, the combined fuel consumption for the 2008 Prius is 46 mpg–U.S. (5.11 L/100 km / 55.2 mpg–imp),[25] making it the most fuel efficient U.S. car of 2008.[26] In the UK, the official fuel consumption figure (combined) for the Prius is 4.3 L/100 km (55 mpg–U.S. / 66 mpg–imp).[27]
  • The General Motors EV1 was rated in a test with a charging efficiency of 373 Wh-AC/mile or 0.6 kWh/100 km .[28]
  • The four passenger GEM NER also uses 169 Wh/mile or 0.3 kWh/100 km ,[29] which equates to 0.1 kWh/100 km for four passengers, albeit at only 24 mph (39 km/h).
  • Since hydrogen is no more a source of energy than electricity is, the 50-70% efficiency of producing hydrogen has to be combined with the vehicle efficiency, so for example a hydrogen vehicle which gets 8.7 L/100 km (27 MPGeUS) is actually getting only about 14.7 L/100 km (16 MPGeUS).[30]

Fuel economy monitor from a 2006 Honda Airwave Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of fuel required to move the automobile over a given distance. ... Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors describe techniques that drivers can use to optimize their automobile fuel economy. ... The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a unit of energy used in the Power, Steam Generation and Heating and Air Conditioning industry globally. ... Volkswagen Derby The Volkswagen Polo is a supermini manufactured by Volkswagen of Germany. ... The SEAT Ibiza is a supermini manufactured by the Volkswagen Group and sold under the SEAT brand. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius [ˈpri. ... EV1 redirects here. ... Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) is a market leader of NEVs, based in Fargo, North Dakota. ... A Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (NEV) is an American term for a speed limited battery electric vehicle (usually 25 miles per hour in the U.S.A.) restricted by law to operation on roads with speed limits not exceeding 35 MPH. Often such vehicles are not built from scratch but instead... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from General Motors Filler neck for hydrogen of a BMW, Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany Tank for liquid hydrogen of Linde, Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its on-board fuel for motive power. ...

Airplanes

  • Airbus state that their A380 consumes fuel at the rate of less than 3 L/100 km per passenger.[31] CNN reports that the fuel consumption figures provided by Airbus for the A380, given as 2.9 L/100 km per passenger, are "slightly misleading", because they assume a passenger count of 555, but do not allow for any luggage or cargo.[32] Typical occupancy figures are unknown at this time.
  • Passenger airplanes averaged 4.8 L/100 km per passenger (1.4 MJ/passenger-km) (49 passenger-miles per gallon) in 1998.[citation needed] Note that on average 20% of seats are left unoccupied. Aircraft efficiencies are improving: Between 1960 and 2000 there has been a 70% overall fuel efficiency gain. [33]
  • NASA and Boeing are conducting test on a 500 lb. "blended wing" aircraft. This design allows for greater fuel efficiency since the whole craft produces lift, not just the wings.[34]
  • The Sikorsky S-76C++ twin turbine helicopter gets about 1.65 mpg at 140 kn and carries 12 for about 19.8 passenger-miles/gal.[citation needed]

The Airbus A380 manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. is a double-decker, four engined airliner capable of flying 800 passengers in a high density format or 555 passengers in a typical three-class configuration. ...

Ships

  • Cunard state that their liner, the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, travels 49.5 ft (15.1 m) per 1 imperial gallon (4.546 l) of diesel oil, and that it has a passenger capacity of 1777.[35] From those figures, fuel consumption can be calculated as 0.009375 miles per imperial gallon (30,130 L/100 km). Carrying 1777 passengers, that equates to 16.7 miles per imperial gallon (16.9 L/100 km) per passenger.

The Cunard Line, formerly Cunard White Star Line, is a British cruise line, operator of ocean liners RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) and RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2). ... RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth. ...

Trains

  • Freight: the AAR claims an energy efficiency of over 400 short ton-miles per gallon of diesel fuel in 2004[36] (0.588 L/100 km per tonne or 235 J/(km·kg))
  • a 1997 EC study[38] on page 74 claims 18.00 kWh/train-km for the TGV Duplex assuming 3 intermediate stops between Paris and Lyon. This equates to 64.80 MJ/train-km. With 80% of the 545 seats filled on average [39] this is 0.15 MJ/passenger-km.
  • Actual train consumption depends on gradients, maximum speeds and stopping patterns. Data was produced for the European MEET project (Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions) and illustrates the different consumption patterns over several track sections. The results show the consumption for a German ICE High speed train varied between around 19Kwh/km to 33 Kwh/km. The data also reflects the weight of the train per passenger. For example, the TGV double-deck ‘Duplex’ trains use lightweight materials in order to keep axle loads down and reduce damage to track, this saves considerable energy. [40]
  • A Siemens study of Combino light rail vehicles in service in Basel, Switzerland over 56 days showed net consumption of 1.53 kWh/vehicle-km, or 5.51 MJ/vehicle-km. Average passenger load was estimated to be 65 people, resulting in average energy efficiency of 0.085 MJ/passenger-km. The Combino in this configuration can carry as many as 180 with standees. 41.6% of the total energy consumed was recovered through regenerative braking.[41]
  • A trial of a Colorado Railcar double-deck DMU hauling two Bombardier Bi-level coaches found fuel consumption to be 128 US gallons for 144 miles, or 1.125 mpg. The DMU has 92 seats, the coaches typically have 162 seats, for a total of 416 seats. With all seats filled the efficiency would be 468 passenger-mpg, with 70%[citation needed] filled the efficiency would be 328 passenger-mpg.[42]
  • Note that intercity rail in the U.S. reports 3.17 MJ/passenger-km which is several times higher than reported from Japan. Independent transportation researcher David Lawyer attributes this difference to the fact that the losses in electricity generation may not have been taken into account for Japan[43] and that Japanese trains have a larger number of passengers per car. [44]
  • Modern electric trains like the shinkansen use regenerative braking to return current into the catenary while they brake. This method results in significant energy savings, where-as diesel locomotives (in use on unelectrified railway networks) typically dispose of the energy generated by dynamic braking as heat into the ambient air.[citation needed]
  • This Swiss Railroad company SBB-CFF-FFS cites 0.082 kWh per passenger-km for traction.[45]
  • AEA carried out a detailed study of road and rail for the United Kingdom Department for Transport. Final report
  • Amtrak reports 2005 energy use of 2,935 BTU per passenger-mile[46], or 39 passenger-miles per gallon
  • The Passenger Rail (Urban and Intercity) and Scheduled Intercity and All Charter Bus Industries Technological and Operational Improvements - FINAL REPORT states that "Commuter operations can dissipate more than half of their total traction energy in braking for stops." and that "We estimate hotel power to be 35 percent (but it could possibly be as high as 45 percent) of total energy consumed by commuter railways." [47] Having to accelerate and decelerate a heavy train load of people at every stop is inefficient despite regenerative braking which can recover typically around 20% of the energy wasted in braking.

A World War II era print advertisement for the Association of American Railroads (AAR). ... Yamanote Line, Tokyo JR Yamanote Line train in Tokyo, Japan Above Yurakucho in Tokyo East Japan Railway Company (東日本旅客鉄道 Higashi-Nihon Ryokyaku Tetsudo or JR東日本; JR Higashi-Nihon) (TYO: 9020) is a Japanese private railroad company, the largest passenger railway company in the world and one of the seven JR companies. ... Berlaymont, the Commissions seat The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. ... A Duplex power car The TGV Duplex is a French high-speed train of the TGV family, operated by SNCF, the French national railway company. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... This article is about the French city. ... For the group of heart conditions referred to as TGV, see Transposition of the great vessels. ... Siemens redirects here. ... Combino Tram in Basel Combino tram in PoznaÅ„ on PST line Combino D1 class in Melbourne The Combino is a low floor tram produced by Siemens Transportation Systems (formerly Duewag). ... Basel (English traditionally: Basle [ba:l], German: Basel [ba:z@l], French Bâle [ba:l], Italian Basilea [bazilE:a]) is Switzerlands third most populous city (188,000 inhabitants in the canton of Basel-City as of 2004; the 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate... Colorado Railcar is a manufacturer of railroad rolling stock. ... DMU, type SA108 of Great Poland Voivodship in PoznaÅ„, Poland The Transwa Prospector DEMU capable of up to 200 km/h provides a passenger service between Perth, Western Australia and the mining town of Kalgoorlie A Diesel Multiple Unit or DMU is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages... A BiLevel coach in service with Torontos GO Transit. ... For the record label, see Shinkansen Records. ... Regenerative braking is any technology which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would otherwise be lost to heat when braking. ... The overhead lines of a Swiss Federal Railways track. ... A modern Diesel locomotive. ... Swiss Federal Railways (German: SBB, Schweizerische Bundesbahnen; French: CFF, Chemins de fer fédéraux suisses; Italian: FFS, Ferrovie federali svizzere; Romansh: Viafiers federalas svizras; the abbreviations VFS (Romansh) and SFR (English) are not in official use) is the national railway company of Switzerland headquartered in Berne. ... Regenerative braking is any technology which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would otherwise be lost to heat when braking. ...

Buses

  • In July 2005, the average occupancy for buses in the UK was stated to be 9.[48]
  • The fleet of 244 1982 New Flyer 40 foot trolley buses in local service with BC Transit in Vancouver, BC, Canada in 1994/95 consumed 35454170 kWh for 12966285 vehicle-km, or 9.84 MJ/vehicle-km. Exact ridership on trolleybuses is not known, but with all 34 seats filled this would equate to 0.32 MJ/passenger-km. It is quite common to see standees on Vancouver trolleybuses. Note that this is a local transit service with many stops per km; part of the reason for the efficiency is the use of regenerative braking.
  • A diesel bus commuter service in Santa Barbara, CA, USA found average diesel bus efficiency of 6.0 mpg (using MCI 102DL3 buses). With all 55 seats filled this equates to 330 passenger-mpg, with 70% filled the efficiency would be 231 passenger-mpg.[49]
  • Most of the Fung Wah buses from Boston to New York are full. In June their bargain fare of $15 will be matched by two companies offering $1, $1.50, and even free at first.[50]

New Flyer Industries is the leading bus manufacturer in North America, headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba. ... A trolleybus in Arnhem An electric trolleybus (also known as trolley bus or trackless trolley or simply trolley) is a bus powered by two overhead electric wires, from which the bus draws electricity using two trolley poles. ... BC Transit is a provincial crown agency responsible for coordinating the delivery of public transportation within British Columbia, Canada, outside of Greater Vancouver. ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location in Santa Barbara County and the state of California Coordinates: , Country State County Santa Barbara Government  - Mayor Marty Blum Area  - Total 41. ... Motor Coach Industries International Inc. ... Fung Wah Bus Transportation Inc. ...

Rockets

  • The NASA space shuttle over 8.5 minutes consumes 1,000,000 kg of solid propellant (containing 16% aluminum fuel) and 2,000,000 litres of liquid propellant (106,261 kg of liquid hydrogen fuel) to take the 100,000 kg vehicle (including the 25,000 kg payload) to an altitude of 111 km and an orbital velocity of 30,000 km/h. With an energy density of 31MJ per kg for aluminum and 143 MJ/kg for liquid hydrogen, this means that the vehicle starts with 5 TJ of solid propellant and 15 TJ of hydrogen fuel.
  • In orbit, at 200 km the vehicle moves at about 7.8 km/s and hence has a kinetic energy of about 3 TJ and a potential energy of roughly 200 GJ. Given the initial energy of 20 TJ, the Space Shuttle is about 16% energy efficient at launching the orbiter and payload, about 4% if just the payload is considered.
  • In terms of distance, the space shuttle Atlantis flew approximately 8 million kilometres on the STS-115 mission, so used 0.125 kg of solid propellant and 0.25 of a litre of liquid propellant per kilometre. In relation to the largest ground distance of 20,000 km, usage is 50 kg of solid propellant and 100 litres of liquid propellant per kilometre.

For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... This article is about the space vehicle. ... Liquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. ... This article is about velocity in physics. ... Space Shuttle Orbiter Atlantis (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-104) is one of the fleet of space shuttles belonging to the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). ... STS-115 was the first Space Shuttle assembly mission to the International Space Station after the Columbia disaster, following the two successful Return to Flight missions, STS-114 and STS-121. ...

International transport comparisons

UK Public transport

Rail and bus are generally required to serve 'off peak' and rural services, which by their nature have lower loads than city bus routes and inter city train lines. Moreover, due to their 'walk on' ticketing it is much harder to match daily demand and passenger numbers. As a consequence, the overall load factor on UK railways is 33% or 90 people per train [51]:


Conversely, Air services work on point-to-point networks between large population centres and are 'pre-book' in nature. Using Yield management overall loads can be raised to around 70-90%. However, recently intercity train operators have been using similar techniques, with loads reaching typically 71% overall for TGV services in France and a similar figure for the UK's Virgin trains services. [52] Yield management, also known as revenue management, is the process of understanding, anticipating and reacting to consumer behaviour in order to maximize revenue or profits. ... For the group of heart conditions referred to as TGV, see Transposition of the great vessels. ... Virgin Trains is a train operating company in the United Kingdom, which currently provides services from London Euston to the North West, West Midlands and Scotland on the West Coast Main Line. ...


For emmisions, the electricity generating source needs to be taken into account. Up to date figures for the UK can be found here:


http://www.atoc-comms.org/admin/userfiles/Energy%20&%20Emissions%20Statement%20-%20web%20version.pdf


US Passenger transportation

The US Transportation Energy Data Book states the following figures for Passenger transportation in 2004: [9]

Transport mode Average passengers
per vehicle		 Efficiency
per passenger
Vanpool 6.4 1,294 BTU/mi 2.6 L/100 km (89 MPGeUS)
Motorcycles 1.1 2,272 BTU/mi 4.6 L/100 km (51 MPGeUS)
Rail (Commuter) 32.9 2,569 BTU/mi 5.3 L/100 km (45 MPGeUS)
Rail (Transit Light & Heavy) 22.4 2,750 BTU/mi 5.6 L/100 km (42 MPGeUS)
Rail (Intercity Amtrak) 17.9 2,760 BTU/mi 5.6 L/100 km (42 MPGeUS)
Cars 1.57 3,496 BTU/mi 7.2 L/100 km (33 MPGeUS)
Air 90.4 3,959 BTU/mi 8.1 L/100 km (29 MPGeUS)
Buses (Transit) 8.7 4,318 BTU/mi 8.8 L/100 km (27 MPGeUS)
Personal Trucks 1.72 4,329 BTU/mi 8.9 L/100 km (27 MPGeUS)

Miles per Gallon of Gasoline Equivalent (MPGe) is a unit of measurement that transfers the traditional unit of measurement for fuel efficiency (miles per gallon of gasoline) and the carbon emissions generated from obtaining to burning one gallon of gasoline (often referred to as well to wheel emissions) and compares... Vermonter at the Brattleboro, Vermont, station, 18 March 2004. ...

US Freight transportation

The US Transportation Energy book states the following figures for Freight transportation in 2004: [9] [53] [54]

Transportation mode Fuel consumption
BTU per short ton mile kJ per tonne kilometre
Class 1 Railroads 341 246
Domestic Waterbourne 510 370
Heavy Trucks 3,357 2,426
Air freight (aprox) 9,600 6,900

Footnotes

  1. ^ 114100 btu/gallon / (17575 kWh / 6633 km) * 65 passengers
  2. ^ 114100 btu/gallon / (17575 kWh / 6633 km)* 180 passengers
  3. ^ 114100 btu/gallon / 64.80 megajoules/km * 436 passengers
  4. ^ 114100 btu/gallon / 64.80 megajoules/km * 545 passengers
  5. ^ 169 Wh/mile / 114,100 btu/gallon * 1.3 passengers
  6. ^ 114100 btu/gallon / 168 Wh/mile * 1.3 passengers
  7. ^ 114100 btu/gallon / 168 Wh/mile * 2 passengers
  8. ^ http://www.bart.gov/news/features/features20040729.asp
  9. ^ a b c d [http://cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb26/Edition26_Chapter02.pdf Transportation Energy Data Book, 2007]
  10. ^ Compare Old and New EPA MPG Estimates 46 * 1.3=60
  11. ^ 46 mpg * 5 passengers
  12. ^ 130500 btu/gallon / 2,935 btu/mile
  13. ^ US fleet mileage averages 23 mpg, occupancy avg is 1.57
  14. ^ 27 mpgge * 60% * 1.57 passengers
  15. ^ 27 mpgge * 60% * 4 passengers
  16. ^ 49.5 ft/gal * 1770 passengers
  17. ^ Newman, Peter; Jeffrey R. Kenworthy (1999). Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence. Island Press. ISBN 1559636602. 
  18. ^ a b Energy expenditure for walking and running
  19. ^ MTC - Maps and Data
  20. ^ Transport trends: current edition. UK Department for Transport (2008-01-08). Retrieved on 2008-03-23.
  21. ^ Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
  22. ^ Best on CO2 rankings. UK Department for Transport. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
  23. ^ Vehicle details for Polo 3 / 5 Door (from NOV 06 Wk 45>) 1.4 TDI (80PS) (without A/C) with DPF BLUEMOTION M5. UK Vehicle Certification Agency. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
  24. ^ Vehicle details for Ibiza ( from NOV 06 Wk 45 > ) 1.4 TDI 80PS Ecomotion M5. UK Vehicle Certification Agency. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
  25. ^ 2008 Toyota Prius. EPA. Retrieved on 2007-12-25.
  26. ^ 2008 Most and Least Fuel Efficient Vehicles (ranked by city mpg). United States Environmental Protection Agency and United States Department of Energy. Retrieved on 2007-12-25.
  27. ^ Vehicle details for Prius 1.5 VVT-i Hybrid E-CVT. UK Vehicle Certification Agency. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
  28. ^ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/avta/pdfs/fsev/eva_results/ev1_eva.pdf
  29. ^ NEV America U.S. Dept. of Energy Field Operations Program - 2005 Global Electronic Motorcars e4 4-Passenger
  30. ^ Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Vehicle Testing Activities
  31. ^ The A380: The future of flying. Airbus. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
  32. ^ Matthew Knight. "Green light for the new A380", CNN.com, Cable News Network, 2007-10-26. Retrieved on 2008-03-23. 
  33. ^ National Aerospace Laboratory
  34. ^ Ecogeek Article
  35. ^ Queen Elizabeth 2: Technical Information. Cunard Line. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  36. ^ Railroads: Building a Cleaner Environment, Association of American Railroads
  37. ^ Environmental Goals and Results, JR-East Sustainability Report 2005
  38. ^ Estimating Emissions from Railway Traffic
  39. ^ European Environment Agency Occupancy Rates, page 3
  40. ^ Commission for integrated transport, Short haul air v High speed rail
  41. ^ Combino - Low Floor Light Rail Vehicles Tests, Trials and Tangible Results
  42. ^ Colorado Railcar: "DMU Performs Flawlessly on Tri-Rail Service Test"
  43. ^ Fuel Efficiency of Travel in the 20th Century, Appendix
  44. ^ Fuel Efficiency of Travel in the 20th Century
  45. ^ SBB Environmental Report 2002/2003
  46. ^ Amtrak - Inside Amtrak - News & Media - Energy Efficient Travel
  47. ^ Bus and Rail Final Report
  48. ^ Passenger Transport (Fuel Consumption). Hansard. UK House of Commons (2005-07-20). Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
  49. ^ Demonstration of Caterpillar C-10 Duel-Fuel Engines in MCI 102DL3 Commuter Buses
  50. ^ Rediscovering the bus
  51. ^ [1] ATOC
  52. ^ Delivering a sustainable railway White paper, p43
  53. ^ [http://yosemite.epa.gov/gw/StatePolicyActions.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/MSTY5Q4MSV?OpenDocument US Environmental protection, 2006]
  54. ^ EIA

In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport is the government department responsible for the transport network. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport is the government department responsible for the transport network. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A World War II era print advertisement for the Association of American Railroads (AAR). ... Yamanote Line, Tokyo JR Yamanote Line train in Tokyo, Japan Above Yurakucho in Tokyo East Japan Railway Company (東日本旅客鉄道 Higashi-Nihon Ryokyaku Tetsudo or JR東日本; JR Higashi-Nihon) (TYO: 9020) is a Japanese private railroad company, the largest passenger railway company in the world and one of the seven JR companies. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

The ACEA agreement refers to a voluntary agreement between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) and the European Commission to limit the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by passenger cars sold in Europe. ... Alternative propulsion is a term used frequently for power train concepts differing to the standard internal combustion engine concept used in gasoline- or diesel-fueled vehicles. ... The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by Congress in 1975,[1] are federal regulations intended to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) sold in the US in the wake of the 1973 Arab... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. ... Fuel economy monitor from a 2006 Honda Airwave Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of fuel required to move the automobile over a given distance. ... Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. ... A Gas-guzzler commonly refers to a vehicle that gets poor fuel economy. ... A low-energy vehicle is any type of vehicle that uses less energy than a regular vehicle. ... Fuel efficiency sometimes means the same as thermal efficiency, that is, the efficiency of converting energy contained in a carrier fuel to kinetic energy or work. ...

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