The C₆₀ fullerene in crystalline form

Fullerites are the solid-state manifestation of fullerenes and related compounds and materials. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (614x601, 336 KB) Beschreibung: C60 Buckminister Fulleren, kristallin aus der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Fotograf: Gschnaller Jochen Source: German Wikipedia, original upload Dez 2004 by Moebius1 (selfmade) File links The following pages link to this file: Fullerene ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (614x601, 336 KB) Beschreibung: C60 Buckminister Fulleren, kristallin aus der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Fotograf: Gschnaller Jochen Source: German Wikipedia, original upload Dez 2004 by Moebius1 (selfmade) File links The following pages link to this file: Fullerene ... The fullerenes, discovered in 1985 by researchers at Rice University, are a family of carbon allotropes named after Richard Buckminster Fuller and are sometimes called buckyballs. ... The fullerenes, discovered in 1985 by researchers at Rice University, are a family of carbon allotropes named after Richard Buckminster Fuller and are sometimes called buckyballs. ...

Types of fullerite

Polymerized single walled nanotubes (P-SWNT) are a class of fullerites and are comparable to diamond in terms of hardness. However, due to the way that nanotubes intertwine, P-SWNTs don't have the corresponding crystal lattice that makes it possible to cut diamonds neatly. This same structure results in a less brittle material, as any impact that the structure sustains is spread out throughout the material. Because nanotubes are still very expensive to produce in useful quantities^{[citation needed]}, uses for a material lighter and stronger than steel will have to wait until nanotube production becomes more economically viable. A polymer is a long, repeating chain of atoms, formed through the linkage of many molecules called monomers. ... 3D model of three types of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation. ... Look up Nanotube in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Ultrahard fullerite

Scratch caused by ultrahard fullerite on diamond

Ultrahard fullerite (C₆₀) is a form of carbon which has been found to be harder than diamond, and which can be used to create even harder materials, such as aggregated diamond nanorods. Download high resolution version (809x439, 41 KB)From http://www. ... Download high resolution version (809x439, 41 KB)From http://www. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Standard atomic weight 12. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are an allotrope of carbon believed to be the least compressible material known to humankind, as measured by its isothermal bulk modulus; aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa. ...

Specifically, it is a unique version of fullerene (which is a class of spherical, ellipsoidal, or tubular carbon molecules) with three-dimensional polymer bonds. This should not be confused with P-SWNT fullerite, which is also a polymerized version of fullerene. It has been shown^[1][2] that when testing diamond hardness with a scanning force microscope of specific construction, ultrahard fullerite can scratch diamond. In turn, using more accurate measurements, these values are now known for the hardness of diamond. A Type IIa diamond (111) has a hardness value of 167±6 gigapascals (GPa) when scratched with an ultrahard fullerite tip (the hardness of a substance can only be tested properly with a harder substance). A Type IIa diamond (111) has a hardness value of 231±5 GPa when scratched with a diamond tip; this leads to hypothetically inflated values. The fullerenes, discovered in 1985 by researchers at Rice University, are a family of carbon allotropes named after Richard Buckminster Fuller and are sometimes called buckyballs. ... In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation. ... Topographic scan of a glass surface The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a very high-resolution type of scanning probe microscope, with demonstrated resolution of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... The gigapascal, symbol GPa is an SI unit of pressure. ...

Ultrahard fullerite has a hardness value of 310 GPa, though the actual value may range ±40 GPa, since testing done using an ultrahard fullerite tip on ultrahard fullerite will lead to, like diamond on diamond, distorted values. It is thought that beta carbon nitride will have a hardness value, if harder than diamond, less than that of ultrahard fullerite. A diagram of (β-C3N4) Beta carbon nitride (β-C3N4) is a theoretical material, derived from theories on crystalline structure. ...

C₆₀ has also been used to create an even harder material: aggregated diamond nanorods^[3]. Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are an allotrope of carbon believed to be the least compressible material known to humankind, as measured by its isothermal bulk modulus; aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa. ...

See also

• Carbon nanotube

3D model of three types of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ...

References

1. ^ Nano-sclerometry measurements of superhard materials and diamond hardness using scanning force microscope with the ultrahard fullerite C60 tip
2. ^ Ultrahard and superhard phases of fullerite C60: comparison with diamond on hardness and wear
3. ^ Diamonds lose 'world's hardest' title

External links

• Introduction to fullerites
• Introduction to P-SWNT