NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Functional genomics

Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects) to describe gene (and protein!) functions and interactions. Unlike genomics and proteomics, functional genomics focus on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, and protein-protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. I think the tag is its a DNA microarray! http://science. ... I think the tag is its a DNA microarray! http://science. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... Genome projects are scientific endeavours that aim to map the genome of a living being or of a species (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus), that is, the complete set of genes caried by this living being or virus. ... For other meanings of this term, see gene (disambiguation). ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Genomics is the study of an organisms entire genome. ... TECAN Genesis 2000 robot preparing Ciphergen SELDI-TOF protein chips for proteomic pattern analysis. ... Transcription is the process through which a DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary RNA. Or, in other words, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA. In the case of protein-encoding DNA, transcription is the beginning of the process that ultimately... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine...

Fields of Application

Functional genomics includes function-related aspects of the genome itself such as mutation and polymorphism (such as SNP) analysis, as well as measurement of molecular activities. The latter comprise a number of "-omics" such as transcriptomics (gene expression), proteomics (protein expression), phosphoproteomics and metabolomics. Together these measurement modalities quantifies the various biological processes and powers the understanding of gene and protein functions and interactions. It has been suggested that mutant be merged into this article or section. ... In biology, polymorphism can be defined as the occurrence in the same habitat of two or more forms of a trait in such frequencies that the rarer cannot be maintained by recurrent mutation alone. ... A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism or SNP (pronounced snip) is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide - A, T, C, or G - in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species (or between paired chromosomes in an individual). ... The Transcriptome is the set of all mRNA molecules (or transcripts) in one or a population of biological cells for a given set of environmental circumstances. ... Gene expression, or simply expression, is the process by which a genes DNA sequence is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. ... TECAN Genesis 2000 robot preparing Ciphergen SELDI-TOF protein chips for proteomic pattern analysis. ... Protein expression is a subcomponent of gene expression. ... Phosphoproteomics is a branch of proteomics that identifies, catalogs, and characterizes proteins containing phosphate as a post-translational modification. ... Metabolomics is the systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind - specifically, the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles. ...

Frequently Used Techniques

Functional genomics uses mostly high-throughput techniques to characterize the abundance gene products such as mRNA and proteins. Some typical technology platforms are: The interaction of mRNA in a eukaryote cell. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...

Because of the large quantity of data produced by these techniques and the desire to find biologically meaningful patterns, bioinformatics is crucial to this type of analysis. Examples of techniques in this class are data clustering or principal component analysis for unsupervised machine learning (class detection) as well as artificial neural networks or support vector machines for supervised machine learning (class prediction, classification). Example of an approximately 40,000 probe spotted oligo microarray with enlarged inset to show detail. ... Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a technique used by molecular biologists to produce a snapshot of the messenger RNA population in a sample of interest. ... Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, commonly abbreviated as 2-DE or 2-D electrophoresis, is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to analyze proteins. ... Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or in common speech mass-spec) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... Clustering is the classification of objects into different groups, or more precisely, the partitioning of a data set into subsets (clusters), so that the data in each subset (ideally) share some common trait - often proximity according to some defined distance measure. ... In statistics, principal components analysis (PCA) is a technique that can be used to simplify a dataset; more formally it is a linear transformation that chooses a new coordinate system for the data set such that the greatest variance by any projection of the data set comes to lie on... As a broad subfield of artificial intelligence, Machine learning is concerned with the development of algorithms and techniques that allow computers to learn. At a general level, there are two types of learning: inductive, and deductive. ... An artificial neural network (ANN) or commonly just neural network (NN) is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a mathematical model or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. ... Support vector machines (SVMs) are a set of related supervised learning methods used for classification and regression. ... Statistical classification is a type of supervised learning problem in which labeled training data is used to create a function that will correctly predict the label of future data. ...

See also

Categories: Molecular biology | Genomics Systems biology is the study of the interactions between the components of a biological system, and how these interactions give rise to the function and behaviour of that system (for example, the enzymes and metabolites in a metabolic pathway)[1][2]. Typically, a cellular network is modelled mathematically. ... Structural genomics or structural bioinformatics refers to the analysis of macromolecular structure particularly proteins. ... Comparative genomics is the study of relationships between the genomes of different species or strains. ... Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmaceutics which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drugs efficacy or toxicity. ... Genomics is the study of an organisms entire genome. ... Genome projects are scientific endeavours that aim to map the genome of a living being or of a species (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus), that is, the complete set of genes caried by this living being or virus. ... // Overview Polyploid (in Greek: Ï€Î¿Î»Î»Î±Ï€Î»ÏŒÎ½ - multiple) cells or organisms contain more than two copies (ploidy) of their chromosomes. ... Glycomics, or glycobiology is a discipline of biology that deals with the structure and function of oligosaccharides (chains of sugars). ... The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project to de-code (i. ... TECAN Genesis 2000 robot preparing Ciphergen SELDI-TOF protein chips for proteomic pattern analysis. ... Chemogenomics can be defined as a genomic response to chemical compounds. ... Structural genomics or structural bioinformatics refers to the analysis of macromolecular structure particularly proteins. ... The terms pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics tend to be used interchangeably, and a precise, consensus definition of either remains elusive. ... Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmaceutics which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drugs efficacy or toxicity. ... Toxicogenomics is a form of analysis by which the activity of a particular toxin or chemical substance on living tissue can be identified based upon a profiling of its known effects on genetic material. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics) is the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. ... Systems biology is the study of the interactions between the components of a biological system, and how these interactions give rise to the function and behaviour of that system (for example, the enzymes and metabolites in a metabolic pathway)[1][2]. Typically, a cellular network is modelled mathematically. ...