The requiem, also known formally as the Mass of Requiem or Requiem Mass, is a liturgical service of the Roman Catholic Church and its Eastern Rite. It is sometimes observed by other denominations of Christianity in other forms such as the Church of England and Eastern Orthodoxy. Usually in reference to a mass presided by an ordained priest and deacon, it is in the Latin language the Missa pro Defunctis or Mass for the Defunct. From the Greek word λειτουργια, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning the work of the people, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), a daily activity such... The Roman Catholic Church is the largest Christian body in the world. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... ... Then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) presiding at the 2005 Easter Vigil Mass in place of the dying Pope John Paul II. Mass is the term used of the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin rites of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Holy Orders in the modern Roman Catholic Church and in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and Independent Catholic Churches, includes three degrees: bishop, priest, and deacon. ... Roman Catholic priest LCDR Allen R. Kuss (USN) aboard USS Enterprise A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... Deacon is a role in the Christian Church which is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. ... Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

The requiem is also the title of various musical compositions used in such liturgical services or as concert pieces. Various sacred texts found in Roman Catholic ritual and worship were translated into hymns accompanied by music. While such prayers in mass like the Introit and Gradual change according to the Calendar of Saints, requiem lyrics are fixed. Such musical compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service. Its dramatic character appealed to composers which created the requiem into a genre of its own. A ritual is a formalised, predetermined set of symbolic actions generally performed in a particular environment at a regular, recurring interval. ... Worship usually refers to specific acts of religious praise, honour, or devotion, typically directed to a supernatural being such as a god or goddess. ... A hymn is a song specifically written as a song of praise, adoration or prayer, typically addressed to a god. ... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Music Look up Music in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikisource, as part of the 1911 Encyclopedia Wikiproject, has original text related to this article: Music Wikicities has a wiki about Music: Music Music City : a collaborative music database All Music Guide... The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organising a liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more saints, and referring to the day as the saints day of that saint. ...

For other uses of the term requiem, see requiem (disambiguation). Requiem is in reference to several articles on Wikipedia: Requiem in liturgy and music Requiem in chess engines The Requiem, a composition by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. ...

The Roman Catholic service

This use of the word requiem comes from the opening words of the Introit: Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine, et lux perpetua luceat eis. (Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, and may everlasting light shine upon them.) The requiem mass differs from the ordinary mass in omitting certain joyful passages such as the Alleluia, and by the addition of various hymns such as the Dies Iræ. The introit (Latin: introitus, entrance) is part of the opening of the celebration of the Mass. ... Dies Iræ (Day of Wrath) is a famous Latin hymn written by Thomas of Celano. ...

The regular texts of the musical portions to be found in the Roman Catholic liturgy, laid down at the Tridentine Council, are the following: The Council of Trent (Italian: Trento) was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in discontinuous sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Protestant Reformation. ...

• Introit:

Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine, et lux perpetua luceat eis. Te decet hymnus Deus, in Sion, et tibi reddetur votum in Ierusalem. Exaudi orationem meam; ad te omnis caro veniet.

("Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, and may everlasting light shine upon them. A hymn becometh thee, O God, in Zion, and unto thee a vow shall be repaid in Jerusalem. Hear my prayer; unto thee all flesh shall come.")

• Kyrie eleison, as the Kyrie the Ordinary of the Mass:

Kyrie eleison; Christe eleison; Kyrie eleison (Κυριε ελεησον; Χριστε ελεησον; Κυριε ελεησον).

This is Greek for "Lord have mercy on us; Christ, have mercy on us; Lord, have mercy on us." Traditionally each utterance is sung three times.

• Gradual:

Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine; In memoria æterna erit iustus ab auditione mala non timebit.

("Grant them eternal rest, O Lord. He shall be justified in everlasting memory, and shall not fear evil reports.")

• Tract:

Absolve Domine animas omnium fidelium defunctorum ab omno vinculo delictorum et gratia tua illis succurente mereantur evadere iudicium ultionis, et lucis æterne beatitudine perfrui.

("Forgive, O Lord, the souls of all the faithful departed from all the chains of their sins and may they deserve to avoid the judgment of revenge by your fostering grace, and enjoy the blessedness of everlasting light.")

• Sequence: Dies iræ, dies illa (See Dies Iræ for full text)
• Offertory:

Domine, Iesu Christe, Rex gloriæ, libera animas omnium fidelium defunctorum de poenis inferni et de profundo lacu. Libera eas de ore leonis, ne absorbeat eas tartarus, ne cadant in obscurum; sed signifer sanctus Michael repræsentet eas in lucem sanctam, quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et semini eius.

("Lord Jesus Christ, King of glory, free the souls of all the faithful departed from infernal punishment and the deep pit. Free them from the mouth of the lion; do not let Tartarus swallow them, nor let them fall into darkness; but may the sign-bearer, St Michael, lead them into the holy light which you promised to Abraham and his seed.")

Hostias et preces tibi, Domine, laudis offerimus; tu suscipe pro animabus illis, quarum hodie memoriam facimus. Fac eas, Domine, de morte transire ad vitam. Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et semini eius.

("O Lord, we offer you sacrifices and prayers in praise; accept them on behalf of the souls whom we remember today. Make them pass over from death to life, as you promised Abraham and his seed.")

• Sanctus, as the Sanctus prayer in the Ordinary of the Mass:

Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Domine Deus Sabaoth; pleni sunt coeli et terra gloria tua.

("Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Hosts; Heaven and earth are full of Thy glory").

Hosanna in excelsis.

("Hosanna in the highest").

Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.

("Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord").

Hosanna in excelsis. (reprise)

• Agnus Dei, text as the Agnus Dei in the Ordinary of the Mass, but with the petitions miserere nobis changed to dona eis requiem, and dona nobis pacem to dona eis requiem sempiternam:

Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona eis requiem,

Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona eis requiem,

Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona eis requiem sempiternam.

("Lamb of God, who takest away the sins of the world, grant them rest, ... grant them rest eternal.").

• Communion:

Lux æterna luceat eis, Domine, cum sanctis tuis in æternum, quia pius es. Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine; et lux perpetua luceat eis.

("May everlasting light shine upon them, O Lord, with thy saints in eternity, for thou art merciful. Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, and may everlasting light shine upon them.")

As with penitential seasons for the regular mass, the Gloria (from the Ordinary) and Alleluia (from the Proper) are omitted in the Requiem as well, as these are viewed as being overly joyful texts (the Alleluia being replaced by the Tract). Likewise, the Credo (sometimes omitted from the Ordinary of the Mass) is not used in the Requiem. The Dies irae has been rendered optional in the Requiem since the Second Vatican Council. Zion or Tzion (צִיּוֹן Height, Standard Hebrew Ẓiyyon, Tiberian Hebrew á¹¢iyyôn; Arabic صهيون á¹¢uhyÅ«n) originally was the specific name given to a Jebusite fortress near modern-day Jerusalem that was conquered by David. ... Jerusalem (31°46′ N 35°14′ E; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushalayim; Arabic: القدس al-Quds; see also names of Jerusalem) is an ancient Middle Eastern city of key importance to the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ... Kyrie is the vocative case of the Greek word κύριος (kyrios - lord) and means O Lord. ... This article discusses the Mass as a standard form of classical music composition. ... Dies Iræ (Day of Wrath) is a famous Latin hymn written by Thomas of Celano. ... In Greek mythology, Tartarus, or Tartaros, is both a deity and a place in the underworld - even lower than Hades. ... Many sets of religious beliefs have a particular spirit, deity, demon or angel whose responsibility is to escort newly-deceased souls to the afterlife, such as Heaven or Hell. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Sta. ... Sanctus is the Latin word for holy, and is the name of an important hymn of Christian liturgy. ... This article discusses the Mass as a standard form of classical music composition. ... The Agnus Dei, the figure of a lamb bearing a cross, is a symbol of Jesus as the Lamb of God. ... This article discusses the Mass as a standard form of classical music composition. ... The Lamb of God is a chant of the Catholic mass. ... In general, the term Saint refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. ... While in the popular mind, eternity often simply means existing for an infinite, i. ...

Musical compositions

For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to Gregorian melodies. The first polyphonic setting is believed to have been composed by Ockeghem around 1460; his requiem is believed to predate another setting by the elder composer Dufay, but Dufay's setting is unfortunately lost. Many early requiems employ different texts that were in use in different liturgies around Europe before the Council of Trent set down the texts given above. The requiem of Brumel, circa 1500, is the first to include the Dies Iræ. Gregorian chant is also known as plainchant or plainsong, and is a form of monophonic, unaccompanied singing, which was developed in the Catholic church, mainly during the period 800-1000. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of several independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... Ockeghem (with glasses) and his singers Johannes Ockeghem (c. ... Dufay (left), with Gilles Binchois Guillaume Dufay (c. ... The Council of Trent (Italian: Trento) was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in discontinuous sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Protestant Reformation. ... Antoine Brumel (around 1460 – around or after 1515) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. ... Dies Iræ (Day of Wrath) is a famous Latin hymn written by Thomas of Celano. ...

Over 2000 requiems have been composed to the present day. Many of the Renaissance settings may be performed without instruments, or a cappella, whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a choir, and also include vocal soloists. There is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is set to music: many composers omit the Gradual; one school of French composers (led by Fauré) omitted the Dies iræ, while the very same text had often been set by French composers in previous centuries as a stand-alone work. Portrait with oils of Gabriel Fauré by John Singer Sargent, about 1889 (in the Paris Museum of Music) Gabriel Urbain Fauré (May 12, 1845 – November 4, 1924) was a French composer. ...

Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more movements; the Dies irae is most notable in this respect (as with Verdi, for instance). The Introit and Kyrie, being immediately adjacent in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement. By contrast, some composers omit sections of the Requiem text altogether.

Added movements

Some settings contain additional texts, such as the devotional motet Pie Iesu (in the settings of Fauré, Duruflé, and Lloyd Webber – Fauré set it as a soprano solo in the center). Libera me (with the absolution) and In paradisum (from the burial service, which in the case of a funeral follows after the mass) conclude some compositions. Other added movements have been composed as well, such as the English Psalms Out of the Deep and The Lord is My Shepherd included in John Rutter's setting. Maurice Duruflé (January 11, 1902–June 16, 1986) was a French composer and organist. ... Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born March 22, 1948) is a highly successful British composer of musical theatre. ... Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seafrom an edition with drawings by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou. ... John Rutter is also the name of a photographer. ...

Libera me

Libera me, Domine, de morte æterna, in die illa tremenda, quando coeli movendi sunt et terra. Dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem. Tremens factus sum ego et timeo, dum discussio venerit atque ventura ira. Dies iræ, dies illa, calamitatis et miseriæ, dies magna et amara valde. Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine: et lux perpetua luceat eis.

("Free me from eternal death upon that terrible day when heaven and earth shall be moved, when thou comest to judge the world with fire. I am afraid and trembling, on account of the coming judgment and wrath. That day is a day of wrath, of disaster and misery, a great and very bitter day. Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, and may everlasting light shine upon them.")

In paradisum

In paradisum deducant te Angeli; in tu adventu suscipiant te martyres, et perducant te in civitatem sanctam Ierusalem. Chorus angelorum te suscipiat, et cum Lazaro quondam paupere æternam habeas requiem.

("May angels lead you into Paradise; may the martyrs receive you at your coming and lead you to the holy city of Jerusalem. May a choir of angels receive you, and with Lazarus, who once was poor, may you have eternal rest.")

Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ... Resurrection of Lazarus by Juan de Flandes, around 1500. ...

Pie Jesu

The Pie Jesu combines paraphrases of the final verse of the Dies Iræ and the Agnus Dei. In a parody of a medieval geisslerlieder, the monks in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail chant the Pie Jesu while striking themselves with their books. In medieval music, the Geisslerlieder were the songs of the wandering bands of flagellants, who overspread Europe during two periods of mass hysteria: the first during the middle of the 13th century, and the second during the Black Death in 1349. ... Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a comedy film from 1975. ...

Pie Iesu Domine, dona eis requiem. Dona eis requiem sempiternam.

("O sweet Lord Jesus, grant them rest; grant them everlasting rest.")

Concert requiems

Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are effectively concert requiems, which by virtue of employing forces too large, or lasting such a considerable duration, prevent them being readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of Gossec, Berlioz, Verdi, and Dvořák are essentially dramatic concert oratorios. A counter-reaction to this tendency was the Cecilian movement, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic vocal soloists. François-Joseph Gossec (1734 — February 16, 1829) was a Belgian composer of operas, string quartets, symphonies, and choral works who worked in France. ... Portrait of Berlioz by Signol, 1832 Louis Hector Berlioz (December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869) was a French Romantic composer best known for the Symphonie fantastique, first performed in 1830, and for his Grande Messe des morts (Requiem) of 1837, with its tremendous resources that include four antiphonal brass choirs. ... Giuseppe Verdi, by Giovanni Boldini, 1886 (National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome) Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (October 10, 1813 – January 27, 1901) was one of the great composers of Italian opera. ... Antonín Dvořák Antonín Leopold Dvořák  listen (September 8, 1841 – May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer of classical music. ... An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus. ...

Non-Catholic requiems

Requiem is also used to describe any sacred composition that sets religious texts that would be appropriate at a funeral, or to describe such compositions for liturgies other than the Roman Catholic mass. Among the earliest examples of this type are the German requiems composed in the 17th century by Schütz and Praetorius, whose works are Lutheran adaptations of the Catholic requiem, and which provided inspiration for the mighty German Requiem by Brahms. A rather exhaustive list of requiem composers can be found on this site. Heinrich Schütz Heinrich Schütz (October 9, 1585 – November 6, 1672) was a German composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach and is often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi. ... Michael Praetorius (probably February 15, 1571 – February 15, 1621) was a German composer and writer on music. ... Ein deutsches Requiem (A German Requiem) is a large-scale choral work written by Johannes Brahms in 1868; it is Brahms Op. ... Johannes Brahms (May 7, 1833 – April 3, 1897) was a German composer of Romantic music, who predominantly lived in Vienna, Austria. ...

Such non-Catholic requiems would include:

• German Requiems
• English Requiems
• Hebrew Kaddish
• Greek Orthodox
• Russian Orthodox Panikhidia

Kaddish (קדיש) is a collective term, used to refer to a number of different but related prayers in Judaism, although by itself, the term is often used to refer specifically to The Mourners Kaddish. When mention is made of saying Kaddish, as part of the mourning rituals (sitting shiva) or...

Anglican burial service

The Anglican Book of Common Prayer contains seven texts which are collectively known as "funeral sentences"; several composers have written settings of these seven texts, which are generally known collectively as a "burial service." Composers who have set the Anglican burial service to music include Thomas Morley, Orlando Gibbons, and Henry Purcell. The text of these seven sentences, from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, is: The term Anglican (from the Angles or English) describes those people and churches following the religious traditions developed by the established Church of England. ... The Book of Common Prayer[1] is the prayer book of the Church of England and also the name for similar books used in other churches in the Anglican Communion. ... Thomas Morley (1557 or 1558 – October 1602) was an English composer, theorist, editor and organist of the Renaissance, and the foremost member of the English Madrigal School. ... Orlando Gibbons Orlando Gibbons (baptised December 25, 1583 – June 5, 1625) was an English composer and organist of the late Tudor and early Jacobean periods. ... Henry Purcell (September 10 (?), 1659 (?)–November 21, 1695), a Baroque composer, is generally considered to be one of Englands greatest composers — indeed, he has often been called Englands finest native composer. ... Events March 18 – Short-timed experiment of the first public buses holding 8 passengers begins in Paris May 3/May 2 - Catherine of Braganza marries Charles II of England – as part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay and Tangier to England May 9 - Samuel Pepys witnessed a Punch and Judy...

• I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.
• I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that he shalt stand at the latter day upon the earth. And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God: whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another.
• We brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the Name of the Lord.
• Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live, and is full of misery. He cometh up, and is cut down, like a flower; he fleeth as it were a shadow, and never continueth in one stay.
• In the midst of life we are in death: of whom may we seek for succour, but of thee, O Lord, who for our sins art justly displeased? Yet, O Lord God most holy, O Lord most mighty, O holy and most merciful Saviour, deliver us not into the bitter pains of eternal death.
• Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts; shut not thy merciful ears to our prayer; but spare us, Lord most holy, O God most mighty, O holy and merciful Saviour, thou most worthy judge eternal, suffer us not, at our last hour, for any pains of death, to fall from thee.
• I heard a voice from heaven, saying unto me, Write, From henceforth blessed are the dead which die in the Lord: even so saith the Spirit: for they rest from their labours.

20th century developments

In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. The genre of war requiems is perhaps the most notable, which comprise of compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These often include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the War Requiem of Benjamin Britten juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of Wilfred Owen, and Robert Steadman's Mass in Black intersperses environmental poetry and prophecies of Nostradamus. The several Holocaust requiems may be regarded as a specific subset of this type. The War Requiem is a requiem composed by Benjamin Britten for the reconsecration of Coventry Cathedral on May 30, 1962 following its destruction during World War II. A mourning song for the victims of war, Britten’s War Requiem is considered one of the great heartrending choral-orchestral works of... Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (November 22, 1913 – December 4, 1976) was a British composer, conductor and pianist. ... Wilfred Owen Wilfred Edward Salter Owen, MC (March 18, 1893 – November 4, 1918) was an English poet, particularly noted for his war poetry during the First World War. ... Robert Steadman is a prolific British composer, conductor and educationalist. ... By natural environment is meant the environment of nature, in contrast to some other environment or external milieu that is man-made (and thus, not natural). Within the biosphere, there exists no straight-forward way to separate what belongs to the natural environment and what does not, partly for the... Bust of Homer, one of the earliest European poets, in the British Museum Poetry (ancient Greek: ποιεω (poieo) = I create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... This article refers to the topic of prophecy as the purported telling of future events or supernatural revelations. ... Nostradamus, (December 14, 1503 – July 1, 1566) born Michel de Nostredame, is one of the worlds most famous authors of prophecies. ...

Lastly, the 20th century saw the development of secular requiems, written for public performance without specific religious observance (e.g., Kabalevsky's War Requiem, to poems by Robert Rozhdestvensky), and some composers have written purely instrumental works bearing the title of requiem, as exemplified by the most famous of these, Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem.

Requiem composers

Renaissance

• Giovanni Francesco Anerio
• Giammeteo Asola
• Giulio Belli
• Antoine Brumel
• Manuel Cardoso
• Pierre Certon
• Clemens non Papa
• Guillaume Dufay (lost)
• Pedro de Escobar
• Antoine de Févin
• Francisco Guerrero
• Jacobus de Kerle
• Orlande de Lassus
• Jean Maillard
• Jacques Mauduit
• Manuel Mendes
• Cristóbal de Morales
• Johannes Ockeghem (the earliest to survive)
• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
• Costanzo Porta
• Johannes Prioris
• Jean Richafort
• Pierre de la Rue
• Claudin de Sermisy
• Jacobus Vaet
• Tomás Luis de Victoria

Renaissance music is classical music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1450 to 1600. ... Giovanni Francesco Anerio (c. ... Giulio Belli (c. ... Antoine Brumel (around 1460 – around or after 1515) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. ... Manuel Cardoso (baptized December 11, 1566 – November 24, 1650) was a Portuguese composer and organist. ... Pierre Certon (c1510-1520–February 23, 1572) was a French composer of the Renaissance. ... Jacques Cl ment or Jacob Clemens non Papa (c. ... Dufay (left), with Gilles Binchois Guillaume Dufay (c. ... Pedro de Escobar (c. ... Antoine de Févin (c. ... Francisco Guerrero (October 4 (?), 1528 – November 8, 1599) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance. ... Orlande de Lassus, a. ... Jean Maillard (c. ... Jacques Mauduit (September 16, 1557 – August 21, 1627) was a French composer of the late Renaissance. ... Manuel Mendes (c. ... Cristóbal de Morales (c. ... Ockeghem (with glasses) and his singers Johannes Ockeghem (c. ... Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (Born in Palestrina (Praeneste) or Rome, 1525, latest February 1, 1526 – February 2, 1594 in Rome) was an Italian composer of Renaissance music. ... Constanzo Porta (1528 or 1529 – May 19, 1601) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, and a representative of what is known today as the Venetian School. ... Johannes Prioris (c. ... Jean Richafort (c. ... Pierre de La Rue (c. ... Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548 – August 20, 1611) was a gifted Spanish composer of the late Renaissance. ...

Baroque

• Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber
• Marc-Antoine Charpentier
• Jean Gilles
• Claudio Monteverdi (lost)
• Jan Dismas Zelenka

Baroque music is Western classical music from the Baroque era, after the Renaissance music era and before the Classical music era proper. ... Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber (August 12, 1644 – May 3, 1704) was a Bohemian composer and violinist. ... Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643 - February 24, 1704) was a French composer of the Baroque era. ... Portrait of Claudio Monteverdi in Venice, 1640, by Bernardo Strozzi Claudio Monteverdi (May 15, 1567 (baptised) – November 29, 1643) was an Italian composer, violinist and singer. ... Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679-1745) was a Bohemian Baroque composer active in Dresden. ...

Classical period

• Luigi Cherubini
• Florian Leopold Gassmann
• François-Joseph Gossec
• Michael Haydn
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The Classical period in Western music occurred in a large part of the 18th century, and into the early 19th century. ... Luigi Cherubini (September 14, 1760 – March 15, 1842) was an Italian composer. ... François-Joseph Gossec (1734 — February 16, 1829) was a Belgian composer of operas, string quartets, symphonies, and choral works who worked in France. ... Johann Michael Haydn (September 14, 1737 – August 10, 1806) was an Austrian composer, the younger brother of Joseph Haydn. ... W. A. Mozart, 1790 portrait by Johann Georg Edlinger Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (January 27, 1756 – December 5, 1791) is among the most popular, significant and influential composers of European classical music. ...

Romantic era

• Hector Berlioz
• Anton Bruckner
• Carl Czerny
• Antonín Dvořák
• Gabriel Fauré
• Charles Gounod
• Franz Liszt
• Camille Saint-Saëns
• Robert Schumann
• Giuseppe Verdi
• See also: Messa per Rossini

Romantic music is defined as the period of European classical music that runs roughly from the early 1800s to the first decade of the 20th century, as well as music written according to the norms and styles of that period. ... Portrait of Berlioz by Signol, 1832 Louis Hector Berlioz (December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869) was a French Romantic composer best known for the Symphonie fantastique, first performed in 1830, and for his Grande Messe des morts (Requiem) of 1837, with its tremendous resources that include four antiphonal brass choirs. ... Anton Bruckner Anton Bruckner (September 4, 1824 – October 11, 1896) was an Austrian composer of the Romantic era. ... Carl Czerny (sometimes Karl; February 21, 1791 – July 15, 1857) was an Austrian pianist, composer and teacher. ... Antonín Dvořák Antonín Leopold Dvořák  listen (September 8, 1841 – May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer of classical music. ... Portrait with oils of Gabriel Fauré by John Singer Sargent, about 1889 (in the Paris Museum of Music) Gabriel Urbain Fauré (May 12, 1845 – November 4, 1924) was a French composer. ... Charles Gounod Charles François Gounod (June 17, 1818 – October 18, 1893) was a French composer, best known for his opera Faust. ... Franz Liszt (Hungarian; Liszt Ferenc) (October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian virtuoso pianist and composer. ... Charles Camille Saint-Saëns (IPA: [ʃaʁl. ... Robert Schumann (June 8, 1810 – July 29, 1856) was a German composer and pianist. ... Giuseppe Verdi, by Giovanni Boldini, 1886 (National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome) Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (October 10, 1813 – January 27, 1901) was one of the great composers of Italian opera. ... The Messa per Rossini is a Requiem mass, which resulted from a joint effort of thirteen composers. ...

Post-romantic

• Benjamin Britten
• Maurice Duruflé
• György Ligeti
• Andrew Lloyd Webber
• Frank Martin
• Krzysztof Penderecki
• Zbigniew Preisner
• Robert Steadman
• Igor Stravinsky

20th century classical music was extremely diverse, ranging from the late Romantic style of Sergei Rachmaninoff to the complete serialism of Pierre Boulez, and from the simple triadic harmonies of minimalist composers such as Philip Glass to the musique concrète of Pierre Schaeffer and the microtonal music adopted by Harry... Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (November 22, 1913 – December 4, 1976) was a British composer, conductor and pianist. ... Maurice Duruflé (January 11, 1902–June 16, 1986) was a French composer and organist. ... György Sándor Ligeti (born May 28, 1923) is a Hungarian composer (now living in, and a citizen of, Austria), widely seen as one of the great composers of instrumental music of the 20th century. ... Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born March 22, 1948) is a highly successful British composer of musical theatre. ... Frank Martin (September 15, 1890 – November 21, 1974) was a Swiss composer, who lived a large part of his life in the Netherlands, but always remained famous in Switzerland. ... Photograph of Krzysztof Penderecki. ... Zbigniew Preisner (born May 20, 1955) is Polands leading film score composer, best known for his work for the director Krzysztof Kieślowski. ... Robert Steadman is a prolific British composer, conductor and educationalist. ... Igor Fyodorovitch Stravinsky (Russian: ) (June 17, 1882 – April 6, 1971) was a Russian-American composer of modern classical music. ...

German requiems

• Johannes Brahms
• Michael Praetorius
• Franz Schubert
• Heinrich Schütz

Johannes Brahms (May 7, 1833 – April 3, 1897) was a German composer of Romantic music, who predominantly lived in Vienna, Austria. ... Michael Praetorius (probably February 15, 1571 – February 15, 1621) was a German composer and writer on music. ... Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828), was an Austrian composer. ... Heinrich Schütz Heinrich Schütz (October 9, 1585 – November 6, 1672) was a German composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach and is often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi. ...

English requiems

• Herbert Howells
• John Rutter

Herbert (Norman) Howells (17 October 1892—23 February 1983) was an English composer and teacher. ... John Rutter is also the name of a photographer. ...

External links

• Burying the Dead: Traditional Catholic Funerals
• Alphabetical Requiems Survey
• Online Guide to Requiem
• Writing - The Requiem Mass : A Literal Translation