Fuzhou dialect (福州話), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect, Fuzhouhua or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province. Native speakers also call it Bàng-uâ (平話), meaning the language spoken in everyday life. Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân hong-giân; BUC: Mìng huŏng-ngiòng) is a general term for a group of dialects of the Chinese language spoken in the southeastern Chinese province of Fujian as well as by migrants from this province in Guangdong (around Chaozhou-Swatou... Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: 閩東語, SLC: Mỉng Tòyng ngỹ) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: 福建, SLC: Huk Kyŏng). ... (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Cantonese is a major dialect group or language of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: 閩東語, SLC: Mỉng Tòyng ngỹ) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: 福建, SLC: Huk Kyŏng). ... (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Cantonese is a major dialect group or language of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; BUC: Hók-ciÅ­; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow or Fuchow) is the capital and the largest prefecture-level city of Fujian (福建) province, Peoples Republic of China. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... The Matsu Islands (Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江 Pinyin: Liánjiāng), Fukien Province of the Republic of China (ROC, now based on Taiwan). ... Sibu is a town, and the capital of Sibu District (2,229. ... Location in Malaysia Coordinates: Country Malaysia State Sarawak Establishment Local Authority (Granted city status in 2005) Government  - Mayor Dato Wee Han Wen Area  - City 4,707. ... Website: http://www. ... Bintulu is a coastal town, and the capital of the Bintulu District (7,220. ... Yong Peng is a small town located in the northern part of Johor state, Malaysia. ... Sitiawan (alternate spelling: Setiawan; origin: from Malay, a portmanteau of Setia Kawan, meaning Loyal Friend) is a region in the Manjung district of Perak, Malaysia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... New York City is home to one of the largest Chinatowns in North America, and is centered around Canal Street in the borough of Manhattan. ... “NY” redirects here. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family of about 250 languages of East Asia, in number of speakers worldwide second only to Indo-European. ... Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân hong-giân; BUC: Mìng huŏng-ngiòng) is a general term for a group of dialects of the Chinese language spoken in the southeastern Chinese province of Fujian as well as by migrants from this province in Guangdong (around Chaozhou-Swatou... Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: 閩東語, SLC: Mỉng Tòyng ngỹ) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: 福建, SLC: Huk Kyŏng). ... Writing systems of the world today. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... The Matsu Islands (Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江 Pinyin: Liánjiāng), Fukien Province of the Republic of China (ROC, now based on Taiwan). ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the worlds writing systems. ... Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: 閩東語, SLC: Mỉng Tòyng ngỹ) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: 福建, SLC: Huk Kyŏng). ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Although traditionally called a dialect, Fuzhou dialect is a separate language in linguistic standard because it is not mutually intelligible with other branches of Min Language and other Chinese languages. Therefore, whether Fuzhou dialect is a dialect or a language is highly disputable. Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân hong-giân; BUC: Mìng huŏng-ngiòng) is a general term for a group of dialects of the Chinese language spoken in the southeastern Chinese province of Fujian as well as by migrants from this province in Guangdong (around Chaozhou-Swatou... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ...

Centered in Fuzhou City, Fuzhou dialect mainly covers eleven cities and counties, viz.: Fuzhou (福州), Pingnan (屏南), Gutian (古田), Luoyuan (羅源), Minqing (閩清), Lianjiang (連江, Matsu included), Minhou (閩侯), Changle (長樂), Yongtai (永泰), Fuqing (福清) and Pingtan (平潭). Fuzhou dialect is also the second local language in northern and middle Fujian cities and counties, like Nanping (南平), Shaowu (邵武), Shunchang (順昌), Sanming (三明) and Youxi (尤溪).   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; BUC: Hók-ciÅ­; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow or Fuchow) is the capital and the largest prefecture-level city of Fujian (福建) province, Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; BUC: Hók-ciÅ­; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow or Fuchow) is the capital and the largest prefecture-level city of Fujian (福建) province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Pingnan County (Chinese: 屏南县 Pinyin: Píng Nán Xiàn) is a county-level city located west of Ningde. ... Location Gutian(古田) lies in the Southwest of Ningde and has a total land area of 2377km2. ... Lianjiang (連江; 连江; Liánjiāng; Lien²-chiang¹) is a county on the coast of Fujian Province, China. ... The Matsu Islands (Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江 Pinyin: Liánjiāng), Fukien Province of the Republic of China (ROC, now based on Taiwan). ... Changle(长乐) is located in Southeast Fujian Province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Fuqing (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu2-ching1; also romanized as Hokchia) is a county-level city of Fuzhou in Fujian, China. ... Nanping (Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Fujian province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Shaowu is a city in Fujian province in China. ... Sanming (三明) is a prefecture-level city in Fujian province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

In some regions abroad, Fuzhou dialect is also widely spoken, especially in Sitiawan and Sibu, Malaysia, where it has been called "New Fuzhou" due to the influx of immigrants there in the 1900s. Similarly, the dialect has spread to the USA, UK and Japan as a result of immigration in recent decades. Sitiawan (alternate spelling: Setiawan; origin: from Malay, a portmanteau of Setia Kawan, meaning Loyal Friend) is a region in the Manjung district of Perak, Malaysia. ... Sibu is a town, and the capital of Sibu District (2,229. ...

History

Formation

The authoritative Foochow rime book Qī Lín Bāyīn

After Han China's occupation of Minyue (閩越) in 110 BC, Han people began its reign in what is Fujian Province today. Having lost their nationalities, the aboriginal Minyue people, a branch of Yue peoples (百越), were forced to speak Ancient Chinese and eventually assimilated into Chinese culture. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 574 pixelsFull resolution (894 × 641 pixel, file size: 408 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions This work is in the public domain in countries where the copyright term is the authors life plus 70 years or less. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 574 pixelsFull resolution (894 × 641 pixel, file size: 408 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions This work is in the public domain in countries where the copyright term is the authors life plus 70 years or less. ... QÄ« Lín BāyÄ«n (戚林八音, Foochow Romanized: Chék Lìng Báik-Ä­ng), sometimes translated as Book of Eight Sounds or Book of Eight Tones in English, is a Chinese rime book of approximately ten thousand characters based on the earlier form of the Fuzhou dialect. ... The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese characters: 漢朝, Simplified Chinese characters: 汉朝, pinyin Hàncháo 202 BC - AD 220) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ... Minyue (Traditional Chinese: 閩越) was an ancient kingdom located in today Fujian, Southern China, during Han Dynasty. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC - 110s BC - 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC Years: 115 BC 114 BC 113 BC 112 BC 111 BC - 110 BC - 109 BC 108 BC... Han Chinese (Simplified: 汉; Traditional: 漢; Pinyin: hàn) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ... Yue (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Yüeh4; also seen as Yueh, Yuet, Việt) refers to ancient semi-Sinicized or non-Sinicized Chinese peoples of southern China, originally those along the eastern coastline of present-day Zhejiang province and Shanghai. ... Middle Chinese (中古漢語, pinyin: zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ), or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren, refers to the Chinese language spoken during Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). ...

Fuzhou dialect came into being during the Tang Dynasty, and has been evolving separately as a branch of Chinese ever since. However, it is also worth noting that some fragments of the ancient Minyue language (閩越語) have been well-preserved for thousands of years. Therefore, Fuzhou dialect is in fact a mixed language evolving from Ancient Chinese and the ancient Minyue language. China under the Tang Dynasty (yellow) and its sphere of influence Capital Changan (618–904) Luoyang (904-907) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 618-626 Emperor Gaozu  - 684, 705-710 Emperor Zhongzong  - 684, 710-712 Emperor Ruizong  - 904-907 Emperor Ai History  - Li Yuan... A mixed language is a language that arises when speakers of different languages are in contact and show a high degree of bilingualism. ... Middle Chinese (中古漢語, pinyin: zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ), or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren, refers to the Chinese language spoken during Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). ...

The famous book Qī Lín Bāyīn (戚林八音, Foochow Romanized: Chék Lìng Báik-ĭng), which was compiled in the 17th century, is the first and the most full-scale rime book that provides a systematic guide to character reading for people speaking or learning Fuzhou dialect. It once served to standardize the language and is still widely quoted as an authoritative reference book in modern academic research in Chinese phonology. QÄ« Lín BāyÄ«n (戚林八音, Foochow Romanized: Chék Lìng Báik-Ä­ng), sometimes translated as Book of Eight Sounds or Book of Eight Tones in English, is a Chinese rime book of approximately ten thousand characters based on the earlier form of the Fuzhou dialect. ... (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... A rime dictionary or a rime book is a type of Chinese dictionary that was used in ancient times. ...

Studies by early Western missionaries

Dictionary of the Foochow dialect, 3rd Edition, published in 1929

In 1842, Fuzhou was open to Westerners as a treaty port after the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. But due to the language barrier, however, the first Christian missionary base in this city did not take place without difficulties. In order to convert Fuzhou people, those missionaries found it very necessary to make a careful study of the Fuzhou dialect. Their most notable works are listed below: Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 506 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 1067 pixel, file size: 244 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions This work is in the public domain in countries where the copyright term is the authors life plus 70 years or less. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 506 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 1067 pixel, file size: 244 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions This work is in the public domain in countries where the copyright term is the authors life plus 70 years or less. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; BUC: Hók-ciÅ­; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow or Fuchow) is the capital and the largest prefecture-level city of Fujian (福建) province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Nanking, August 29, 1842, Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China The Treaty of Nanking (南京條約) is the agreement which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China. ... Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing The Treaty of Nanking (Chinese: 南京條約, NánjÄ«ng TiáoyuÄ“) is the treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and Empire of China. ...

• 1856, M. C. White: The Chinese language spoken at Fuh Chau
• 1870, R. S. Maclay & C. C. Baldwin: An alphabetic dictionary of the Chinese language in the Foochow dialect
• 1871, C. C. Baldwin: Manual of the Foochow dialect
• 1891, T. B. Adam: An English-Chinese dictionary of the Foochow dialect
• 1898, R. S. Maclay & C. C. Baldwin: An alphabetic dictionary of the Chinese language of the Foochow dialect, 2nd edition
• 1906, The Foochow translation of the complete Bible ([2], [3])
• 1923, T. B. Adam & L. P. Peet: An English-Chinese dictionary of the Foochow dialect, 2nd editon
• 1929, R. S. Maclay & C. C. Baldwin (revised and enlarged by S. H. Leger): Dictionary of the Foochow dialect

1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Status quo

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Fuzhou society had become largely monolingual. But in 20th century, the number of Mandarin speakers has been greatly boosted, which shows a clear tendency that Mandarin will replace Fuzhou dialect as the daily language. There are 5 main reasons accounting for that phenomenon: Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... -1... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ...

1. Cultural identification: Fuzhou citizens generally identify themselves as Chinese, and some take it for granted that a Chinese should speak his national language only, and that all other regional dialects should be abandoned. These people have willingly given up teaching their children to speak the local language.
2. Language policy: Mandarin Chinese is the only official language in China, so the use of Fuzhou dialect is discouraged in media, education and other formal occasions. The National Language movements carried out by Kuomintang and Communist Party had been in fact based on the principle that Mandarin Chinese and Fuzhou dialect were contradictory rather than complementary.
3. Low degree of mutual intelligibility: Fuzhou dialect is not mutually intelligible even within its many varieties. In order to communicate with people from other regions, Fuzhou dialect speakers would have to learn Mandarin.
4. Population structure: The second half of the 20th century has witnessed a large immigration into Fuzhou, which greatly altered the structure of its population. Archaic and full of seemingly irregular changes, Fuzhou dialect is difficult for newcomers. Therefore, they and their offspring only speak Mandarin.
5. Educational importance: In general, most Chinese accept that standard Mandarin is the language of the educated and that the Fuzhou dialect's written elements are absent in contemporary Fujian society. Fuzhou dialect is seen by most native speakers as solely a spoken language, which few if any everyday speakers can read or write. The Fuzhou dialect are therefore considered as less prestigious.

Nevertheless, it should also be noted that Fuzhou dialect is currently widely spoken among some native speakers as an "endearing" language. Speaking Fuzhou dialect in Fuzhou often allows mutual speakers a certain level of familiarity. Even though Mandarin Chinese is more often heard in casual conversations on the city streets, the careful observer will notice that in more communal settings, such as small neighborhoods in the city or the surrounding countryside, Fuzhou dialect is often the dominant language. Many people today see Fuzhou dialect as a countryside language. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... A pair of languages is said to be mutually intelligible if speakers of one language can readily understand the other language. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Spoken language is a language that people utter words of the language. ...

In Fujian, Chinese government promised to take measures against the decline of Fuzhou dialect, but so far nothing concrete has been done. In Matsu, Taiwan, the teaching of Fuzhou dialect has been introduced into elementary schools.   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Matsu can refer to: Matsu, a significant sea goddess in Chinese culture. ... Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ...

Grammar

Phonetics

Phonetically, Fuzhou dialect is a tonal language, which has extensive sandhi rules in the initials, rimes, and the tones. The sandhi rules make Fuzhou dialect one of the most complicated languages of all the branches of Chinese. Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Sandhi is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries. ... In phonetics and phonology, a syllable onset is the part of a syllable that precedes the syllable nucleus. ... In the study of phonology in linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda. ... It has been suggested that Tonal language be merged into this article or section. ...

Tones

There are seven original tones in Fuzhou dialect, which reserves the tonal system of Ancient Chinese: It has been suggested that Tonal language be merged into this article or section. ... Middle Chinese (中古漢語, pinyin: zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ), or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren, refers to the Chinese language spoken during Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). ...

The sample characters are taken from the Qī Lín Bāyīn. QÄ« Lín BāyÄ«n (戚林八音, Foochow Romanized: Chék Lìng Báik-Ä­ng), sometimes translated as Book of Eight Sounds or Book of Eight Tones in English, is a Chinese rime book of approximately ten thousand characters based on the earlier form of the Fuzhou dialect. ...

In Qī Lín Bāyīn, Fuzhou dialect are described as having eight tones, and that's how the book got its title (Bāyīn means "eight tones"). In spite of that, the name is somewhat misleading. In fact, a native speaker can never distinguish between Ĭng-siōng (陰上) and Iòng-siōng (陽上); therefore, only seven tones exist.

Ĭng-ĭk and Iòng-ĭk (or so-called entering tonal) characters are ended with either velar stop [k] or Glottal stop [ʔ]. Entering tone (Simplified Chinese: 入声; Traditional Chinese: 入聲; pinyin: rùshÄ“ng) is one of four tones in the phonology in Middle Chinese. ... The voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Besides those seven tones listed above, two new tonal values, "21" (Buáng-ĭng-ké̤ṳ, 半陰去) and "35" (Buáng-iòng-ké̤ṳ, 半陽去) also occur in connected speech (see Tonal sandhi below).

Tonal sandhi

The rules of tonal sandhi (連讀變調) in Fuzhou dialect are complicated, even compared with those of other Chinese dialects. When two or more than two characters combine into a word, the tonal value of the last character remains stable but those of its preceding characters change in most cases. For example, "獨", "立" and "日" are characters of Iòng-ĭk (陽入) with the same tonal value "5", and are pronounced as [tuʔ⁵], [liʔ⁵] and [niʔ⁵], respectively. When combined together as the phrase "獨立日" (Independence Day), "獨" changes its tonal value to "21", and "立" changes its to "33", therefore the pronunciation as a whole is [tuʔ²¹ liʔ³³ niʔ⁵]. Tone sandhi refers to tone manipulation rules governing the pronunciation of tonal languages. ...

The two-character tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

Ĭng-ĭk-gák (陰入甲) are Ĭng-ĭk (陰入) characters with glottal stop and Ĭng-ĭk-ék (陰入乙) with /k/. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

However, the tonal sandhi rules of more than two characters are much more complicated than can be conveniently displayed in a single table.

Initials

There are seventeen initials in all: In phonetics and phonology, a syllable onset is the part of a syllable that precedes the syllable nucleus. ...

The Chinese characters in the brackets are also sample characters from Qī Lín Bāyīn. In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Postalveolar (or palato-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge (the place of articulation for alveolar consonants) and the palate (the place of articulation for palatal consonants). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ) but release as a fricative (such as or or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ... QÄ« Lín BāyÄ«n (戚林八音, Foochow Romanized: Chék Lìng Báik-Ä­ng), sometimes translated as Book of Eight Sounds or Book of Eight Tones in English, is a Chinese rime book of approximately ten thousand characters based on the earlier form of the Fuzhou dialect. ...

Most Chinese linguists argue that Fuzhou dialect should be described as possessing a null onset. In fact, any character that has a null onset begins with a glottal stop [ʔ].

Some speakers find it difficult to distinguish between the initials /n/ and /l/].

No such labiodental phonemes as /f/ or /v/ exist in Fuzhou dialect, which is one of the most conspicuous characteristics shared by all branches in the Min Family, as well as Korean and Japanese. In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa. ... Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân hong-giân; BUC: Mìng huŏng-ngiòng) is a general term for a group of dialects of the Chinese language spoken in the southeastern Chinese province of Fujian as well as by migrants from this province in Guangdong (around Chaozhou-Swatou...

[β] and [ʒ] exist in connected speech (see Initial assimilation below) only.

Initial assimilation

In Fuzhou dialect, there are various kinds of initial assimilation (聲母類化), all of which are progressive. When two or more than two characters combine into a phrase, the initial of the first character stays unchanged while those of the following characters, in most cases, change to match its preceding phoneme, i.e., the coda of its preceding character. Assimilation is a regular and frequent sound change process by which a phoneme changes to match an adjacent phoneme in a word. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...

Rimes

The table below shows the eleven vowel phonemes of Fuzhou dialect. Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Eleven vowel phonemes, together with the codas /-ŋ/ and /-ʔ/, are organized into forty-six rimes. Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. ... A close-mid vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... The open-mid vowels make a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. ... An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ... In the study of phonology in linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda. ...

As has been mentioned above, there are theoretically two different entering tonal codas in Fuzhou dialect: /-k/ and /-ʔ/. But for most Fuzhou dialect speakers, those two codas are only distinguishable when in the tonal sandhi or initial assimilation. Therefore, most Chinese linguists think that the codas /-k/ and /-ʔ/ has merged together. Alternative Chinese name Traditional Chinese: Simplified Chinese: Fuzhou dialect (福州話), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect, Fuzhouhua or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province. ... Alternative Chinese name Traditional Chinese: Simplified Chinese: Fuzhou dialect (福州話), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect, Fuzhouhua or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province. ...

Close/Open rimes

All rimes come in pairs in the above table: the one to the left represents a close rime (緊韻), while the other represents an open rime (鬆韻). The close/open rimes are closely related with the tones. As single characters, the tones of Ĭng-bìng (陰平), Siōng-siăng (上聲), Iòng-bìng (陽平) and Iòng-ĭk (陽入) have close rimes while Ĭng-ké̤ṳ (陰去), Ĭng-ĭk (陰入) and Iòng-ké̤ṳ (陽去) have the open rimes. In connected speech, an open rime shifts to its close counterpart in the tonal sandhi. Alternative Chinese name Traditional Chinese: Simplified Chinese: Fuzhou dialect (福州話), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect, Fuzhouhua or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province. ...

For instance, "福" (hók) is a Ĭng-ĭk character and is pronounced as [houʔ²⁴] and "州" (ciŭ) a Ĭng-bìng character with the pronunciation of [tsiu⁵⁵]. When these two characters combine into the word "福州" (Hók-ciŭ, Fuzhou), "福" changes its tonal value from "24" to "21" and, simultaneously, shifts its rime from [-ouʔ] to [-uʔ], so the phrase is pronounced as [huʔ²¹ tsiu⁵⁵]. While in the word "中國" [tyŋ⁵³ kuɔʔ²⁴] (Dṳ̆ng-guók, China), "中" is a Ĭng-bìng character and therefore its close rime never changes, though it does change its tonal value from "55" to "53" in the tonal sandhi.

The phenomenon of close/open rimes is unique to Fuzhou dialect and this feature makes it especially intricate and hardly intelligible even to other Min languages. Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân hong-giân; BUC: Mìng huŏng-ngiòng) is a general term for a group of dialects of the Chinese language spoken in the southeastern Chinese province of Fujian as well as by migrants from this province in Guangdong (around Chaozhou-Swatou...

Phonological features

Vocabulary

Most words in Fuzhou dialect have cognates in other Chinese languages, so a non-Fuzhou speaker would find it much easier to understand Fuzhou dialect written in Chinese characters than spoken in conversation. But it should also be noted, however, that false friends do exist: for example, "莫細膩" (mŏ̤h sá̤-nê) means "don't be too polite" or "make yourself at home", "我對手汝洗碗" (nguāi dó̤i-chiū nṳ̄ sā̤ uāng) means "I help you wash dishes", "伊共伊老媽嚟冤家" (ĭ gâe̤ng ĭ lâu-mā lā̤ uŏng-gă) means "he and his wife are quarreling (with each other)", etc. Sheer knowledge of Mandarin vocabulary does not help one catch the meaning of these sentences. Words has several meanings: words in Unix. ... Cognates are words that have a common origin. ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngwén) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: Hànyǔ, Huáyǔ, or Zhōngwén) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... False friends are pairs of words in two languages or letters in two alphabets that look or sound similar but differ in meaning. ...

Words from Classical Chinese

Quite a few words from Classical Chinese have retained the original meanings for thousands of years, while their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use or varied to different meanings. Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of very old forms of Chinese , making it very different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. ... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ...

This table shows some Fuzhou dialect words from Classical Chinese, as contrasted to Mandarin Chinese:

¹ "看" (káng) is also used as the verb "to look" in Fuzhou dialect.

² "養" (iōng) in Fuzhou dialect means "give birth to (a child)".

And this table shows some words that are both used in Fuzhou dialect and Mandarin Chinese, while the meanings in Mandarin Chinese have altered: (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Chopsticks is also the name of a simple piece of music for piano. ...

Words from Minyue language

Some daily used words, shared by all Min languages, came from the ancient Minyue language. Such as follows: Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân hong-giân; BUC: Mìng huŏng-ngiòng) is a general term for a group of dialects of the Chinese language spoken in the southeastern Chinese province of Fujian as well as by migrants from this province in Guangdong (around Chaozhou-Swatou...

The literary and colloquial readings

The literary and colloquial readings (文白異讀) is a feature commonly found in all Chinese dialects throughout China. The literary readings (文讀) are mainly used in formal phrases and written language, while the colloquial ones (白讀) are basically used in vulgar phrases and spoken language.

This table displays some widely used characters in Fuzhou dialect which have both literary and colloquial readings:

Zoology (from Greek: ζῴον, zoion, animal; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Minjiang River (闽江; pinyin: Mǐnjiāng) is a 577km-long river in Fujian province, China. ... Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江苏; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Xiamen (Simplified Chinese: 厦门; Traditional Chinese: 廈門; pinyin: Xiàmén; Wade_Giles: Hsiamen) is a coastal sub_provincial city in Fujian Province, southern China. ...

Loan words from English

The First Opium War, also known as the First Anglo-Chinese War, was ended in 1842 with the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, which forced the Qing government to open Fuzhou to all British traders and missionaries. Since then, quite a number of churches and Western-style schools have been established. Consequently, some English words came into Fuzhou dialect, but without fixed written forms in Chinese characters. The most frequently used words are listed below:^[1] Combatants Qing China British East India Company Commanders Daoguang Emperor Charles Elliot, Anthony Blaxland Stransham The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing The Treaty of Nanking (Chinese: 南京條約, NánjÄ«ng TiáoyuÄ“) is the treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and Empire of China. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: QÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, is a Chinese term for the Empire of the Great Qing(Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: dàqÄ«ngguó), founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; BUC: Hók-ciÅ­; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow or Fuchow) is the capital and the largest prefecture-level city of Fujian (福建) province, Peoples Republic of China. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ...

• kŏk, [khouʔ⁵], noun, meaning "an article of dress", is from the word "coat";
• nă̤h, [nɛʔ⁵], noun, meaning "a meshwork barrier in tennis or badminton", is from the word "net";
• pèng, [pheiŋ⁵³], noun, meaning "oil paint", is from the word "paint";
• pĕng-giāng, [pheiŋ⁵³ ŋiaŋ³³, noun, meaning "a small sum of money", is from the word "penny";
• tă̤h, [thɛʔ⁵], noun, meaning "money", is from the word "take";
• gă̤-lō̤, [kɛ⁵³ lo³³], noun, meaning "girl" in a humorous way, is from the word "girl";
• sò̤, [so⁵³], verb, meaning "to shoot (a basket)", is from the word "shoot";
• ă-gì, [a⁵⁵ ki⁵³], verb, meaning "to pause (usually a game)", is from the word "again".
• Mā-lăk-gă, [ma²¹ laʔ⁵ ka⁵], meaning "Southeastern Asian (esp. Singapore and Malaysia)", is from the word "Malacca".

In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... State motto: Bersatu Teguh State anthem: Melaka Maju Jaya Capital Malacca Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Yang di-Pertua Negeri Mohd Khalil Yaakob  - Ketua Menteri Mohd Ali Mohd Rustam History    - Malacca Sultanate 13th century   - Portuguese control 24 August 1511   - Dutch control 14 January 1641   - British control 17 March 1824   - Japanese occupation...

Other features of Fuzhou dialect grammar

Examples

Some common phrases in Fuzhou dialect:

• Fuzhou dialect: 福州話 / Hók-ciŭ-uâ / [huʔ²¹ tsiu⁵³ uɑ²⁴²]
• Hello: 汝好 / nṳ̄ hō̤ / [ny³³ ho³³]
• Good-bye: 再見 / cái-giéng / [tsai⁵³ kiɛŋ²¹³]
• Please: 請 / chiāng / [tshiaŋ³³]; 起動 / kī-dâe̤ng / [khi⁵⁵ lɔyŋ²⁴²]
• Thank you: 謝謝 / siâ-siâ / [sia⁵³ liɑ²⁴²]; 起動 / kī-dâe̤ng / [khi⁵⁵ lɔyŋ²⁴²]
• Sorry: 對不住 / dó̤i-bók-cê̤ṳ / [tøy²¹ puʔ⁵ tsøy²⁴²]
• This: 嚽 / cuòi / [tsui⁵³]; 啫 / ciā / [tsia³³]; 茲 / cī / [tsi³³]
• That: 噲 / huòi / [hui⁵³]; 嘻 / hiā / [hia³³]; 許 / hī / [hi³³]
• How much?: 偌 / nuâi (nuô-uâi) / [nuai²⁴²] ([nuo⁵³ uɑi²⁴²])
• Yes: 正是 / ciáng-sê / [tsiaŋ⁵³ nɛi²⁴²]; 無綻 / mò̤ dâng / [mo²¹ lɑŋ²⁴²]; 著 / diŏh (duŏh) / [tyoʔ⁵] ([tuoʔ⁵])
• No: 伓是 / ng-sê / [ŋ⁵³ nɛi²⁴²]; 綻 / dâng / [tɑŋ²⁴²]; 賣著 / mâ̤ diŏh (mâ̤ duŏh) / [me⁵⁵ tyoʔ⁵] ([me⁵⁵ tuoʔ⁵])
• I don't understand: 我賣會意 / nguāi mâ̤ huôi-é / [ŋuai³³ me²¹ hui⁵³ ɛi²¹³]
• What's his name?: 伊名什乇？ / Ĭ miàng sié-nó̤h? / [i⁵⁵ miaŋ⁵³ sie²¹ nɔʔ²⁴]
• Where's the hotel?: 賓館洽底所？ / Bĭng-guāng găk diē-nē̤? / [piŋ⁵³ ŋuaŋ³³ kaʔ⁵ tie²⁴ nœ³³]
• How can I go to the school?: 去學校怎行？ / Kó̤ hăk-hâu cuōng giàng? / [khɔ²¹³ haʔ²¹ hɑu²⁴² tsuoŋ²⁴ kiaŋ⁵³]
• Do you speak Fuzhou dialect?: 汝會仈講福州話賣？ / Nṳ̄ â̤ báik gōng Hók-ciŭ-uâ mâ̤? / [ny³³ e²¹ peiʔ²⁴ kouŋ³³ huʔ²¹ tsiu⁵³ uɑ²⁴² ma²⁴²]
• Do you speak English?: 汝會仈講英語賣？ / Nṳ̄ â̤ báik gōng Ĭng-ngṳ̄ mâ̤? / [ny³³ e²¹ peiʔ²⁴ kouŋ³³ iŋ⁵³ ŋy³³ ma²⁴²]

Regional variations

Writing system

Chinese characters

Fuzhou dialect Bible in Chinese Characters, published by China Bible House in 1940.

Most of the characters of Fuzhou dialect stem from Ancient Chinese and can therefore be written in Chinese characters. Many books published in Qing Dynasty have been written in this traditional way, such as Mǐndū Biéjì (閩都別記, Foochow Romanized: Mìng-dŭ Biék-gé) and the Bible in Fuzhou dialect. However, Chinese characters as the writing system for Fuzhou dialect do have many shortcomings. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 412 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (550 × 800 pixel, file size: 163 KB, MIME type: image/gif) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Fuzhou dialect ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 412 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (550 × 800 pixel, file size: 163 KB, MIME type: image/gif) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Fuzhou dialect ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Middle Chinese (中古漢語, pinyin: zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ), or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren, refers to the Chinese language spoken during Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...

Firstly, a great number of characters are unique to Fuzhou dialect, so that they can only be written in informal ways. For instance, the character "mâ̤", a negative word, has no common form. Some write it as "賣" or "袂", both of which share with it an identical pronunciation but has a totally irrelevant meaning; and others prefer to use a newly-created character combining "勿" and "會", but this character is not included in most fonts.

Secondly, Fuzhou dialect has been excluded from the educational system for many decades. As a result, many if not all take for granted that Fuzhou dialect does not have a formal writing system and when they have to write it, they tend to misuse characters with a similar Mandarin Chinese enunciation. For example, "會使 (â̤ sāi)", meaning "okay", are frequently written as "阿塞" because they are uttered almost in the same way. This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ...

Foochow Romanized

Bible in Foochow Romanized, published by British and Foreign Bible Society in 1908.

Main article: Foochow Romanized

Foochow Romanized, also known as Bàng-uâ-cê (平話字), is a romanization of Fuzhou dialect invented in the middle of 19th century by some Western missionaries. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1088x1712, 29 KB) Summary Bible in Romanized BUC, published by British and Foreign Bible Society in 1908. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1088x1712, 29 KB) Summary Bible in Romanized BUC, published by British and Foreign Bible Society in 1908. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... Languages can be romanized in a variety of ways, as shown here with Mandarin Chinese In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Literary and art forms

Main article: Min Opera

Main article: Fuzhou Pinghua

Min opera (閩劇 or 福州戲, Romanized BUC: Hók-ciŭ-hié) is a branch of Chinese opera which had been evolving for 300 years and became fixed in the early 20th century. ...

See also

• Qī Lín Bāyīn
• Foochow Romanized
• Min Dong
• Min Opera

Qī Lín Bāyīn (戚林八音, Foochow Romanized: Chék Lìng Báik-ĭng), sometimes translated as Book of Eight Sounds or Book of Eight Tones in English, is a Chinese rime book of approximately ten thousand characters based on the earlier form of the Fuzhou dialect. ... (Chinese characters: 平話字), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: 閩東語, SLC: Mỉng Tòyng ngỹ) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: 福建, SLC: Huk Kyŏng). ... Min opera (閩劇 or 福州戲, Romanized BUC: Hók-ciŭ-hié) is a branch of Chinese opera which had been evolving for 300 years and became fixed in the early 20th century. ...

References

Fujian Normal University (福建师范大学) is a university located in Fuzhou, Fujian, China. ...

Books and other sources

• Li, Zhuqing: A study of the "Qī Lín Bāyīn", University of Washington, 1993
• Cathryn Donohue: The tone-vowel interaction in Fuzhou revisited, University of Nevada, Reno

The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. ... The University of Nevada, Reno (Nevada or UNR) is a university located in Reno, Nevada, USA, and is known for its programs in agricultural research, animal biotechnology, and mining-related engineering and natural sciences. ...

External links

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Fuzhou dialect edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect

• Fuzhou dialect textbook: Elementary school textbook in Matsu.
• Fuzhou dialect phonology, by James Campbell.
• SĬNG GÔ IÓK CIÒNG CṲ̆: The Old Testament, in Foochow Romanized.
• SĬNG IÓK CṲ̆: The New Testament, in Foochow Romanized.
• MĀ-TÁI HÓK-ĬNG: Matthew's Gospel, in Foochow Romanized.

An example of a web browser (Internet Explorer), displaying the English Wikipedia main page. ... Image File history File links Zhongwen. ... Japanese name Kanji: Kana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quoc Ngu: Hantu: A Chinese character (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... The Matsu Islands (Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江 Pinyin: Liánjiāng), Fukien Province of the Republic of China (ROC, now based on Taiwan). ...