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Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutanoic acid, C4H8O3) is both a drug and a naturally occurring compound found in the mammalian brain, where it might function as a neurotransmitter. As a drug it is used most commonly in the form of a chemical salt (Na-GHB or K-GHB). The sodium salt is commercially known as sodium oxybate. IUPAC nomenclature is a systematic way of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). ...
A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII alpha-numeric strings. ...
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate This image is ineligible for copyright and therefore in the public domain, because it consists entirely of information that is common property and contains no original authorship. ...
A drug is any substance that can be used to modify a chemical process or processes in the body, for example to treat an illness, relieve a symptom, enhance a performance or ability, or to alter states of mind. ...
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between two neurons: the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. ...
Uses
Medical It has been used as a general anesthetic and as a hypnotic in the treatment of insomnia. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration permits the use of GHB under the trade name Xyrem to reduce the number of cataplexy attacks in patients with narcolepsy. Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ...
Hypnotic can be used to describe the state of hypnosis. ...
Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by an inability to sleep and/or to remain asleep for a reasonable period during the night. ...
FDA logo The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the government agency responsible for regulating food (human and animal), dietary supplements, drugs (human and animal), cosmetics, medical devices (human and animal), biologics and blood products in the United States. ...
Categories: Possible copyright violations ...
Narcolepsy is a neurological condition characterized by severe fatigue, irresistible episodes of sleep and general sleep disorder. ...
Recreational
 Gamma-hydroxybutyrate powder GHB is an intoxicant. It may be known as G, Liquid X, Liquid E. It is less commonly known as GBH, Gamma-oh, Georgia Home Boy, Blue Verve, Gamma-G, Qi, or Grievous Bodily Harm. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate powder Source: USDOJ File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate powder Source: USDOJ File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ...
Its potential for use as a date rape drug in the 1990s led to it being placed in the US on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act in March, 2000. On March 20, 2001, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs placed GHB in Schedule IV of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances[1]. In the UK it was made a class C drug in June 2003. Date Rape is a song by Southern California band Sublime. ...
// Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ...
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March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...
This article is about the year 2000. ...
2001: A Space Odyssey. ...
At the presiding table, from left to right: Mr. ...
1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ...
Convention on Psychotropic Substances Opened for signature February 21, 1971 at Vienna Entered into force August 16, 1976 Conditions for entry into force 40 ratifications Parties 175 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and LSD. During the...
The sodium salt of GHB has a thin, very salty, chemical taste. At low doses, GHB can cause a state of euphoria and/or drunkenness. This kind of use is particularly common at rave parties. At higher doses, GHB may induce nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, visual disturbances, depressed breathing, amnesia, unconsciousness. These effects last for 3-6 hours. Euphoria may refer to: A psychological state of intense good feeling, see happiness Euphoria (band), a psychedelic music group Euphoria (1997 album), an album by Leftover Salmon Euphoria (1999 album), an album by Def Leppard Euphoria programming language In computing, an XMMS plugin made with the Enlightenment foundation libraries. ...
Drunkenness, in its most common usage, is the state of being intoxicated with alcohol (i. ...
A rave party, more often called a rave and sometimes called a free party, is typically an all-night dance event where DJs and other performers play electronic dance music and rave music. ...
Nausea (Greek Îαυτεία) is the sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit. ...
Amnesia is a condition in which memory is disturbed. ...
The Australian practice of putting ice cubes into the rectum of GHB users who have fallen unconscious has no medical benefits [2]. A natural, 4 tonne, block of ice on a beach in Iceland Icicles Ice is the solid form of water. ...
The posterior aspect of the rectum exposed by removing the lower part of the sacrum and the coccyx. ...
Some chemicals convert to GHB in the stomach. GBL, or gamma-butyrolactone, is one such precursor. It is more potent per fluid ounce, but the effects are delayed about 20 minutes while conversion takes place. Because of the delay, there is additional risk of overdose, as users might ingest more before the first dose takes effect. GBL has a slightly oily consistency and does not taste salty. gamma-Butyrolactone, also known as GBL, butyrolactone, 1,4-lactone, 4-butyrolactone, 4-hydroxybutyric acid lactone, and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid lactone, is a hygroscopic colorless oily liquid with a weak characteristic odor of medium solubility in water (≥ 10 g / 100 ml). ...
Other precursors include 1,4-Butanediol. There may be additional toxicity concerns with these precursors. (Redirected from 1,4 Butanediol) Chemical structure of 1,4-butanediol 1,4-Butanediol (C4H10O2, molecular weight 90. ...
Mode of action The action of GHB has yet to be fully elucidated. GHB clearly has at least two sites of action, stimulating the newly characterized and aptly named "GHB receptor" as well as the GABAB. GHB, if it is indeed a neurotransmitter will only reach concentrations high enough to act at the GHB receptor, as it only has weak affinity fo the GABAB. However, during recreational usage, GHB can reach very high concentrations in the brain, relative to basal levels, and can act at the GABAB receptor. GHBs action at the GABAB is probably responsible for its sedative effects. GHB-mediated GABAB receptor stimulation inhibits dopamine release as well as causes the release of natural sedative neurosteroids (like all other GABAB agonists e.g. Baclofen). In animals GHBs sedative effects can be stopped by GABAB antagonists (blockers). The GABA receptors are a group of receptors with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their endogenous ligand. ...
Apart from exerting effects on the genome via intracellular steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (or neurosteroids) rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. ...
Baclofan is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, and is a specific to GABA-B receptors. ...
The relevance of the GHB receptor in the behavioural effects induced by GHB is more controvertial. It seems hard to believe that the GHB receptor is not important when it is densly expressed in many areas of the brain including the cortex as well as it being the high affinity site of GHB action. There is limited research into GHB receptor however evidence shows that it causes the release of glutamate which should be stimulatory. It does not seem, however, that GHB receptor explains either GHB's sedative or rewarding/addictive properties. Glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid. ...
One can propose a scheme where high doses of GHB are sedative through its action at the GABAB receptor, while a lower dose is somehow stimulatory. This may explain the so-called "rebound" effect, experienced by individuals using GHB as a sleeping agent, where they awake after several hours of GHB-induced sleep. That is to say, that over time, the concentration of GHB in the system decreases (because of metabolism) below a threashold for stimulating GABAB receptor function, and simpley stimulates the GHB receptor, leading to wakefulness.
Dangers The dose-response curve is very steep, and the recreationally metered "capfuls" are very imprecise, making proper dosing difficult. GHB can cause unconsciousness, convulsions, vomiting, and suppression of the gag reflex and of breathing. These effects may vary between persons and are dose dependent. Synergy of its sedative effects are seen when combined with other CNS depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines (valium), barbiturates, and others. Deaths from GHB alone are either extremely rare or non-existent. Death while using GHB is most likely in combination with alcohol as a result of choking on vomit and asphixiating. Death might also be possible from respiratory depression as high doses of GHB could eventually inhibit the breathing centers in the brainstem. Unconsciousness is the absence of consciousness. ...
This article is about the medical condition. ...
Vomit being eaten by birds Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ...
The gag reflex is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat that prevents objects from entering the throat except as part of normal swallowing. ...
For the play Breath by Samuel Beckett, see Breath (play). ...
Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ...
Diazepam, brand names: Valium, Seduxen, in Europe Apozepam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, which possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. ...
Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
Addiction GHB has a relatively high addiction potential comparable to alcohol. Severe withdrawal effects are seen after taking GHB on a regular basis (e.g. every 4 hours for multiple consecutive days), including insomnia, anxiety, tremors, sweating, edginess, chest pain and tightness, muscle and bone aches, sensitivity to external stimuli (sound, light, touch), dysphoria, and mental dullness. These side effects will subside after 2 - 21 days depending on usage. It is possible to minimize these side effects by tapering off the drug instead of quitting abruptly. During the GHB withdrawal process medication that is used to help with alcohol withdrawal symptoms can also help (for example long acting benzodiazepines like diazepam or medication like Librium). Addictive redirects here. ...
Bold text Polish propaganda poster saying: Stop drinking! Come with us and build a happy tomorrow. ...
When an addictive behavior is stopped or an addictive substance is withdrawn from use, withdrawal symptoms almost always follow. ...
Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by an inability to sleep and/or to remain asleep for a reasonable period during the night. ...
It has been suggested that anxiety disorder be merged into this article or section. ...
Tremor is the rhythmic, oscillating shaking movement of the whole body or just a certain part of it, caused by problems of the neurons responsible from muscle action. ...
Dysphoria is the lack of ability to feel enjoyment at any activity. ...
History GHB was first synthesized in the early 1960s by Dr. Henri Laborit to use in studying the neurotransmitter GABA. It quickly found a wide range of uses due to its minimal side effects and controlled action, the only difficulties being the narrow safe dosage range and the dangers presented by its combination with alcohol and other CNS depressents. The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ...
Henri Laborit (November 21, 1914 - May 18, 1995) was a French physician, writer and philosopher. ...
Chemical structure of GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter in widely divergent species. ...
In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكØول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ...
Typically GHB has been synthesized from GBL (gamma-butrylactone) by adding sodium hydroxide (lye) in ethanol or water. As of late, GBL has become controlled and more circuitous routes have to be taken such as those starting with THF (tetrahydrofuran). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye, is a caustic metallic base used in industry (mostly as a strong chemical base) in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents. ...
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