A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, which may use the GPS, GLONASS, or Beidou system, is capable of being used in many applications. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. ... Over fifty GPS satellites such as this NAVSTAR have been launched since 1978. ... GLONASS GLONASS (Russian ГЛОНАСС; ГЛОбальная НАвигационная Спутниковая Система; Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema. ... The Beidou navigation system is a project by the Peoples Republic of China to develop an independent satellite navigation system. ...

Navigation

• Automobiles can be equipped with GNSS receivers at the factory or as after-market equipment. Units often display moving maps and information about location, speed, direction, and nearby streets and landmarks.

Main article: Automotive navigation system

• Aircraft navigation systems usually display a "moving map" and are often connected to the autopilot for en-route navigation. Cockpit-mounted GNSS receivers and glass cockpits are appearing in general aviation aircraft of all sizes, using technologies such as WAAS or LAAS to increase accuracy. Many of these systems may be certified for instrument flight rules navigation, and some can also be used for final approach and landing operations. Glider pilots use GNSS Flight Recorders to log GNSS data verifying their arrival at turn points in gliding competitions. Flight computers installed in many gliders also use GNSS to compute wind speed aloft, and glide paths to waypoints such as alternate airports or mountain passes, to aid en route decision making for cross-country soaring.

• Boats and ships can use GNSS to navigate all of the world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GNSS units include functions useful on water, such as “man overboard” (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GNSS may be connected to the ships self-steering gear and Chartplotters using the NMEA 0183 interface. GNSS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling AIS.

A GPS unit showing basic way point and tracking information which is typically required for outdoor sport and recreational use

• Heavy Equipment can use GNSS in construction, mining and precision agriculture. The blades and buckets of construction equipment are controlled automatically in GNSS-based machine guidance systems. Agricultural equipment may use GNSS to steer automatically, or as a visual aid displayed on a screen for the driver. This is very useful for controlled traffic and row crop operations and when spraying. Harvesters with yield monitors can also use GNSS to create a yield map of the paddock being harvested.

• Bicycles often use GNSS in racing and touring. GNSS navigation allows cyclists to plot their course in advance and follow this course, which may include quieter, narrower streets, without having to stop frequently to refer to separate maps. Some GNSS receivers are specifically adapted for cycling with special mounts and housings.

• Hikers, climbers, and even ordinary pedestrians in urban or rural environments can use GNSS to determine their position, with or without reference to separate maps. In isolated areas, the ability of GNSS to provide a precise position can greatly enhance the chances of rescue when climbers or hikers are disabled or lost (if they have a means of communication with rescue workers).

• GNSS equipment for the visually impaired is available.

• Spacecraft are now beginning to use GNSS as a navigational tool. The addition of a GNSS receiver to a spacecraft allows precise orbit determination without ground tracking. This, in turn, enables autonomous spacecraft navigation, formation flying, and autonomous rendezvous. The use of GNSS in MEO, GEO, HEO, and highly elliptical orbits is feasible only if the receiver can acquire and track the much weaker (15 - 20 dB) GNSS side-lobe signals. This designed constraint, and the radiation environment found in space, prevents the use of COTS receivers.

Karl Benzs Velo (vélo means bicycle in French) model (1894) - entered into the first automobile race 2005 MINI Cooper S. An automobile (also motor car or simply car) is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. ... A taxi in Kyoto, equipped with GPS navigation system An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. ... Look up aircraft in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An autopilot is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a human being. ... A Glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. ... General aviation (abbr. ... Contents // Categories: Stub | Aircraft instruments ... Odo and Laas discuss life as Changelings Chimera is an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine where another Changeling of the Hundred seeks out Odo to learn more about his kind. ... It has been suggested that Air traffic control#Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) be merged into this article or section. ... Gliders or Sailplanes are heavier-than-air aircraft primarily intended for unpowered flight. ... The FAI Gliding Commission (formerly known as the International Gliding Commission (IGC)[1] is a division of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)[2], or International Aeronautics Federation, the world record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics. ... Duo Discuses en masse waiting for the start of a glider competition at Vaumeilh airfield near Sisteron. ... A waypoint is a fixed location with a specified longitude and latitude and UTM coordinates, which is maintained by a global positioning system (GPS). ... Look up soar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A boat is a watercraft designed to float on, and provide transport over, water. ... Italian Full rigged ship Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor, 1976 A ship is a large watercraft capable of deep water navigation. ... A tiller-pilot on a sailing boat - simple electronic self-steering. ... Chartplotter will be used for Navigation. ... NMEA 0183 (or NMEA for short) is a combined electrical and data specification for communication between marine electronics and also, more generally, GPS receivers. ... A United States Coast Guard Operations Specialist using AIS and RADAR to manage vessel traffic. ... Precision farming or precision agriculture is an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-field variability. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Farm equipment is any kind of machinery used on a farm to help with farming. ... Police officer on a bicycle Cycling is a recreation, a sport and a means of transport across land. ... Two hikers in the Mount Hood National Forest Eagle Creek hiking Hiking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. ... Mountaineering is an umbrella term that can variously be used to describe the actions of climbing, hillwalking and scrambling. ... There have been many attempts at integrating Global Positioning System into a navigation-assistance system for the blind. ... The Space Shuttle Discovery as seen from the International Space Station. ... COTS is an acronym with multiple potential meanings: Commercial off-the-shelf products, which are ready-made and available for sale to the general public. ...

Surveying and mapping

• Surveying — Survey-Grade GNSS receivers can be used to position survey markers, buildings, and road construction. These units use the signal from both the L1 and L2 GPS frequencies. Even though the L2 code data are encrypted, the signal's carrier wave enables correction of some ionospheric errors. These dual-frequency GPS receivers typically cost US$10,000 or more, but can have positioning errors on the order of one centimeter or less when used in carrier phase differential GPS mode.

• Mapping and geographic information systems (GIS) — Most mapping grade GNSS receivers use the carrier wave data from only the L1 frequency, but have a precise crystal oscillator which reduces errors related to receiver clock jitter. This allows positioning errors on the order of one meter or less in real-time, with a differential GNSS signal received using a separate radio receiver. By storing the carrier phase measurements and differentially post-processing the data, positioning errors on the order of 10 centimeters are possible with these receivers.

• Geophysics and geology — High precision measurements of crustal strain can be made with differential GNSS by finding the relative displacement between GNSS sensors. Multiple stations situated around an actively deforming area (such as a volcano or fault zone) can be used to find strain and ground movement. These measurements can then be used to interpret the cause of the deformation, such as a dike or sill beneath the surface of an active volcano.

• Archeology — As archaeologists excavate a site, they generally make a three-dimensional map of the site, detailing where each artifact is found.

Surveyor at work with a leveling instrument. ... Survey markers, or survey monuments, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the earths surface. ... This page is related to transport; you may be looking for the 2002 Bollywood movie Road. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The ionosphere is the part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation, and too tenuous to be cooled by contact with other air. ... Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that uses a network of fixed ground based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the satellite systems and the known fixed positions. ... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study, practice, science and art of making maps or globes. ... A geographic information system (GIS) is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to the earth. ... A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. ... In telecommunication, jitter is an abrupt and unwanted variation of one or more signal characteristics, such as the interval between successive pulses, the amplitude of successive cycles, or the frequency or phase of successive cycles. ... We dont have an article called Post-processing Start this article Search for Post-processing in. ... Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ... For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ... Old fault exposed by roadcut near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...

Other uses

• Precise time reference — Many systems that must be accurately synchronized use GNSS as a source of accurate time. GNSS can be used as a reference clock for time code generators or Network Time Protocol (NTP) time servers. Sensors (for seismology or other monitoring application), can use GNSS as a precise time source, so events may be timed accurately. Time division multiple access (TDMA) communications networks often rely on this precise timing to synchronize RF generating equipment, network equipment, and multiplexers.

• Mobile Satellite Communications — Satellite communications systems use a directional antenna (usually a "dish") pointed at a satellite. The antenna on a moving ship or train, for example, must be pointed based on its current location. Modern antenna controllers usually incorporate a GNSS receiver to provide this information.

• Emergency and Location-based services — GNSS functionality can be used by emergency services to locate cell phones. The ability to locate a mobile phone is required in the United States by E911 emergency services legislation. However, as of September 2006 such a system is not in place in all parts of the country. GNSS is less dependent on the telecommunications network topology than radiolocation for compatible phones. Assisted GPS reduces the power requirements of the mobile phone and increases the accuracy of the location. A phone's geographic location may also be used to provide location-based services including advertising, or other location-specific information.

• Location-based games — The availability of hand-held GNSS receivers has led to games such as Geocaching, which involves using a hand-held GNSS unit to travel to a specific longitude and latitude to search for objects hidden by other geocachers. This popular activity often includes walking or hiking to natural locations. Geodashing is an outdoor sport using waypoints.

• Aircraft passengers — Most airlines allow passenger use of GNSS units on their flights, except during landing and take-off when other electronic devices are also restricted. Even though consumer GNSS receivers have a minimal risk of interference, a few airlines disallow use of hand-held receivers during flight. Other airlines integrate aircraft tracking into the seat-back television entertainment system, available to all passengers even during takeoff and landing.^[1]

• Heading information — The GNSS system can be used to determine heading information, even though it was not designed for this purpose. A "GNSS compass" uses a pair of antennas separated by about 50 cm to detect the phase difference in the carrier signal from a particular GNSS satellite.^[2] Given the positions of the satellite, the position of the antenna, and the phase difference, the orientation of the two antennas can be computed. More expensive GNSS compass systems use three antennas in a triangle to get three separate readings with respect to each satellite. A GNSS compass is not subject to magnetic declination as a magnetic compass is, and doesn't need to be reset periodically like a gyrocompass. It is, however, subject to multipath effects.

• GPS tracking systems use GNSS to determine the location of a vehicle, person, or pet and to record the position at regular intervals in order to create a log of movements. The data can be stored inside the unit, or sent to a remote computer by radio or cellular modem. Some systems allow the location to be viewed in real-time on the Internet with a web-browser.

• Weather Prediction Improvements — Measurement of atmospheric bending of GNSS satellite signals by specialized GNSS receivers in orbital satellites can be used to determine atmospheric conditions such as air density, temperature, moisture and electron density. Such information from a set of six micro-satellites, launched in April 2006, called the Constellation of Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate COSMIC has been proven to improve the accuracy of weather prediction models.

• Photograph annotation — Combining GNSS position data with photographs taken with a (typically digital) camera, allows one to lookup the locations where the photographs were taken in a gazeteer, and automatically annotate the photographs with the name of the location they depict. The GNSS device can be integrated into the camera, or the timestamp of a picture's metadata can be combined with a GNSS track log.^[3][4]

• Skydiving — Most commercial drop zones use a GNSS to aid the pilot to "spot" the plane to the correct position relative to the dropzone that will allow all skydivers on the load to be able to fly their canopies back to the landing area. The "spot" takes into account the number of groups exiting the plane and the upper winds. In areas where skydiving through cloud is permitted the GNSS can be the sole visual indicator when spotting in overcast conditions, this is referred to as a "GPS Spot".

• Marketing — Some market research companies have combined GIS systems and survey based research to help companies to decide where to open new branches, and to target their advertising according to the usage patterns of roads and the socio-demographic attributes of residential zones.

• Wreck diving — A popular variant of scuba diving is known as wreck diving. In order to locate the desired shipwreck on the bottom of the ocean floor GPS is used to navigate to the approximate location and then the shipwreck is found using an echosounder.

Synchronization (or Sync) is a problem in timekeeping which requires the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. ... A radio clock A radio clock is a clock that is synchronized by a time code bit stream transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock. ... Timecode is also the title of a 2000 film directed by Mike Figgis which was shot in one continuous take. ... The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. ... A time server is a server computer that reads the actual time from a reference clock and distributes this information to its clients using a computer network. ... // Distinguish from censure and censer and censor. ... Seismology (from the Greek seismos = earthquake and logos = word) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth. ... Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium (usually radio) networks. ... Schematic of a 2-to-1 Multiplexer. ... Enhanced 911 service or E911 service is a North American telephone network feature that automatically associates the physical address with the calling partys telephone number. ... A location-based service (or LBS) in a cellular telephone network is a service provided to the subscriber based on their current geographical location. ... Emergency services are services that deal with emergencies and other aspects of Public Safety. ... Enhanced 911 service or E911 service is a North American telephone network feature that automatically associates the physical address with the calling partys telephone number. ... A Möbius strip, an object with only one surface and one edge; such shapes are an object of study in topology. ... Radiolocation is the process of finding the location of something through the use of radio waves. ... GPS uses a network of 24 satellites to triangulate a receiver’s position and provide latitude and longitude coordinates. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Urban gaming. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Longitude, sometimes denoted by the Greek letter λ (lambda),[1][2] describes the location of a place on Earth east or west of a north-south line called the Prime Meridian. ... Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi, , gives the location of a place on Earth north or south of the equator. ... Geodashing is an outdoor sport in which players use GPS receivers on a playing field that covers the entire planet. ... A waypoint is a fixed location with a specified longitude and latitude and UTM coordinates, which is maintained by a global positioning system (GPS). ... An Airbus A380 of Emirates Airline An airline provides air transport services for passengers or freight. ... The magnetic declination (or magnetic variation) at any point on the earth is a property of the geomagnetic field defined as the angle that must be added or subtracted in converting between two kinds of directional information: the direction of the needle on a magnetic compass located there, and the... Cutaway of Anschütz gyrocompass The following description refers to the gyrocompasses used on ships. ... A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... COSMIC is also a code name used to label NATO classified information. ... A photograph (often just called a photo) is an image (or a representation of that on e. ... Large format camera lens. ... A gazetteer is a geographic dictionary index; a combination atlas/almanac. ... Metadata (Greek meta after and Latin data information) are data that describe other data. ... Skydiver about to land Parachuting, or skydiving, is a recreational activity, competitive sport and method of deployment of military personnel (and occasionally, firefighters). ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Look up marketing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Wreck diving is a type of recreational diving where shipwrecks are explored. ... Shipwreck of the SS American Star Shipwreck in the Saugatuck River mouth in Westport, Connecticut A shipwreck or sunken ship can refer to the remains of a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck, such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink, the... The F70 type frigates (here, Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C tugged sonars Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water to navigate or to detect other watercraft. ...

References