Éire Ireland prehistory – 1607 → → Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixel Image in higher resolution (1500 × 1000 pixel, file size: 95 KB, MIME type: image/png) A flag based on the arms of the Lordship of Ireland. ... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Norman French, Irish, Welsh, English Government Monarchy Lord of Ireland  - 1171-1189 Henry II  - 1509-1541 Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant  - 1528-1529 Piers Butler  - 1540–1548 Anthony St Leger Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Monarchy King2  - 1542-1547 Henry VIII  - 1760-1801 George III Chief Secretary  - 1660 Matthew Lock  - 1798-1801 Viscount Castlereagh Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House of Commons History  - Act of Parliament 1541... Image File history File links COA_of_Ireland. ... Arms of the Kings of Ireland1 The coat of arms. ... Capital Hill of Tara (ceremonial) Language(s) Irish Government Monarchy High King  - 1002-1014 Brian Boru  - 1151-1154 Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair History  - Established prehistory  - Norman invasion 1 May 1169  - Flight of the Earls September, 1607 1 The Wijnbergen Roll dating from c.1280 attribute these arms to the King of Ireland ("le Roi d'Irlande"). Rev. J. F. M. French in The Arms of Ireland speculates that they predate the Norman invasion.

Gaelic Ireland was the political order that existed in Ireland prior to the Norman invasion and that ran in parallel to the subsequent nominal Lordship of Ireland throughout most of the country until the establishment of the Kingdom of Ireland. It was ruled as a elective monarchy, with a High King nominated from among the kings of the patchwork of kingdoms that made it up. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... The Hill of Tara (Irish Teamhair na Rí, Hill of the Kings), located near the River Boyne, is a long, low limestone ridge that runs between Navan and Dunshaughlin in County Meath, Leinster, Ireland. ... “Kingdom” redirects here. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... A much later engraving of Brian Boru Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (926 or 941[1] – 23 April 1014) (known as Brian Boru in English) was High King of Ireland from 1002 to 1014. ... Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (d. ... List of Captains present at the Norman Invasion of Ireland 1st of May 1169 List of persons who collaborated with Dermot MacMorrogh during the Invasion Richard Strongbow Earle of Pembroch, (Pembroke) Robert Fitz-Stephen, Harvey de Montmarish, Maurice Prendergast, Robert Barr, Meiler Meilerine, Maurice Fitz-Gerald, Redmond nephew of Fitz... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... Events Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din. ... In September 1607, Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Rory ODonnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell set sail from Rathmullan, a village on the shore of Lough Swilly in County Donegal, with ninety of their followers. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... List of Captains present at the Norman Invasion of Ireland 1st of May 1169 List of persons who collaborated with Dermot MacMorrogh during the Invasion Richard Strongbow Earle of Pembroch, (Pembroke) Robert Fitz-Stephen, Harvey de Montmarish, Maurice Prendergast, Robert Barr, Meiler Meilerine, Maurice Fitz-Gerald, Redmond nephew of Fitz... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Norman French, Irish, Welsh, English Government Monarchy Lord of Ireland  - 1171-1189 Henry II  - 1509-1541 Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant  - 1528-1529 Piers Butler  - 1540–1548 Anthony St Leger Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Monarchy King2  - 1542-1547 Henry VIII  - 1760-1801 George III Chief Secretary  - 1660 Matthew Lock  - 1798-1801 Viscount Castlereagh Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House of Commons History  - Act of Parliament 1541... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

Political structure

Ireland in 1014 showing the patchwork of kingdoms. Clockwise from the north-east they are: Ulidia, Oriel, Southern Ui Neill (Meath), Leinster, Munster, Connaught, Breifne, and Northern Ui Neill. The cities states of Dubh Linn (Dublin), Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick are also shown.

The Gaelic order in Ireland, rather than a single unified kingdom in the feudal sense, was comprised of a patchwork of kingdoms, which grew and shrunk with the relative powers of their rulers. Since the 8th century these were nominally subservient to the rule of a High King; however, it was not until the eleventh century, with high kingship of Brian Boru, that the office of the high king began to resemble a "national" king in a similar sense to continental Europe. This process has been steadily moving with the title of high kingship passing between a small number of compact families (O Brien of Munster, MacLochlainn of the North, O Connor of Connacht) who intermarried and competed against each other on a national basis. On the eve of the Anglo-Norman incursion of 1169, we find the agglomeration-cum-consolidation process complete and the provincial kingdoms divided and transformed into fiefdoms. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Clan structure and lineage

A 1521 drawing by Albrecht Dürer of Gaelic Irish soliders in the Low Countries.

Lineage was based on the practice of tanistry whereby a successor was appointed prior to the death of a ruler, rather than based on blood lineage. The clan system formed the basis of polity. Oftentimes, these are thought of as based on kinship, in fact, as Nicholls describes, these would better to thought of as akin to the modern-day corporation. Clans took may shapes and sizes. Their ruling structure, whether ruled by a single lord or a council, changed with according needs and the qualities of their membership. As with a modern corporation, the power of clans grew and shrunk. Once powerful clans could in time reduce in stature and be amalgamated with once smaller ones. How this "merger" would be dealt with would be a matter of negotiation based on the respective power of each party. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Albrecht Dürer (pronounced /al. ... The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ... Tanistry (Irish/Gaeilge Tàinste;Scottish Gaelic: Tànaisteachd) was the office of heir-apparent, or second-in-command, among the royal dynastys of Ireland and her offshoot nations. ...

Religion

Since Christianisation, Ireland had essentially rejected the role of the pope in religious matters. A division of church and civic life largely existed. With Nicholls reporting that religious teaching having little effect on civic matters such as divorce, marriage, etc. This would in time lead to the eventual Laudabiliter which would sanction the Norman (later English) invasion in order to bring the Irish church and polity under papal rule. In 1155, Pope Adrian IV issued a papal bull Laudabiliter giving the English King Henry II lordship over Ireland. ...

The Norman invasion and Gaelic re-conquest

Ireland in 1300, showing lands held by native Irish (green) and lands held by Normans (blue).

Ireland in 1450, showing lands held by native Irish (green), Anglo-Irish (blue) and the English king (red).

Pope Adrian IV, the only English pope, had already issued a Papal Bull in 1155 giving Henry II of England authority to invade Ireland as a means of curbing Irish refusal to recognize Roman law. Importantly, for later English monarchs, the Bull, Laudabiliter, maintained papal suzerainty over the island: Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Adrian IV (also known as Hadrian IV), born Nicholas Breakspear ( 1100 - September 1, 1159) was pope from 1154 to 1159. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ... Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154–1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... In 1155, Pope Adrian IV issued a papal bull Laudabiliter giving the English King Henry II lordship over Ireland. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ...

In 1166, after losing the protection of High King Muirchertach MacLochlainn, the King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under the new High King, Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair. Fleeing first to Bristol and then to Normandy, Diarmait obtained permission from Henry II of England to use his subjects to regain his kingdom. By the following year, he had obtained these services and in 1169 the main body of Norman, Welsh and Flemish forces landed in Ireland and quickly retook Leinster and the cities of Waterford and Dublin on behalf of Diarmait. The leader of the Norman force, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, more commonly known as Strongbow, married Diarmait's daughter, Aoife, and named tánaiste to the Kingdom of Leinster. This caused consternation to Henry II, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to visit Leinster to establish his authority. Muirechertach mac Lochlainn (died 1166) was king of the Cenél nEógain (of modern County Tyrone) and High King of Ireland from around 1154 to 1156, following Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (died 1156). ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... Diarmait Mac Murchada, anglicized as Dermot MacMurrough (died 1 January 1171) is considered the most notorious traitor in Irish history. ... Note: Rory OConnor can also refer to the Irish Republican of the 1920s, who fought in the Anglo-Irish War and the Irish Civil War Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (d. ... This article is about the English city. ... Flag of Normandy Normandy (in French: Normandie, and in Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region in northern France. ... Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154–1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... This article is about the country. ... Flanders (Dutch: ) is a large historical region overlapping Belgium, France and the Netherlands. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: 01, +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... Son of Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Isabel de Beaumont, Richard was an Anglo-Norman lord notable in supporting Henry II of England in Ireland. ... Eva MacMurrough (b. ... Tanistry (Irish/Gaeilge Tàinste;Scottish Gaelic: Tànaisteachd) was the office of heir-apparent, or second-in-command, among the royal dynastys of Ireland and her offshoot nations. ...

Henry landed with in 1171, proclaiming Waterford and Dublin as Royal Cities. Adrian's successor, Pope Alexander III, ratified the grant of Ireland to Henry in 1172. The 1175 Treaty of Windsor between Henry and Ruaidhrí maintained Ruaidhrí as High King of Ireland but and codified Henry's control of Leinster, Meath and Waterford. However, with Diarmuid and Strongbow dead, Henry back in England, and Ruaidhrí unable to curb his vassals, the high kingship rapidly lost control of the country. Henry, in 1185, awarded his Ireland to his younger son, John, with the title Dominus Hiberniae, "Lord of Ireland". This kept the newly created title and the Kingdom of England personally and legally separate. However, when John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King of England in 1199, the Lordship of Ireland fell back into personal union with the Kingdom of England. Events Saladin abolishes the Fatimid caliphate, restoring Sunni rule in Egypt. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: 01, +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... Alexander III, né Orlando Bandinelli (c. ... The Treaty of Windsor in 1175 was an agreement between King Henry II of England and the last High King of Ireland, Rory OConnor. ...

By 1261, the weakening of the Anglo-Normans had become manifest following a string of military defeats. In the chaotic situation, local Irish lords won back large amounts of land. A century later, the Black Death arrived in Ireland. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. After it had passed, Gaelic Irish language and customs came to dominate the country again. The English-controlled area shrunk back to the Pale, a fortified area around Dublin. Outside the Pale, the Hiberno-Norman lords adopted the Irish language and customs and siding with the indigenous Irish in political and military conflicts against England, becoming known as the Old English, and in the words of a contemporary English commentator, became "more Irish than the Irish themselves." It has been suggested that Plague doctor be merged into this article or section. ... The Pale refers to at least two geographic areas: The Pale of Settlement in which imperial Russia allowed Jews to live. ... The term Hiberno-Norman is used of those Norman lords who settled in Ireland, admitting little if any real fealty to the Anglo-Norman settlers in England. ... The Old English were a wave of early medieval Norman, French, Welsh, English, Breton and Flemish settlers who went to Ireland to claim territory and lands in the wake of the Norman invasion. ... More Irish than the Irish themselves was a phrase used in the Middle Ages to describe the phenomenon whereby foreigners who came to Ireland attached to invasion forces tended to be subsumed into Irish social and cultural society, adopted the Irish language, Irish culture, style of dress and a wholesale...

Although authorities in the Pale grew so worried about the "Gaelicisation" of Ireland and passed special legislation banning those of English descent from speaking the Irish language, wearing Irish clothes or inter-marrying with the Irish, the government in Dublin had little real authority. By the end of the fifteenth century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared. England's attentions were diverted by its Wars of the Roses. Around the country, local Gaelic and Gaelicised lords expanded their powers at the expense of the English government in Dublin. Percentage of Irish speakers by county; Northern Ireland is also included. ... Lancaster York For other uses, see Wars of the Roses (disambiguation). ...

End of the Gaelic order

From 1536, Henry VIII of England decided to re-conquer Ireland and bring it under crown English control. The Fitzgerald dynasty of Kildare, who had become the effective rulers of the Lordship of Ireland in the 15th century, had become unreliable allies and Henry resolved to bring Ireland under English government control so the island would not become a base for future rebellions or foreign invasions of England. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland, from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

In 1541, Henry upgraded Ireland from a lordship to a full kingdom, partly in response to changing relationships with the papacy, which still had suzerainty over Ireland, following Henry's break with the church. Henry was proclaimed King of Ireland at a meeting of the Irish Parliament that year. This was the first meeting of the Irish Parliament to be attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the Hiberno-Norman aristocracy. Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Monarchy King2  - 1542-1547 Henry VIII  - 1760-1801 George III Chief Secretary  - 1660 Matthew Lock  - 1798-1801 Viscount Castlereagh Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House of Commons History  - Act of Parliament 1541... The term Hiberno-Norman is used of those Norman lords who settled in Ireland, admitting little if any real fealty to the Anglo-Norman settlers in England. ...

With the technical institutions of government in place, the next step was to extend the control of the Kingdom of Ireland over all of its claimed territory. This took nearly a century, with various English administrations in the process either negotiating or fighting with the independent Irish and Old English lords. The re-conquest was completed during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I, after several bloody conflicts. Elizabeth I redirects here. ... James Stuart (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old. ...

The flight in to exile in 1607 of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell following their defeat at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601 and the suppression of their rebellion in Ulster in 1603 is seend as the watershed of Gaelic Ireland. It marked the destruction of Ireland's ancient Gaelic aristocracy following the Tudor re-conquest and cleared the way for the Plantation of Ulster. After this point, the English authorities in Dublin established real control over Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised government to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the native lordships. The inauguration of Hugh at Tullyhogue (Tulach Óg). ... Rory ODonnell 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (1575–1608) (originally known in Irish as Rudhraighe Ó Domhnaill), the last King of Tír Conaill and 1st Earl of Tyrconnell. ... Siege of Kinsale - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... The Nine Years War (Irish: Cogadh na Naoi mBliana) in Ireland took place from 1594 to 1603 and is also known as Tyrones Rebellion. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... The Gaels are an ethno-linguistic group which spread from Ireland to many parts of Britain, specifically Scotland, the Isle of Man, Wales and Cornwall. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The term aristocracy refers to a form of government where power is hereditary, and split between a small number of families. ... The Plantation of Ulster was a planned process of colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster during the early 17th century in the reign of James I of England. ...

References

v • d • e

Irish states since 1171

1171–1801 to 1607 Gaelic Ireland 1171–1541 Lordship of Ireland 1541–1801 Kingdom of Ireland 1801–1922 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

since 1919 1919–1922 Irish Republic 1921–1972 Northern Ireland 1921–1922 Southern Ireland 1922–1937 Irish Free State   since 1922 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1937 Ireland since 1998 Northern Ireland

See also  (extra-judicial areas in italics) 1642–1653 Confederate Ireland 1649–1660 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1798 Republic of Connaught 1922 Munster Republic 1969–1972 Free Derry