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Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign	37 - 41 (Consul from 39)
Born	August 31, 12
Died	January 24, 41
Predecessor	Tiberius
Successor	Claudius
Consort	1)Junia Claudilla 2)Livia Orestilla 3)Lollia Paulina 4)Caesonia
Issue	Julia Drusilla
Royal House	Julio-Claudian
Father	Germanicus
Mother	Agrippina the Elder

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31, 12 – January 24, 41), most commonly known as Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41. Known for his extreme extravagance, eccentricity, depravity and cruelty, he is remembered as a despot. He was assassinated in 41 by several of his own guards. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Roman Emperor is the term historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Bust of Gaius Caligula in the Louvre, Paris File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Events March 18 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius will and proclaims Caligula Roman Emperor. ... Events January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. ... The List of Roman Consuls to the Death of Commodus 33 Imperator Caesar Divi filius II, L. Volcacius Tullus 32 Cn. ... August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... For other uses, see number 12. ... January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. ... The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Junia Claudilla (? - AD 34) was the first wife of the Roman Emperor Caligula. ... Livia Orestilla was the second wife of the Roman Emperor Caligula. ... Lollia Paulina was an Empress, and third wife to Emperor Caligula. ... Milonia Caesonia (6 - 41 AD), Roman Empress, was a former courtesan with a notorious reputation. ... Julia Drusilla (39 AD-41 AD) was the only child and daughter of Roman Emperor Gaius (Caligula) and his fourth and last wife Caesonia. ... The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the series of the first five Roman Emperors. ... Bust of Germanicus. ... Agrippina the Elder, wife of Germanicus (Vipsania) Agrippina (PIR1 V 463) 14 BC – 18 October AD 33), most commonly known as Agrippina Major or Agrippina the Elder, was one of the most prominent women in the Roman Empire in the early 1st century AD. She was the daughter of Marcus... August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... For other uses, see number 12. ... January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. ... Roman Emperor is the term historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ... The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the series of the first five Roman Emperors. ... Events March 18 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius will and proclaims Caligula Roman Emperor. ... Despotism is a form of government by a single authority, either a single person (ie. ... Assassin and Targeted killing redirect here. ...

The Roman historian Suetonius referred to Caligula as a "monster", and the surviving sources are universal in their condemnation. One popular tale, often cited as an example of his insanity and tyranny, is that Caligula appointed his favorite horse, Incitatus, to a seat on the senate and attempted to appoint it to the position of consul. The story, however, owes its unrelenting currency to its charm: it is based on a single misunderstood near-contemporary reference, in which Suetonius merely repeats an unattributed rumour that Caligula was thinking about doing it (Suet. Cal. 55.3). Caligula is often alleged to have had incestuous relationships with his sisters, most notably his younger sister Drusilla, but there is no credible evidence to support such claims either. In short, the surviving sources are filled with anecdotes of Caligula's cruelty and insanity rather than an actual account of his reign, making any reconstruction of his time as Princeps nearly impossible. What does survive is the picture of a depraved, hedonistic ruler, an image that has made Caligula one of the most widely recognizable, if poorly documented, of all the Roman Emperors; the name "Caligula" itself has become synonymous with wanton hedonism, cruelty, tyranny, and insanity. This article is about the Roman historian. ... Incitatus was the name of Roman emperor Caligulas favored horse. ... Consul (abbrev. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Julia Drusilla (September 16, 7 - June 10, 38) was a daughter to Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. ...

Life

Overview

Caligula ruled from 37 to 41. During his rule, Rome was relatively peaceful and prosperous (the height of Pax Romana). Caligula focused much of his attention on enhancing civic unity, participation and assimilation. He promoted public works, gladiatoral shows and athletic games. He increased the equity and transparency of governmental operations. He also attempted to restore sufferage to Roman citizens. Roman Empire at its greatest extent with the conquests of Trajan Pax Romana (27 BC-AD 180), Latin for the Roman peace, is the long period of relative peace experienced by the Roman Empire. ...

His reign had some successes including terroritorial expansion into Mauretania.

His failures included ill-received assimilation policy related to Jews in the eastern provinces and unsuccessful German military campaigns. Though popular with the public, Caligula's unpopularity with the military led to his assassination.

Early life

See Julio-Claudian Family Tree.

Caligula was born as Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus on August 31, 12, at the resort of Antium, the third of six surviving children born to Augustus's adopted grandson, Germanicus, and Augustus's granddaughter, Agrippina the Elder. Germanicus was son to Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was nephew to Claudius (the future emperor). Agrippina was daughter to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. They had four other sons (Tiberius and Gaius Julius, who died young; Nero, Drusus), and three daughters (Julia Livilla, Drusilla and Agrippina the Younger). The Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early Roman Empire has a family tree complicated by multiple marriages between the members of the gens Julia and the gens Claudia. ... August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... For other uses, see number 12. ... Anzio (2003 pop. ... Augustus (Latin: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC – August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English Octavian, Latin: C•IVLIVS•C•F•CAESAR•OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important... Bust of Germanicus. ... Agrippina the Elder, wife of Germanicus (Vipsania) Agrippina (PIR1 V 463) 14 BC – 18 October AD 33), most commonly known as Agrippina Major or Agrippina the Elder, was one of the most prominent women in the Roman Empire in the early 1st century AD. She was the daughter of Marcus... Bust of Nero Claudius Drusus, in the Musée du Cinquantinaire, Brussels Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, born Decimus Claudius Drusus and variously called Drusus, Drusus I or Drusus the Elder (14 January 38 - 9 BC) was the younger son of Livia, wife of Augustus Caesar, and her first husband, Tiberius... Julia Antonia Cretica Minor (the younger) (31 January 36 BC - September/October 37 AD) or Antonia the Younger or simply known as Antonia. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Marcus Agrippa Agrippa redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus (AD 6–AD 30) was a close relative to the Roman Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. ... Drusus Caesar , also referred to as Drusus III, (7 - 33 AD) was a member of a noble family of ancient Rome. ... Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus Julia Livilla or Julia Germanici filia (Lesbos, early 18 AD-Pandateria (?) late 41 or early 42 AD) was the youngest child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder and one of Caligulas sisters. ... Julia Drusilla (September 16, 7 - June 10, 38) was a daughter to Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. ... Julia Agrippina (Classical Latin: IVLIA•AGRIPPINA; from the year 50, called IVLIA•AVGVSTA•AGRIPPINA[1]), most commonly known as Agrippina Minor or Agrippina the Younger (November 6, 15 – March 59), was the daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina Major. ...

Gaius' life started out promisingly, as he was the son of extremely famous parents. Germanicus was a grandson to Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia, Augustus's third wife, as well as an adoptive grandson of Augustus himself. He was thus a prominent member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and was revered as son of the most beloved general of the Roman Empire. Agrippina was herself a granddaughter of Augustus and Scribonia. She was considered a model of the perfect Roman woman. Tiberius Claudius Nero may refer to several individuals of the Roman Empire: Tiberius Nero, first husband to Livia and lieutenant of Julius Caesar Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar aka Emperor Tiberius, son of Tiberius and Livia Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus, aka Emperor Claudius, nephew of Tiberius and grandson of Tiberius... A cult statue of Livia represented as Ops, with sheaf of wheat and cornucopia, 1st century. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Scribonia (d. ...

A caliga.

As a boy of just two or three, he accompanied his parents on military campaigns in the north of Germania and became the mascot of his father's army. The soldiers were amused whenever Agrippina would put young Gaius in a miniature soldier costume, and he was soon given his nickname Caligula, meaning "Little (Soldier's) boot", after the small boots he wore as part of his costume.^[1] Download high resolution version (3456x2304, 756 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (3456x2304, 756 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Caligae (Latin; singular Caliga) are heavy military sandals as worn in ancient Rome. ... In the Roman era Germania was the Latin name for a geographical area that stretched from the west bank of the Rhine to a vaguely-defined eastern frontier with the forest and steppe regions of modern Russia and Ukraine. ...

The question of succession had arisen several times during the life of Augustus, leading to accusations of intrigue within the family. Caligula's father, Germanicus, was believed by many to have been Augustus's preferred successor, though at the time of Augustus's death he was too young to assume the office of Princeps. As a result, Augustus had promoted Tiberius, with the caveat that Tiberus in turn adopt Germanicus. After a successful campaign in Germany and a Triumph in Rome, Germanicus was sent east to distance him from Roman politics, and died on October 10, 19, claiming to have been poisoned by agents of Tiberius. Relations between his mother and Tiberius deteriorated rapidly amid accusations of murder and conspiracy. Augustus (Latin: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC – August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English Octavian, Latin: C•IVLIVS•C•F•CAESAR•OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important... Bust of Germanicus. ... The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ... A Roman Triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly honour the military commander (dux) of a notably successful foreign war or campaign and to display the glories of Roman victory. ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in Leap years). ... For other uses, see number 19. ... The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ...

The adolescent Caligula was sent to live first with his great-grandmother, and Tiberius's mother, Livia, in 27, possibly as a hostage. Following Livia's falling-out with Tiberius and her death two years later, he was returned to his Julian relatives and remanded to his grandmother Antonia. During this period Caligula had little outside contact, and his sole companions were his three sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Drusilla, and Julia Livilla. Later, Caligula's accusers would focus on this close relationship, accusing the Emperor of having engaged in incest with all three, but especially Drusilla. Suetonius in particular writes a great deal about these supposed acts. A cult statue of Livia represented as Ops, with sheaf of wheat and cornucopia, 1st century. ... Events The Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri, leaving the praetorian prefect Sejanus in charge of both Rome and the Empire. ... Julia Agrippina (Classical Latin: IVLIA•AGRIPPINA; from the year 50, called IVLIA•AVGVSTA•AGRIPPINA[1]), most commonly known as Agrippina Minor or Agrippina the Younger (November 6, 15 – March 59), was the daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina Major. ... Julia Drusilla (September 16, 7 - June 10, 38) was a daughter to Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. ... Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus Julia Livilla or Julia Germanici filia (Lesbos, early 18 AD-Pandateria (?) late 41 or early 42 AD) was the youngest child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder and one of Caligulas sisters. ... Julia Drusilla (September 16, 7 - June 10, 38) was a daughter to Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. ... The Twelve Caesars is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire. ...

In 31, Caligula was remanded to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri until the death of Tiberius and the ascension of Caligula in 37. By this time, Caligula was already in favor with Tiberius. Suetonius writes of extreme perversions happening on Capri, as Tiberius was without the people who managed to keep him in line (Augustus, Livia, his brother Drusus, and his best friend Nerva), so he felt free to indulge in any perversion he desired. Whether this is true or not is hard to say. Unpopular Emperors such as Tiberius and Caligula may not have had the whole truth written about them, and gossip is common throughout ancient texts. Overlooking Capri harbor from the rotunda in Villa San Michele. ...

At this time, Tiberius's Praetorian Prefect, Sejanus, was extremely powerful in Rome, and began forming his own alliances against Tiberius's rule and his possible successors, attempting to court the supporters of the Julian line. Treason trials were commonly practiced, as Tiberius in his old age was growing increasingly paranoid and began to rely increasingly upon his friend Sejanus, who once saved his life. These trials were the main lever Sejanus used to strengthen his position and dispose of any opposition. Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature. ... Lucius Aelius Seianus (or Sejanus) (20 BC – October 18, 31 AD) was an ambitious soldier, friend and confidant of Tiberius, and for a time the most influential and feared citizen of Rome. ...

From a very early age Caligula learned to tread very carefully. According to both Tacitus and Suetonius, he surpassed his brothers in intelligence, and was an excellent natural actor, realizing the danger when other members of his family could not. Caligula survived when most of the other potential candidates to the throne were destroyed. His mother Agrippina was banished to the tiny island of Pandataria, where she starved herself to death. His two oldest brothers, Nero and Drusus, also died. Nero was banished to the island of Ponza, while Drusus' body was found locked in a dungeon with stuffing from his mattress in his mouth to keep off the hunger pangs. Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (c. ... Ventotene and the Pontine Islands. ... Ponza and the Pontine Islands. ...

Suetonius writes of Caligula's servile nature towards Tiberius, and his indifferent nature towards his dead mother and brothers. By his own account, Caligula mentioned years later that this servility was a sham in order to stay alive, and on more than one occasion he very nearly killed Tiberius when his anger overwhelmed him. An observer said of Caligula: "Never was there a better servant or a worse master!" Caligula proved to have a flair for administration and won further favor with the ailing Tiberius by carrying out many of his duties for him. At night, Caligula would inflict torture on slaves and watch bloody gladiatorial games with glee. In 33, Tiberius gave Caligula the position of honorary quaestorship, the only form of public service Caligula would hold until his reign. Quaestors were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. ...

Emperor

Early reign

When Tiberius died on March 16, 37, his estate and the titles of the Principate were left to Caligula and Tiberius's own grandson, Tiberius Gemellus, who were to serve as joint heirs. Suetonius writes that the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard Naevius Sutorius Macro smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession, much to the joy of the Roman people. Backed by Macro, Caligula had Tiberius’s will with regards to Tiberius Gemellus declared null and void on grounds of insanity, but otherwise carried out Tiberius' wishes. Caligula accepted the powers of the Principate as conferred by the Senate, and entered Rome on March 28 amid a crowd that hailed him as "our baby" and "our star". March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... Events March 18 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius will and proclaims Caligula Roman Emperor. ... Tiberius Gemellus, son of Drusus the Younger and Livilla Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero , known as Tiberius Gemellus, (10 October AD 19–AD 37 or 38) was the son of Drusus and Livilla, the grandson of Tiberius, and the cousin of Gaius Caligula. ... Quintus Naevius Sutorius Macro (or Quintus Naevius Cordus Sutorius Macro) (21 BC - 38 AD) was the Prefect of the Roman Praetorian Guard after the execution of Aelius Sejanus in October, 31. ... The Principate is, according to its etymological derivation from the Latin word princeps, meaning chief or first, the political regime dominated by such a political leader, whether or not he is formally head of state and/or head of government. ... The Roman Senate (Latin, Senatus) was a deliberative body which was important in the government of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in leap years). ...

His first acts were generous in spirit, though more than likely political in nature. He granted bonuses to the Praetorian Guards, destroyed Tiberius's treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, recalled exiles, and helped those who had been harmed by the Imperial tax system. He also banished sex offenders from the empire. He was also known to put on lavish spectacles for the public, such as gladiator battles. These acts initially won him favor from the public. Furthermore, he revived free elections for the populace and re-opened the annals of the empire that had been closed under his predecessor Tiberius. The Praetorian Guard of Augustus - 1st century. ... For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation). ... A tax (also known as a duty) is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ...

Caligula was loved by many simply for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus. It was said [by Suetonius] that some One-hundred and sixty thousand people were sacrified to usher in his reign. Moreover, he was, unlike Tiberius, a direct blood descendant of Augustus, and therefore related to Julius Caesar. He was also a great-grandson of Mark Antony. Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ... For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ...

On becoming Emperor, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt. He ordered a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighboring port of Puteoli. It was said that the bridge was to rival that of Persian King Xerxes' crossing of the Hellespont. He then proceeded to ride his favorite horse, Incitatus, across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. This act was in defiance of Tiberius's soothsayer Thrasyllus prediction that he had "no more chance of becoming Emperor than of riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae". Pontoon bridge across the James River at Richmond, Virginia, 1865. ... A pontoon boat, like this small pleasure boat, typically floats and balances by means of two pontoons oriented in the direction of travel. ... Baiae (Italian: Baia), in the Campania region of Italy on the Bay of Naples, today a frazione of the comune of Bacoli, was for several hundred years a fashionable and luxurious coastal resort, especially towards the end of the period of the Roman Republic. ... Puteoli, the ancient predecessor of Pozzuoli, was an Italian city of Roman times on the coast of Campania, on the north shore of a bay running north from the Bay of Naples. ... Incitatus was the name of Roman emperor Caligulas favored horse. ... Alexander the Great (Greek: [1], Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC — June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders in history, conquering most of the known world before his death; he is frequently included in a... Thrasyllus of Mendes was an Egyptian astrologer, astronomer and mathematician who lived during the reign of the Emperor Tiberius, whom he served. ...

However, following this auspicious start to his reign, Caligula fell seriously ill in October of 37, and, as Scullard remarks, "emerged as a monster of lust and diabolical cruelty". Throngs of people prayed to the gods that they be killed to spare their king from harm. Their prayers would go unheeded.

There is some debate as to the chronology. Many authors, including Michael Grant (The Twelve Caesars, 1975) and Donna W. Hurley (An Historical and Historiographical Commentary on Suetonius' "Life of C. Caligula", 1993), state that the real break between Caligula and the Senate, and thereafter his extravagant behaviour, did not occur until 39. Though the exact cause of the argument between the young Caesar and the Senate is unclear, what sources remain seem to indicate that the Emperor had demanded a triumph and had been refused by the Senate. What is clear is that in 39 Caligula removed and replaced the Consuls without consulting the Senate, and publicly humiliated several Senators by forcing them to run alongside his chariot in their full robes. It is from this point on that there is a marked change in the biography of his life; the young man previously hailed as "our star" and "our baby" by the Roman people became a despotic tyrant.

Caligula and the Empire

During his short reign, Mauretania was annexed and reorganized into two provinces, Herod Agrippa was appointed to a kingdom in Judaea, and severe riots took place in Alexandria between Jews and Greeks. Though certainly of note, these events are largely ignored by the surviving sources, all of whom unanimously focus on the Emperor as a mentally unstable, homicidal and depraved madman. The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the series of the first five Roman Emperors. ... Augustus (Latin: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC – August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English Octavian, Latin: C•IVLIVS•C•F•CAESAR•OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Several notable individuals of the Roman Empire were commonly called Gaius Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator Gaius Julius Caesar Vipsanianus was the son of Agrippa and Julia Caesaris, and the heir apparent to Augustus Caesar, but died in AD 4. ... Lucius Caesar (17 BC-2, born Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa and adopted as Lucius Julius Caesar Vipsanianus) was the second son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia Caesaris. ... Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus, (12 BC-14 AD) also known as Agrippa Postumus or Postumus Agrippa, was a son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. ... The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ... The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ... Drusus the Younger, son of Tiberius. ... Bust of Germanicus. ... Julia Drusilla (39 AD-41 AD) was the only child and daughter of Roman Emperor Gaius (Caligula) and his fourth and last wife Caesonia. ... Tiberius Gemellus, son of Drusus the Younger and Livilla Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero , known as Tiberius Gemellus, (10 October AD 19–AD 37 or 38) was the son of Drusus and Livilla, the grandson of Tiberius, and the cousin of Gaius Caligula. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Antonia (30–66 AD) was Claudius only child from his second marriage to Aelia Paetina. ... Octavia was the name of three women of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty of ancient Rome: two were sisters of Augustus Caesar, and the younger was the daughter of Claudius and wife of Nero. ... Britannicus (41 - 55 A.D.) was the son of the Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina. ... Nero[1] Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37 – June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (54–68). ... Nero[1] Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37 – June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (54–68). ... Claudia Augusta was the only daughter of the Roman Emperor Nero by his second wife Poppaea Sabina. ... Mauretania was a Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of north Africa (named after the Mauri tribe, after whom the Moors were named), corresponding to western Algeria and northern Morocco. ... This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. ... Desert hills in southern Judea, looking east from the town of Arad Judea or Judaea (יהודה Praise, Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of historic Palestine, an area now divided... Alexandria Modern Alexandria, from Qaitbays Citadel Alexandria, sphinx made of pink granite, Ptolemaic. ...

Examples of his insanity focus on a handful of episodes in his life, notably Caligula's military activities on the northern frontier, and his religious policy. His northern campaigns are derided, with accounts of Gauls dressed up as Germans at his triumph, and Roman troops ordered to collect sea-shells as "spoils of the sea" and indicative of his victory against Neptune. Numerous theories and suggestions have been put forth to attempt to explain these actions as anything other than those of a mad-man, the most reasonable suggestion being that Caligula went north to invade Britain and win where even Julius Caesar had been forced to retreat. His troops seem to have had a different campaign in mind, and upon arriving at the shores of the English Channel, the troops refused to go further, hence Caligula ordered them to collect sea-shells as their reward for the "campaign" that they refused to embark upon. Once again, however, due to the lack of sources, what precisely occurred and why is a matter of debate even among the primary sources for Caligula's reign. Map of Gaul circa 58 BC For Gaul after the Roman conquest, see Roman Gaul Gaul (Latin Gallia) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the... Neptune reigns in the city centre, Bristol, formerly the largest port in England outside London. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ... Satellite view of the English Channel Map of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche (IPA: ) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ...

Caligula's religious policy was a firm departure from the policy of his predecessors. Under Augustus, the Cult of the Deified Emperor had been established and promoted, especially in the western empire, and was generally the first organization established in any new Roman colony. Augustus proclaimed on multiple occasions that he was not himself personally divine; instead the Cult centered around his numen, his personal spirit, and gens, the collective spirit of his family and ancestors. After Augustus, Tiberius seems to have had little interest in the Cult, and its promulgation and expansion seems to have been on a local level and driven by local magistrates, rather than from a central organizational structure. Caligula expanded this Cult on an unprecedented scale. The temple of Castor and Pollux on the Forum was linked directly to the Imperial residence on the Palatine and dedicated to Caligula himself; he would appear here on occasions, dressed and presenting himself as a god, and demanding that those in his presence adopt sycophantic methods of acknowledging him. The nature of the Cult of the Deified Emperor changed from honoring the spirits around the Emperor to direct worship of Caligula himself. Likewise, Caligula's policies affected religious practice in the whole of the Empire, not just those practices associated with the Cult. The heads of the statues of many of the gods throughout Rome and the empire were replaced with Caligula's head, including many of the female statues, and Caligula demanded that he be worshipped as an embodiment of these gods, similar to the Hellenistic ruler-cults. The Imperial cult in Ancient Rome was the worship of the Roman Emperor as a god. ...

Caligula was especially paranoid of Jews, having many killed for no reason, and he had statues of himself placed in all synagogues. He even attempted to place a statue of himself as Zeus in the Holy of Holies in the Temple in Jerusalem; Jews had been granted religious rights and freedom by Julius Caesar, and hitherto were generally treated as being outside the scope of Roman religious law. This attempt was delayed for years by the governor, Publius Petronius, and was finally ended due to the intervention of Herod Agrippa, a personal friend of the Emperor and client-king of Judea. Lesko synagogue, Poland A synagogue (Hebrew: בית כנסת ; beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: שול, shul) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... Statue of Zeus Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BC. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in Ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th century engraving In Greek mythology, Zeus (in Greek: nominative: Ζεύς Zeús, genitive: Διός Díos) is... The Tabernacle in the Wilderness The Most Holy Place also known as the Holiest of Holies is a location within the inner tabernacle of Moses. ... The Angkor Wat Hindu temple in Cambodia is the largest in the world. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-al-Quds (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names) is the capital and largest city[1] of the State of Israel with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006[2... A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief adminstator of Roman law throughout one or more of Ancient Romes many provinces. ... This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. ... Judea or Judaea (יהודה Praise, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ) (Greek: Ιουδαία) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל Eretz Yisrael), an area now divided between Israel and the West Bank, and, in a few geographical definitions of Judea, Jordan. ...

Downward spiral

Renaissance picture of Caligula.

Outlandish stories cluster about the raving emperor, illustrating his excessive cruelty, multiple and peculiar sexual escapades (both heterosexual and homosexual, at least as claimed by Suetonius, Cal. 36), or disrespect toward tradition and the Senate. Sources describe his incestuous relationships with all three of his sisters, his disembowelment of his favorite sister in order to get to the child he impregnated her with resulting in her death, his subsequent declaring her to be a goddess, his selling to the highest bidder of the wives of high ranking Senate members during sexual orgies, his laughable military campaigns in the north, the plan to make his horse Incitatus a consul, and his habit of roaming the halls of his palace at night ordering the sun to rise. He also named his horse as a priest, and gave it a house to reside in, complete with a marble stable, golden manger, and jewel necklaces; and he later talked of making his horse a member of the Senate. He opened a brothel in his palace and had a habit of taking Senate members' wives with him to his private bedroom during social functions, while the husbands could merely look on as they left together, then he would recount the sexual acts he performed with the wives for all to hear, including her husband. Image File history File links Cor-aabr001903. ... Image File history File links Cor-aabr001903. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Consul (abbrev. ...

He comes across as aloof, arrogant, egotistical, and is generally portrayed as insane. He is said to have cried "I wish the Roman people had but a single neck" when an arena crowd applauded a faction he opposed. ^[2] It is also said that when there were not enough convicts to fight lions & tigers in arena, he threw in some spectators. Suetonius wrote that he often uttered "Let them hate me, so long as they fear me", and described this as a familiar line of the tragic poet (Accius); however, Suetonius also attributes the utterance of this line to Tiberius. Lucius Accius, a Roman tragic poet, the son of a freedman, was born at Pisaurum in Umbria, in 170 BC. The year of his death is unknown, but he must have lived to a great age, since Cicero (Brutus, 28) speaks of having conversed with him on literary matters. ... The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ...

What is documented is that he declared himself a living god, and even had a bridge constructed between his palace and Jupiter's Temple. He is also said to have made it a crime to look down on him from above, and not to leave him everything in a will. To the Roman people, this was considered nothing less than blasphemy. Jupiter et Thétis - by Jean Ingres, 1811. ...

Caligula was also incredibly self-indulgent, dramatic proof of which has been found with the discovery of two sunken ships at the bottom of Lake Nemi. These two ships were by far the largest vessels in the ancient world; in fact their size was not even rivaled until after the Renaissance.^{[citations needed]} The smaller of the ships was designed as a temple dedicated to Diana (the Roman equivalent of Artemis). The larger ship was essentially an elaborate floating palace that counted marble floors and plumbing among its amenities, the sole role of which was to satisfy Caligula's increasingly hedonistic behavior. The Nemi Ships were huge and incredibly luxurious ships built by the Roman emperor Caligula in the first century A.D. at Lake Nemi. ... Lake Nemi is a small circular volcanic lake in the Lazio region of Italy a few miles south of Rome, taking its name from Nemi, the largest town in the area, that overlooks it from a height. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... Diana can refer to: // Only Name Diana, Ancient Roman Goddess of the moon, animals, hunting, children, childbirth Diana, Princess of Wales Diane de Poitiers, figure in the royal french court Aylar Lie, Iranian-Norwegian model and pornographic actress, uses Diana as an alias First Name Diana DeGarmo, runner-up on... The Artemis of Versailles, a Roman copy of the marble sculpture of Leochares, now at the Louvre Artemis (Greek: nominative , genitive ), in Greek mythology was daughter of Zeus and of Leto and the twin sister of Apollo. ...

Assassination

Caligula was murdered following a conspiracy amongst officers of the Praetorian Guard, apparently for reasons of personal insult and spite. Some have suggested the plot was more extensive than the sources indicate, including many senators, imperial freedmen, and even the support of the next emperor Claudius, but there is little if any evidence to support such claims. In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power. ... The Praetorian Guard of Augustus - 1st century. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ...

What is known is that on January 24, 41, the praetorian tribune Cassius Chaerea and other guardsmen accosted Caligula while he was addressing an acting troupe of young men during a series of games held for the Divine Augustus. Chaerea had a distinguished record as one of Germanicus's best officers and had known Caligula since infancy. One possible motive provided by Suetonius is that Chaerea had experienced years of abuse by Caligula over his so-called effeminacy, possibly due to a wound to his genitalia; Suetonius records that Caligula commonly gave the watchwords "Priapus" (erection) or "Venus" (Roman slang for a eunuch) when Chaerea was on duty. Chaerea requested the watchword from the Emperor and, after Caligula's response, struck the first blow. The co-conspirators quickly moved in and stabbed the Emperor to death, according to Josephus's account only a few feet away from his guard and entourage. By the time Caligula's German guard responded in a rage by attacking the co-conspirators and innocent civilians alike, the Emperor was already dead. It is believed that the final blow was to Caligula's genitalia, delivered by Chaerea. Chaerea and another aggrieved tribune, Cornelius Sabinus, also killed Caligula's wife Caesonia and their infant daughter, Julia Drusilla, by smashing her head against a wall. January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. ... Cassius Chaerea (fl. ... Milonia Caesonia (6 - 41 AD), Roman Empress, was a former courtesan with a notorious reputation. ... Julia Drusilla (39 AD-41 AD) was the only child and daughter of Roman Emperor Gaius (Caligula) and his fourth and last wife Caesonia. ...

Caligula's insanity

Recent sources say that Caligula probably had encephalitis. Ancient sources, like Roman biographers Suetonius and Cassius Dio, describe Caligula having a "brain fever". The symptoms of Caligula's condition as well can be attributed to an attack of meningitis.^{[citations needed]} Philo of Alexandria reports it was nothing more than a nervous breakdown, as Caligula was not used to the pressures of constant attention after being out of the public eye for most of his life. Rome waited in horror, praying that their beloved Emperor would recover. He became better, but his reign took a sharp turn. The death of Gemellus and of Silanus, Caligula's father-in-law, took place right after Caligula recovered. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection. ... This article is about the Roman historian. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155–after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ... Philo (20 BCE - 40 CE) was an Alexandrian Jewish philosopher born in Alexandria, Egypt. ...

The question of whether or not Caligula was insane remains unanswered. Philo, author of Legatio ad Caium ("embassy to Caius") and leader of a delegation sent to Caligula to seek relief from persecution by Alexandrian Greeks, claimed that the emperor was no more than a vicious jokester. Based on the contemporary reports of his behavior, modern psychology would likely diagnose Caligula as delusional, and possibly suffering from antisocial personality disorder as a result of his traumatic upbringing. Philo (20 BCE - 40 CE), known also as Philo of Alexandria and as Philo Judeaus, was a Hellenized Jewish philosopher born in Alexandria, Egypt. ... Delusional disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis denoting a psychotic mental illness that involves holding one or more non-bizarre delusions in the absence of any other significant psychopathology (signs or symptoms of mental illness). ... Antisocial personality disorder (APD or ASPD) is a psychiatric diagnosis that interprets antisocial and impulsive behaviours as symptoms of a personality disorder. ...

However, given Caligula's unpopularity as emperor, it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. In addition to those recounted above, there are many famous stories attesting to his bizarre behavior as emperor: that he wanted to erect a statue of himself in Jerusalem (his good friend Herod Agrippa stopped it), his amusement with shutting down the granaries and starving the citizens, his hobby of watching executions as he ate, and labeling himself a "god". According to Suetonius he "often sent for men whom he had secretly killed, as though they were still alive, and remarked off-handedly a few days later that they must have committed suicide". Regardless of the validity of any of these anecdotes, historians tend to agree that Caligula was extremely unqualified and unprepared to be Emperor. Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-al-Quds (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names) is the capital and largest city[1] of the State of Israel with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006[2... This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. ...

Alternative views

The lack of a full accounting of Caligula's reign, and the hyperbolic nature of the records that do remain, create several problems for historical analysis. It must be noted that, except for Philo's Embassy to Caius and mention in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, Chapters 6 through 8, all historical writings regarding Caligula are authored by Romans of Senatorial rank, a class of individuals whose power had been severely checked by the growth of the Principate. Additionally, in Roman politics sexual perversity was often presented hand in hand with poor government; Suetonius accuses Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero all of sexually perverse behaviour, and also heavily criticizes many of the administrative aspects of these Emperor's rules. Therefore, much of what is recorded about Caligula, especially that coming from Suetonius, must be taken with a grain of salt. (With) a grain of salt is a literal translation of an ancient Latin phrase, (cum) grano salis. ...

Bust of Caligula, 1st century.

It is known that in 39 there was a political break between Caligula and the Senate, and it is from this point forward that Caligula's reign takes on a decidedly despotic tone. The purges of Tiberius had removed from the Senate some of the staunchest supporters of the Julian line, of which Caligula was a prominent member. Caligula was thus presented with a Senate that, at best, offered half-hearted support. Additionally, the absence of Tiberius for much of his reign meant that the Senate, previously docile after almost 50 years under Augustus, had been forced to take up much of the administrative apparatus of the Empire once again. Caligula was thus faced with an uncooperative Senate that was once again beginning to rule the Empire as it had before Caesar and Augustus. Image File history File links Gaius_Caligula_Head. ... Image File history File links Gaius_Caligula_Head. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Roman Empire Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligulas sisters. ...

The position of the Princeps was an elaborate facade that required the most powerful man in Rome to act as if he were nothing more than a concerned citizen and magistrate under the Senate's supervision. Caligula, faced with an uncooperative Senate, seems to have quickly tired of this charade and decided to act indiscriminantly with the powers given to him as Princeps. The vast financial reserves that Tiberius had left behind were quickly spent and the imperial treasury emptied by the end of Caligula's brief reign. His reign saw the expansion of the imperial court and imperial palace into the Forum itself. Imperial duties and responsibilities that Tiberius had returned to the Senate were reclaimed as rights of the Princeps, and the powers of the Senate were further restricted. Perhaps modeling his rule after the Hellenistic monarchs, Caligula sought to make himself the center of all religious activity.

In essence, Caligula sought to take the Principate to its next logical step: a divine monarchy. However, the complexities of Roman society and Roman politics demanded that the facade of the "first-citizen" be continued. Suetonius compares Caligula to Julius Caesar; in the mind of the Roman Senate, the delicately balanced Principate had become little more than the tyranny it had rid itself of a century before. Thus, much of the sensational accusations leveled at Caligula could be viewed as politically motivated attacks against his character and his memory. It must be kept in mind that the records that we have of Caligula were all written by his political opponents, those most damaged by his attempt to enforce his absolute authority .

Popular culture

• Caligula (film) is also a controversial 1979 movie starring Malcolm McDowell, Teresa Ann Savoy, Helen Mirren, and Peter O'Toole.
• Actor Jay Robinson played Caligula in The Robe 1953 and its sequel Demetrius and the Gladiators 1954.
• John Hurt played Caligula in the TV adaptation of Robert Graves's book I, Claudius.
• Caligula (play) by Albert Camus
• In Edgar Rice Burroughs' novel I am a Barbarian the main character, the son of a chief of the Britons made captive by the Romans, becomes the personal slave and companion to a four-year-old boy whom he calls "Little Boots." Only ten himself, Britannicus soon realizes that he is serving the grandnephew of the emperor, one who bore a name that would be indelibly recorded on the pages of history -- Caligula.*ERBzine
• On Adult Swim's The Venture Bros., a 2006 episode (Escape to the House of Mummies Part II) has the family travel through different periods of time picking up various historical figures including Caligula. They had him hold the Hand of Osiris, which he hid in his rectum. Also, the group split up and Caligula was to team with Hank Venture, but after sexually embracing him, he was told to go alone.
• On NBC's Seinfeld, a 1995 episode, The Jimmy, found Jerry comparing his dentist, Tim Whatley, to Caligula when it appeared Whatley had sex with his assistant while Jerry was anesthetized. A later episode from 1997, The Blood, shows George trying to integrate food into his sex life. Later on, at Monk's, George finds himself aroused by a meal, and in terror Jerry exclaims: "I'll tell you what you did, Caligula, you combined food and sex into one disgusting, uncontrollable urge!"
• In the 1991 episode of Red Dwarf titled Meltdown, the crew encounters a number of historical figures, including Caligula, played by comedian Tony Hawks.
• The psuedonym of Dark Funeral vocalist is Emperor Magus Caligula.
• On Xena: Warrior Princess, Alexis Arquette appeared as Emperor Caligula in the episode "The God you Know"
• In the Judge Dredd comic strip the character Judge Cal was based on Caligula.
• The Smiths song Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now includes the line, "What she asked of me at the end of the day, Caligula would have blushed".

Caligula is a 1979 film directed by Tinto Brass, with additional scenes filmed by Bob Guccione and Giancarlo Lui, about the Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar Germanicus also known as Caligula. Caligula was written by Gore Vidal and co-financed by Penthouse magazine, though the script underwent several re-writes after... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... Malcolm McDowell (born June 13, 1943) is an English actor. ... Teresa Ann Savoy (b. ... Mirren with Malcolm McDowell in O Lucky Man (1973) Dame Helen Mirren, DBE (born Ilyena Lydia Mironoff on 26 July 1945) is an Emmy Award-winning English stage, television and movie actress. ... Peter Seamus OToole (born August 2, 1932) is an Irish-born film and stage actor who was raised in England in the Yorkshire city of Leeds. ... The Robe, a 1942 historical novel featuring the Crucifixion, written by Lloyd C. Douglas. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ... Demetrius and the Gladiators was a 1954 drama film that was a sequel to The Robe. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Hurt (Mississippi John Hurt is an early American folk and country blues singer, 1893–1966) John Vincent Hurt CBE (born January 22, 1940) is an Academy Award nominated English actor. ... Portrait of Robert Graves (circa 1974) by Rab Shiell Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985) was an English scholar, poet, and novelist. ... I, Claudius is a novel by Robert Graves, (ISBN 067972477X) first published in 1934, dealing sympathetically with the life of the Roman Emperor Claudius and the history of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty and Roman Empire, from Julius Caesars assassination in 44 BC to Caligulas assassination in 41 AD... Caligula is a play by Albert Camus. ... Albert Camus (pronounced ) (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was a French author and philosopher. ... Edgar Rice Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan, although he also produced works in many genres. ... The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ... The Adult Swim logo Adult Swim, usually rendered [adult swim] on bumps, is the name for the adult-oriented television programming block on Cartoon Network in the United States and Australia, and Bravo in the United Kingdom, featuring absurdist and often ribald comedy in contrast to the more tame daytime... The Venture Bros. ... Escape to the House of Mummies Part II is an episode of the animated television series The Venture Bros. ... Osiris (Greek language, also Usiris; the Egyptian language name is variously transliterated Asar, Aser, Ausar, Wesir, or Ausare) is the Egyptian god of life, death and fertility. ... NBC, (Formerly an acronym for the National Broadcasting Company until 2004), is an American television and radio network based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... For the actor, see Jerry Seinfeld. ... The Jimmy is an episode of NBC sitcom Seinfeld. ... Plot Spoiler warning: Jerrys parents are concerned about his lack of exercise. ... Red Dwarf is a British science fiction sitcom that ran for eight series, from 1988 to 1999. ... Tony Hawks is a British comedian and author. ... Dark Funeral is a black metal band from Sweden. ... Emperor Magus Caligula (real name Masse Broberg), is the vocalist, lyricist and former bassist of Swedish black metal band Dark Funeral, and has been since 1996. ... Xena. ... Alexis Arquette (born on January 1, 1969 in Los Angeles, California) is a transgendered American actress, musician, L.A. area underground cartoonist, and drag performer who is part of a family of actors including siblings Patricia, David, Richmond, and Rosanna Arquette, her father Lewis Arquette and her grandfather Cliff Arquette. ... This article is about the the comic-book character. ... Chief Judge Cal is a fictional character in the Judge Dredd comic strip in 2000 AD. He was loosely based on the real life Roman Emperor Caligula, who was insane. ... The Smiths were an English rock group active from 1982 to 1987. ... Heaven Knows Im Miserable Now is a single by The Smiths that reached #10 on the UK Top 40 in June of 1984 before its inclusion on the compilation album, Hatful of Hollow. ...

See also

• Nemi ships
• Roman Empire

The Nemi Ships were huge and incredibly luxurious ships built by the Roman emperor Caligula in the first century A.D. at Lake Nemi. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ...

References

1. ^ "Caligula" is formed from the Latin word caliga, meaning soldier's boot, and the diminutive infix -ul.
2. ^ "Utinam populus Romanus unam cervicem haberet!" As quoted in The Twelve Caesars: Gaius Caligula by Suetonius.

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Infix has similar meanings in linguistics and mathematics. ...

Bibliography

• Caligula: the corruption of power by Anthony A. Barrett (Batsford 1989) ISBN 0-7134-5487-3
• Ludwig Quidde's essay Caligula. Eine Studie über römischen Caesarenwahnsinn (Caligula: A Study of Imperial Insanity) (1894), in which Caligula is likened to the German Emperor Wilhelm II.
• Caligula is the title of a play by Albert Camus, which was the basis for a 1996 Hungarian movie and the 2001 made for TV version.
• Grant, Michael, The Twelve Caesars. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1975
• Hurley, Donna W., An Historical and Historiographical Commentary on Suetonius' "Life of C. Caligula". Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. 1993.

Ludwig Quidde Ludwig Quidde (March 23, 1858 – March 4, 1941) was a German pacifist who is mainly remembered today for his acerbic criticism of German Emperor Wilhelm II. Quiddes long career spanned four different eras of German history: that of Bismarck (up to 1890); the Hohenzollern Empire under Wilhelm... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... German Emperor Wilhelm (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht, Prince of Prussia 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (de: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen), ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... Albert Camus (pronounced ) (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was a French author and philosopher. ...

Primary sources

• Life of Caligula (Suetonius; English translation and Latin original)
• Cassius Dio, Book 59 (English translation)
• Philo of Alexandria, (trans. C.D.Yonge, London, H. G. Bohn, 1854-1890):
  • On the Embassy to Gaius [1]
  • Flaccus[2]
• Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, (trans. W.Whiston), Books XVIII-XIX
• E.M.Smallwood, Documents Illustrating the Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero (Cambridge University Press 1967)
• Suetonius, The Lives of the twelve Caesars: Caius Caligula

Philo (20 BCE - 40 CE) was an Alexandrian Jewish philosopher born in Alexandria, Egypt. ... A representation of Flavius Josephus, a woodcutting in John C. Winstons translation of his works Josephus ( 37 – 100 AD/CE), who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Flavius Josephus[1], was a 1st century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and royal ancestry who survived... This article is about the Roman historian. ...

Secondary material

• A. Barret, Caligula: The Corruption of Power, (Yale, 1990).
• Biography from De Imperatoribus Romanis
• Straight Dope article
• Caligula
• A chronological account of his reign
• A critical account of a number of his reported activities
• His genealogical tree
• Caligula at BBC History

The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ... This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled the Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the series of the first five Roman Emperors. ... The List of Roman Consuls to the Death of Commodus 33 Imperator Caesar Divi filius II, L. Volcacius Tullus 32 Cn. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Events Roman Empire Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligulas sisters. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Roman historian. ... The Twelve Caesars is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ... Augustus (Latin: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC – August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English Octavian, Latin: C•IVLIVS•C•F•CAESAR•OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important... The previous content of this page is suspected to have violated copyright. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Nero[1] Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37 – June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (54–68). ... Servius Sulpicius Galba (December 24, 3 BC – January 15, 69) was Roman Emperor from June 8, 68 until his death. ... Emperor Otho. ... Vitellius, Museo Nazionale della Civiltà Romana, Rome Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24, 15–December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the four emperors. He was the son of Lucius Vitellius, who had... Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (November 17, 9 – June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... Titus Flavius Vespasianus (December 30, 39–September 13, 81) ruled the Roman Empire from 79 to 81. ... Domitian bust in the Louvre Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor of the gens Flavia. ...