The Latin alphabet used by the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian and Serbo-Croat languages was devised by Ljudevit Gaj, in his book 1830 Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja (A short primer of Croatian-Slavonic orthography) (Note that there is an ongoing debate as to whether some or all of these are separate languages, or whether they are in fact one language). It consists of thirty upper and lowercase letters: Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs everywhere. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bunjevac language or Bunjevac dialect (Bunjevački jezik or Bunjevački dijalekat) is a language/dialect spoken by Bunjevac ethnic group in Vojvodina province of Serbia and Montenegro. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Å okac language (Å okački jezik) was a language listed in Austro-Hungarian censuses. ... Shtokavian (Å tokavian, Å¡tokavski/штокавски) is the primary dialect of the Central South Slavic languages system, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian language. ... Location map of Kajkavian Kajkavian (kajkavski) dialect is one of the three dialects of the Croatian language. ... Chakavian (Čakavian, čakavski) dialect is one of the three dialects of Croatian language. ... Torlak[1] (Serbian: Торлачки говор or Torlački govor) is the name used for the Slavic dialects spoken in southern and eastern Serbia, northeast Republic of Macedonia (Kratovo-Kumanovo), northwest Bulgaria (Vidin-Bregovo), and further afield in the CaraÅŸ-Severin County in Romania. ... The Romano-Serbian language is a language in the Western group of South Slavic languages. ... The Slavoserbian language (славяносербскій [slavjanoserbskij], словенскій [slovenskij]; in Serbian славеносрпски/slavenosrpski) is a form of the Serbian language which was predominantly used at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century by educated Serbian citizens in Vojvodina, and the Serbian diaspora in other parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. ... Å atrovački is a feature of permuting syllables of words used in Serbo-Croat (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian) and Macedonian. ... NaÅ¡inski is the Torlakian dialect used by the Gorani in southern Kosovo. ... Burgenland Croatian language or dialect (gradišćanskohrvatski jezik) belongs to the South Slavic branch of the Slavic languages. ... Molise Croatian dialect (also: Molise Slavic, Slavisano, na-naÅ¡o) is spoken in the Campobasso Province in the Molise Region of Italy, in three villages — Montemitro (Mundimitar), Aquaviva Collercroce (Živavoda Kruč) and San Felice del Molise (Å tifilić). These have approximately 3,000 speakers. ... The standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian languages differ in various aspects as outlined below. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Bosnian Cyrillic is an extinct Cyrillic script, that had originally been used in Bosnia and Herzegovina and later on in Croatia where it was primarily used in Dalmatian Dubrovnik. ... Tablet inscribed with the Glagolitic alphabet The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavonic alphabet. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs everywhere. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ljudevit Gaj Ljudevit Gaj (August 8, 1809, Krapina – April 20, 1872) was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Capital letters or majuscules (in the Roman alphabet: A, B, C, ...) are one type of case in a writing system. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Letter case. ...

A

B

C

Č

Ć

D

Dž

Đ

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

Lj

M

N

Nj

O

P

R

S

Š

T

U

V

Z

Ž

a

b

c

č

ć

d

dž

đ

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

lj

m

n

nj

o

p

r

s

š

t

u

v

z

ž

Each of the five vowels may also be written with additional pitch accents, but that is uncommon. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up B, b in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Due to technical limitations, C# redirects here. ... ÄŒ in uper- and lowercase ÄŒ is the fourth letter of the Croatian, Czech, Serbian and Slovenian alphabet. ... The acute accent ( Â´ ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin script. ... Look up D, d in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ç… (lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Serbian (Latin form) alphabets, after D and before Đ. It is pronounced as . ... Đ (lowercase Ä‘) is the sixth letter of the Croatian and Serbian (Latin form) alphabets. ... Look up E, e in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up F, f in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The letter G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. ... Look up H, h in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up I, i in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... J# redirects here for technical reasons; see J Sharp. ... Look up K, k in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up L, l in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... LJ might be an acronym, abbreviation, or nickname for: LJ is the IATA code for Sierra National Airlines LiveJournal Linux Journal La Jolla, California Library Journal Ljubljana or its University of Ljubljana LaserJet Lord Justice of Appeal (plural: LJJ) Larry Johnson (football) LJ Reyes Fictional characters L.J. Burrows See... Look up M, m in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up N, n in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Look up O, o in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Slang In the UK, p is also slang for to urinate. Look up P, p in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up R, r in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up S, s in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Å  in upper- and lowercase The grapheme Å , Å¡ (Latin S with caron) is used in various contexts: In Slavic languages: it is the 25th letter of the Croatian and Bosnian and 20th letter of the Slovenian alphabet, and is also used in the Czech language, Slovak language and Slovenian language, where it... The letter T is the twentieth letter in the Latin alphabet. ... U is the twenty-first letter of the modern Latin alphabet. ... Look up V, v in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Z, z in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Caron redirects here, for the French actress, see Leslie Caron. ... Pitch accent is a kind of accent system employed in many languages around the world. ...

The Serbian language uses a modified Cyrillic, the Serbian Cyrillic, which maps one to one to the Latin alphabet. When Serbian is written in Latin script, the above letters are used. Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs everywhere. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... Serbian Cyrillic is the Serbian variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. ...

Note that Dž, Lj, Nj are considered to be single letters — they are digraphs. This means that: Ç… (lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Serbian (Latin form) alphabets, after D and before Đ. It is pronounced as . ... Lj in uper- and lowercase LJ is also an abbreviation for LiveJournal Lj (lj in lower case) is a letter present in some Slavic languages such as Serbian and Croatian, where it is pronounced (IPA) . For example, the word ljiljan is pronounced . ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

• In dictionaries, njegov comes after novine, in a separate NJ section after the end of the N section, and bolje comes after bolnica, and so forth.

• In vertical writing (such as on signs), Dž, Lj, Nj are nevertheless written horizontally, as a unit. For instance, if mjenjačnica is written vertically, nj appears on the fourth line (but note m and j appear separately on the first and second lines, respectively, because mj contains two letters, not one). In crossword puzzles, Dž, Lj, Nj each occupy a single square.
• In cases where words are written with a space between each letter (such as on signs), each of these letters is written together. For instance: M J E NJ A Č N I C A (Bureau de Change).
• In cases where only the initial letter of a word is capitalized, only the first of the two component letters is capitalized: Njemačka and not NJemačka. In Unicode, the form Nj is referred to as titlecase, as opposed to the uppercase form NJ, representing one of the few cases where titlecase and uppercase differ. Uppercase would be used if the entire word was capitalized: NJEMAČKA.

Dž (lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Serbian (Latin form) alphabets, after D and before Đ. It is pronounced as . ... Lj in uper- and lowercase LJ is also an abbreviation for LiveJournal Lj (lj in lower case) is a letter present in some Slavic languages such as Serbian and Croatian, where it is pronounced (IPA) . For example, the word ljiljan is pronounced . ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A crossword is a word puzzle that normally takes the form of a square grid of black and white squares. ... Dž (lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Serbian (Latin form) alphabets, after D and before Đ. It is pronounced as . ... Lj in uper- and lowercase LJ is also an abbreviation for LiveJournal Lj (lj in lower case) is a letter present in some Slavic languages such as Serbian and Croatian, where it is pronounced (IPA) . For example, the word ljiljan is pronounced . ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A Bureau de Change is an organisation or facility which allows customers to exchange one currency for another. ... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... For any word written in a language with whose alphabet or alphabet equivalent has two cases, such as those using the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, or Armenian alphabet, capitalization (or capitalisation) is the writing of that word with its first letter in majuscules (uppercase) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lowercase). ...

Origins

The Croatian Latin was mostly designed by Ljudevit Gaj, who modelled it after Czech and Polish, and invented Lj/lj, Nj/nj and Dž/dž. In 1830 in Buda he printed the book Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja ("Brief basics of the Croatian-Slavonic orthography"), which was the first common Croatian orthography book. It was not the first ever Croatian orthography work, as it was preceded by works of Rajmund Đamanjić (1639), Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović. The Croatians had previously used the Latin alphabet, but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Ljudevit Gaj Ljudevit Gaj (August 8, 1809, Krapina – April 20, 1872) was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Buda is a historical city in Hungary on the West bank of the Danube. ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ... Ignjat ĐurÄ‘ević (February, 1675 - January 21, 1737) was a Croatian baroque poet and translator, best known for his long poem Tears of Repentant Magdalene. ... Pavao Ritter Vitezović (January 7, 1652 – January 20, 1713) was a noted Croatian writer, historian, linguist and publisher. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...

Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography, making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. His alphabet mapped completely on Serbian Cyrillic which was standardized by Vuk Karadžić a few years before. Đuro Daničić added the letter Đ/đ. The Czech alphabet consists of 42 letters (or more precisely - graphemes): A, Á, B, C, ÄŒ, D, ÄŽ, E, É, Äš, F, G, H, Ch, I, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ň, O, Ó, P, Q, R, Ř, S, Å , T, Ť, U, Ú, Å®, V, W, X, Y, Ý, Z, Ž Most of the diacritic letters were added to the alphabet through reforms... Serbian Cyrillic is the Serbian variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. ... Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Вук Стефановић Караџић) (November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864) was a Serb linguist and major reformer of the Serbian language. ... Đuro Daničić (born April 4, 1825 in Novi Sad, died November 17, 1882 in Zagreb), was Serbian philologist, translator, linguistic historian and lexicographer. ...

Computing

In the 1990s, there was a general confusion about the proper character encoding to use to write text in Croatian on computers. For the band, see 1990s (band). ... A character encoding or character set (sometimes referred to as code page) consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given set with something else, such as a sequence of natural numbers, octets or electrical pulses, in order to facilitate the storage of text in computers...

• An attempt was made to apply the 7-bit "YUSCII" (later adapted to CROSCII), which included the five letters with diacritics at the expense of five non-letter characters ([, ], {, }, @), but it was ultimately unsuccessful.
• the 8-bit ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2) standard was developed by ISO, but
• Microsoft Windows spread another 8-bit encoding called CP1250, which had a few letters mapped one-to-one with ISO 8859-2, but also had some mapped elsewhere

The preferred character encoding for Croatian today is either the ISO 8859-2, or the Unicode encoding UTF-8 (with two bytes or 16 bits necessary to use the letters with diacritics). 8-bit refers to the number of bits used in the data bus of a computer. ... ISO 8859-2, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-2 or less formally as Latin-2, is part 2 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes what it refers to as Latin alphabet no. ... Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of proprietary software operating systems by Microsoft. ... A character encoding or character set (sometimes referred to as code page) consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given set with something else, such as a sequence of natural numbers, octets or electrical pulses, in order to facilitate the storage of text in computers... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode created by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike. ...

See also

• Croatian language

Croatian (hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily by the inhabitants of Croatia and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of the Croatian diaspora. ...

External links

• Learn Croatian - Croatian alphabet overview with audio files