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Encyclopedia > Galena, Illinois
Coordinates: 42°25′05″N 90°25′53″W / 42.41806, -90.43139
Galena
City
Downtown Galena, Illinois
Flag
Coat of arms
Country United States
State Illinois
County Jo Daviess
Township Unknown
Elevation 633 ft (193 m)
Coordinates 42°25′05″N 90°25′53″W / 42.41806, -90.43139
Area 3.7 sq mi (10 km²)
 - land 3.7 sq mi (10 km²)
 - water 0.0 sq mi (0 km²)
Population 3,460 (2000)
Density 926.4 /sq mi (358 /km²)
Settled 1690s (French)[1]
 - Founded 1826[3]
 - Chartered 1841[3]
Mayor Tom F. Brusch[2]
Timezone CST (UTC-6)
 - summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
Postal code 61036
Area code 815
Location of Galena within Illinois
Wikimedia Commons: Galena, Illinois
Website: http://www.cityofgalena.org/

Galena is the largest city in, and county seat of, Jo Daviess County, Illinois in the United States with an estimated population of 3,396 in 2006.[4][5] The city is a popular tourist destination known for its history, historical architecture, as well as its ski and golf resorts. Galena was the home to Ulysses S. Grant, several other war generals, entertainers and politicians. Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... List of cities in Illinois, arranged in alphabetical order. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1697x1024, 345 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Galena_Illinois. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... Jo Daviess County is a county located in the state of Illinois. ... The term Unknown is used in a number of contexts: To indicate the lack of knowledge, such as the list of unsolved problems, unsolved problems in physics or the unknown unknown To refer to anonymity In mathematics, as a noun, the unknowns of an equation are the quantities (or variables... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ...  CST or UTC-6 The Central Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting six hours from UTC during standard time (UTC-6) and five hours during daylight saving time (UTC-5). ... −12 | −11 | −10 | −9:30 | −9 | −8 | −7 | −6 | −5 | −4 | −3:30 | −3 | −2:30 | −2 | −1 | −0:25 | UTC (0) | +0:20 | +0:30 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +3:30 | +4 | +4:30 | +4:51 | +5 | +5:30 | +5:40 | +5:45 | +6 | +6:30 | +7 | +7:20 | +7...  CST or UTC-6 The Central Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting six hours from UTC during standard time (UTC-6) and five hours during daylight saving time (UTC-5). ... -12 | -11 | -10 | -9:30 | -9 | -8 | -7 | -6 | -5 | -4 | -3:30 | -3 | -2:30 | -2 | -1 | -0:25 | UTC (0) | +0:20 | +0:30 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +3:30 | +4 | +4:30 | +4:51 | +5 | +5:30 | +5:40 | +5:45 | +6 | +6:30 | +7 | +7:20 | +7... Area code 815 is a telephone area code for the northwestern corner and southern Chicago suburbs of the state of Illinois. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A county seat is a term for an administrative center for a county, primarily used in the United States. ... Jo Daviess County is a county located in the state of Illinois. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... Cross-country skiing (skating style) in Einsiedeln, Switzerland. ... This article is about the game. ... Ulysses S. Grant,[2] born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A politician is an individual involved in politics, sometimes this may include political scientists. ...

Contents

History

Galena has a rich history which is still visible in the city's architecture. Originally it was inhabitated by Native Americans in the Sac and Fox Nation.[3] By the late 17th century French people began to settle in the area and in the early 19th century American settlers arrived.[6][7] Following a sharp decline in the demand for lead, Galena's population dropped from 14,000, where it was in mid 19th century, to only 3,396, where it is in the early 21st century.[3][4] This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... The Sac and Fox Nation is the modern political entity encompassing the historical Sac and Fox nations of Native Americans. ... For a specific analysis of the population of France, see Demographics of France. ...


Lead mining

The city is named for the mineral galena.[8] It is the natural mineral form of lead sulfide and the most important lead ore mineral.[9] Native Americans, including the Sac and Fox tribes, mined the ore in Galena for use as body painting.[3] In the 1690s French trappers discovered the area and also began mining the lead.[6][1] For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Galena (disambiguation). ... Lead sulfide (British/Commonwealth English sulphide) is a chemical compound PbS, most often purified from the mineral galena. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... For other uses, see Ore (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Fox tribe of Native Americans are an Algonquian language-speaking group that are now merged with the allied Sac tribe as the Sac and Fox Nation. ... Two children with painted faces. ... Bird trapping, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century) The activity of animal trapping has two separate but related meanings. ...


Within a few centuries American settlers arrived in the area. George Davenport, a retired colonel in the United States Army, successfully shipped Galena's first boatload of lead ore down the Mississippi River in 1816.[7] Three years later a trading post was built in Galena which led to the first steamboat arriving in 1824.[7] By 1845 Galena was producing nearly 27,000 tons of lead ore. At that time Jo Daviess County was producing eighty percent of the lead in the United States.[7] A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... For other uses, see Colonel (disambiguation). ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ... A trading post is a place where trading of goods takes place. ... For other uses, see Steamboat (disambiguation). ... The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ...


People

Ulysses Grant
Ulysses Grant

Ulysses S. Grant, the future American Civil War general and 18th U.S. President, lived in Galena for several years working as an assistant in his father and brother's leather shop.[10] Today the Grant home is a popular tourist attraction.[11] Elihu B. Washburne, Grant's Secretary of State and an opponent of slavery in the United States, was also a resident and attorney in Galena.[12]By the end of the American Civil War, the count of generals from Galena reached nine: Grant; Augustus Louis Chetlain; John Oliver Duer; Jasper Adalmorn Maltby; Ely Samuel Parker; John Aaron Rawlins; William Rueben Rowley; John Corson Smith; and John Eugene Smith.[13] Galena was also briefly represented in Congress by Edward Dickinson Baker, who would later be the only U.S. Senator to fall in battle.[14] Other noted people who were born in or lived in Galena include Grant's son Frederick Dent Grant, explorer Frederick Schwatka, radio host Don McNeill, writer Herman Melville, Wyoming Governor William A. Richards, and Iowa Governor John H. Gear.[15][16][17][18][19][20] Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 657 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Ulysses S. Grant Grant Categories: U.S. history images ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 657 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Ulysses S. Grant Grant Categories: U.S. history images ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Leather (disambiguation). ... The Ulysses S. Grant Home, Galena, Illinois. ... Elihu Benjamin Washburne (September 23, 1816–October 22/23, 1887) was one of seven brothers that played a prominent role early in the formation of the United States Republican Party and the Lincoln and Grant administrations. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... An attorney is someone who represents someone else in the transaction of business: For attorney-at-law, see lawyer, solicitor, barrister or civil law notary. ... Ely S. Parker Ely Samuel Parker (1828 – August 31, 1895), (born Hasanoanda, later known as Donehogawa) was an Iroquois of the Seneca tribe born at Indian Falls, New York (then part of the Tonawanda Reservation). ... Maj. ... Edward Dickinson Baker (February 24, 1811 – October 21, 1861) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois, a Senator from Oregon, a Colonel during the American Civil War, and a close friend of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. ... Frederick Dent Grant (May 30, 1850 - April 12, 1912) was a soldier and U.S. minister to Austria. ... Frederick Schwatka (29 September 1849 – 2 November 1892) was a US Army officer and an explorer of the Canadian North. ... Don McNeill, from a 1942 publicity photo Don McNeill (December 23, 1907 – May 7, 1996) was an American radio personality, best known as the creator and host of The Breakfast Club, which ran for over thirty years. ... Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. ... Official language(s) English Capital Cheyenne Largest city Cheyenne Area  Ranked 10th  - Total 97,818 sq mi (253,348 km²)  - Width 280 miles (450 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 0. ... William A. Richards William Alford Richards (1849-03-09–1912-07-25) was an American surveyor, rancher and politician. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... John Henry Gear (April 7, 1825 - July 14, 1900) was a United States Representative, Senator and Governor of Iowa. ...


Until the late 1980s Galena remained a small rural farming community. In 1990 local industries included the second Kraft Cheese plant founded by James L. Kraft -- the first is in Stockton, IL--, Lefco Foundary, John Westwick's foundary, and Microwswitch, Inc.


In the 1980s a tourist campaign was strongly endorced by then mayor Frank Einsweiler. Since that time the face of Galena has changed a great deal. Long standing businesses in the downtown area including Stair's Grocery, Sullivan's Grocery, Clingman's Pharmacy, and Hartig's Drugs have closed downtown location. Clingman's and Hartig's have relocated to locations on the outskirts of Galena while Stair's and Sullivan's closed their doors for good.


Tourism in Galena remains controversial to many long time residents. The per capita income of the locale populous conveys the issue most at heart. While a handful of people have been rewarded by the tourist trade; the majority of these are not native to the Galena area.


Geography

Galena is located at 42°25′5″N, 90°25′53″W (42.418171, -90.431472)[21]. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.7 km²). Galena is situated along the Galena River, which is one of many tributaries of the Mississippi River.[7] The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title ) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... A square metre (US spelling: square meter) is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 metre long. ... The Galena River (originally known as Fever River) is a river which flows through the northwestern portion of the United States state of Illinois; it runs past the city of Galena, Illinois (originally named Fever River Point after the tributary) and four miles from Galena, it empties into the Mississippi... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ...


Galena is located in the Driftless Zone, an area that was not covered by glaciers during the recent ice ages.[3] This area, which includes the far northwestern corner of the state of Illinois, escaped glaciation, even while almost the entire state was glaciated, nearly to its southern tip.[22] Because it escaped glaciation, this area is known for its hills, valleys, bluffs and large amounts of exposed rock.[3] // The Coulee Region, as it is colloquially known (officially designated the Driftless Area by the USGS and popularly referred to as the Driftless Zone, or Driftless Region since the 1980s) is an area of about 20,000 square miles (52,000 km²) in western Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, and... Perito Moreno Glacier Patagonia Argentina Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland Icebergs breaking off glaciers at Cape York, Greenland This article is about the geological formation. ... Hills redirects here. ... Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley (also called a vale or dale) is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ...


Floods

Floodgates in downtown Galena
Floodgates in downtown Galena

Due to the city's proximity to the Galena River, buildings have been threatened on numerous occasions by flooding.[23] Galena's Congressman, Leo E. Allen, helped acquire funding for city floodgates which were added in 1951.[23] The following were significant, recorded floods: Tokyo floodgates to protect from typhoon surges. ... Flooding near Key West, Florida, United States from Hurricane Wilmas storm surge in October 2005 For other uses, see Flood (disambiguation). ... A Congressman or Congresswoman (generically, Congressperson) is a politician who is a member of a Congress. ... Leo Elwood Allen, (October 5, 1898 to January 19, 1973), American politician, was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for fourteen terms, 1933-1961, representing the 13th District of Illinois 1933-1949, and the 16th District of Illinois 1949-1961. ... Tokyo floodgates to protect from typhoon surges. ...

  • Galena's first recorded flood was in 1828. Water was high enough to allow steamboats to travel on city streets.[23]
  • In 1937, a large flood inundated Main Street with up to five feet of water causing serious damage to downtown buildings.[23]
  • Almost eight feet of water threatened downtown Galena in 1993, but was stopped by the city's floodgates. Late spring season rainfall led the Mississippi and Galena Rivers to their highest recorded levels.[23][24]

Spring is one of the four temperate seasons. ... This article is about precipitation. ...

Climate

Weather averages for Galena, Illinois
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average high °C (°F) -3 (27) -1 (30) 7 (45) 15 (59) 22 (72) 27 (81) 29 (84) 28 (82) 23 (73) 17 (63) 7 (45) -2 (28)
Average low °C (°F) -13 (9) -10 (14) -4 (25) 2 (36) 8 (46) 14 (57) 17 (63) 16 (61) 11 (52) 4 (39) -3 (27) -9 (16)
Precipitation mm (inches) 29 (1.1) 32 (1.3) 57.9 (2.3) 84.1 (3.3) 94.7 (3.7) 116.3 (4.6) 84.8 (3.3) 111.3 (4.4) 91.9 (3.6) 63.8 (2.5) 65.5 (2.6) 41.1 (1.6)
Source: weather.com[25] 2008-02-28

Galena Territory

Golf course in Galena Territory
Golf course in Galena Territory

The Galena Territory is a private 6,800-acre (28 km²) development located several miles southeast of downtown Galena.[26] The territory, which is managed by a homeowners association, has set aside 1,500 acres (6 km²) of protected recreational land.[27][28] The remainder is filled with low-density residential development and the Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa. The resort is best known for its 63 holes of championship golf.[26] Image File history File links EagleRidgeEastGolfHole7_GalenaIllinois. ... Image File history File links EagleRidgeEastGolfHole7_GalenaIllinois. ... A homeowners association, (or, as they are known in the industry, community association[1]) is an organization comprised of all owners of units[2] in a common interest development, and is given authority to enforce the covenants, conditions, and restrictions and managing the common amenities of the development. ...


Tourism

Galena is a very popular tourist destination hosting well over one million visitors each year.[29] Galena is also popular with Chicagoans, many of whom keep second homes in the area.[30][31] This article is about the largest city of Illinois. ...


Cityscape

The buildings of downtown Galena, all members of the Galena Historic District
The buildings of downtown Galena, all members of the Galena Historic District

Eighty-five percent of the structures in Galena are listed on the National Register of Historic Places which greatly contributes to the city's popularity.[1] The Old Market House State Historic Site, built in 1845, is a museum of local social history. Main Street in downtown Galena has a large number of specialty shops and restaurants and is home to the Galena Cellers winery. Galena's Saint Michael's Church was founded by the pioneer priest Father Samuel Mazzuchelli. The church is named after one of the three Archangels. Opened in 1855, the downtown Desoto House Hotel, is the oldest operating hotel in Illinois.[32] There are also several resorts and golf courses located in and around Galena including the Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa and the Chestnut Mountain Ski Resort.[26][33] A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ... Å…Social history is an area of historical study considered by some to be a social science that attempts to view historical evidence from the point of view of developing social trends. ... A typical restaurant in uptown Manhattan A restaurant is an establishment that serves prepared food and beverages to be consumed on the premises. ... Wine Barrels A winery is a facility where fruit, usually grapes, is processed into wine. ... St. ... A young Fr. ... 12th century icon of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel (Saint Catherines Monastery, Mount Sinai). ... A resort is a place for holidaying or vacationing. ... This article is about the sport of golf. ...


Education

Galena is home to Galena High School (Illinois). From 2007, Highland Community College started to offer classes in the city. Highland Community College is an accredited public community college located in Freeport, Illinois. ...


Galena High School football has experienced great success since 1985. Galena has qualified for the state 1A and 2A playoffs every year except four since 1985 and won the state 1A championship in 1997, 2003, and 2007.


Demographics

U.S. Route 20 bridge over the Galena River
U.S. Route 20 bridge over the Galena River

As of the census[34] of 2000, there were 3,460 people, 1,570 households, and 893 families residing in the city. The population density was 926.4 people per square mile (358.2/km²). There were 1,821 housing units at an average density of 487.6/sq mi (188.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.54% White, 0.32% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 1.16% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.06% of the population. Image:1870 census Lindauer Weber 01. ... The United States Census Bureau uses the federal governments definitions of race when performing a census. ... The United States Census Bureau uses the federal governments definitions of race when performing a census. ... The United States Census Bureau uses the federal governments definitions of race when performing a census. ... The United States Census Bureau uses the federal governments definitions of race when performing a census. ... It has been suggested that Ethnicity (United States Census) be merged into this article or section. ... The United States Census Bureau uses the federal governments definitions of race when performing a census. ... The United States Census Bureau uses the federal governments definitions of race when performing a census. ...


There were 1,570 households out of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.81.In the city the population was spread out with 18.7% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males. Matrimony redirects here. ...


The median income for a household in the city was $36,103, and the median income for a family was $44,063. Males had a median income of $32,172 versus $19,670 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,773. About 4.3% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. The per capita income for a group of people may be defined as their total personal income, divided by the total population. ... Map of countries showing percentage of population who have an income below the national poverty line The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. ...


See also

  • Elihu Benjamin Washburne House
  • Galena Historic District

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Galena Area Chamber of Commerce via CommunityLink (November 15, 2004). "Lifestyle, Location & History". Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
  2. ^ City of Galena, Illinois. "City of Galena Mayor". Retrieved on July 1, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g City of Galena. "History". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  4. ^ a b United States Census Bureau. "2005 population estimate for Galena city". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  5. ^ Find a County. National Association of Counties. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  6. ^ a b Destination 360 (2007). "Galena Illinois". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d e QuincyNet (August 2, 2005). "Galena". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  8. ^ Galena Historical Society (June 21, 2006). "History Highlights". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  9. ^ Mineral Information Institute (October 18, 2004). "Lead". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  10. ^ Illinois State Military Museum (February 27, 2007). "Ulysses S. Grant". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  11. ^ Destination 360 (2007). "Ulysses S Grant Home". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  12. ^ University of Virginia, Miller Center of Public Affairs (2007). "Elihu B. Washburne". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  13. ^ Galena Historical Society (June 21, 2006). "Galena's Nine Civil War Generals". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  14. ^ United States Congress. "BAKER, Edward Dickinson". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  15. ^ Report of the Sixth Reunion of the Grant Family Association at the Breevort House, New York, New York, February 27, 1914, ed. by Frank Grant and Elihu Grant (Westfield, Mass.: n. p., 1914), pp. 26-29.
  16. ^ Alaska Historical Society. "This Month in Alaska History". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  17. ^ Radio Hall of Fame (March 16, 2007). "Don McNeill". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  18. ^ Hayes, K. (2007). The Cambridge Introduction to Herman Melville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  19. ^ State of Wyoming (July 17, 2006). "W. Richards". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  20. ^ United States Congress. "GEAR, John Henry". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  21. ^ US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990. United States Census Bureau (2005-05-03). Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  22. ^ Illinois Department of Natural Resources (2007). "Illinois' Natural Divisions". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  23. ^ a b c d e Galena Historical Society (June 21, 2006). "A Timeline of Galena History". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  24. ^ Maier, David (April 17, 1998). "Wisconsin Journal, Number 26". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  25. ^ Monthly Averages for Galena, IL (English).
  26. ^ a b c Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa. "About Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa". Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
  27. ^ The Galena Territory Association (January 4, 2007). "Greenspace & Trails". Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
  28. ^ The Galena Territory Association (January 4, 2007). "Association Info". Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
  29. ^ Economic Development: Approved comprehensive plan, City of Galena, Illinois, (2003, April 15).
  30. ^ Road Trip America (November 1, 2005). "Tritowns". Retrieved on April 13, 2007.
  31. ^ Solomon, A. (2005, June 5). Back to Galena. Chicago Tribune, pp. 1, Travel.
  32. ^ DeSoto House Hotel. "DeSoto House Hotel History". Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
  33. ^ Chestnut Mountain Resort. "About us". Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
  34. ^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.

is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title ) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title ) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

v • d • e
Municipalities and communities of
Jo Daviess County, Illinois
County seat: Galena
Cities

East Dubuque | Galena Jo Daviess County is a county located in the state of Illinois. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... A county seat is a term for an administrative center for a county, primarily used in the United States. ... For other uses, see City (disambiguation). ... East Dubuque is a city in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States. ...

Map of Illinois highlighting Jo Daviess County
Villages

Apple River | Elizabeth | Hanover | Menominee | Nora | Scales Mound | Stockton | Warren Image File history File links Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Jo_Daviess_County. ... // The word village has many meanings relating to local government in the United States. ... Apple River is a village located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Elizabeth is a village located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... , Hanover is a village in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, along the Apple River. ... Menominee is a village located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Nora is a village located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Scales Mound is a village in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States. ... Stockton is a village located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... , Warren is a village in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States. ...

Townships

Apple River | Berreman | Council Hill | Derinda | Dunleith | East Galena | Elizabeth | Guilford | Hanover | Menominee | Nora | Pleasant Valley | Rawlins | Rice | Rush | Scales Mound | Stockton | Thompson | Vinegar Hill | Wards Grove | Warren | West Galena | Woodbine A civil township is a widely-used unit of local government in the United States, subordinate to a county. ... Apple River Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Berreman Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Council Hill Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Derinda Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Dunleith Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, USA. The population was 3,872 at the 2000 census. ... East Galena Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Elizabeth Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Guilford Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Hanover Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Menominee Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Nora Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Pleasant Valley Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Rawlins Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Rice Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Rush Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Scales Mound Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Stockton Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Thompson Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Vinegar Hill Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Wards Grove Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Warren Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... West Galena Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ... Woodbine Township is located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. ...

Unincorporated
communities

Rodden | Woodbine This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Rodden, Illinois was a town located in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States. ...

v • d • e
Black Hawk War (1832)
Factions

British Band • Fox • Ho-Chunk • Illinois Militia • Kickapoo • Menominee • Michigan Territorial Militia • Potawatomi • Sauk • United States Army For other uses, see Black Hawk War (disambiguation). ... Chief Black Hawks Band of 1832, commonly referred to as the British Band was a group of Native Americans which fought the Illinois and Michigan Territory Militias during the 1832 Black Hawk War. ... The Fox tribe of Native Americans are an Algonquian language-speaking group that are now merged with the allied Sac tribe as the Sac and Fox Nation. ... The Ho-Chunk or Winnebago (as they are commonly called) are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... The Menominee are a nation of Native Americans living in Wisconsin. ... Rain dance, Kansas, c. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ...

People

John Giles Adams • Milton Alexander • Henry Apple • Elizabeth Armstrong • Henry Atkinson • David Bailey • Black Hawk • Hugh Brady • Jesse B. Brown • Jefferson Davis • John Dement • Henry Dodge • Mike Girty • Henry Gratiot • Rachel Hall • Sylvia Hall • William S. Hamilton • James D. Henry • George W. Jones • Keewassee • Keokuk • Abraham Lincoln • Meommuse • Neapope • Adam Payne • Elijah Phillips • Alexander Posey • James Sample • Lucy Sample • Winfield Scott • Shabbona • Adam Wilson Snyder • James W. Stephenson • Isaiah Stillman • Clack Stone • James M. Strode • Joseph Throckmorton • Felix St. Vrain • Zachary Taylor • Wabokieshiek • Waubonsee • Weesheet • Samuel Whiteside • John Giles Adams (December 2, 1792–May 14, 1832) was a cavalry officer in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War of 1832. ... Combatants United States Various factions affiliated with the Sauk, Fox, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, and Ho-Chunk Commanders various various After the outbreak of the Black Hawk War, at the Battle of Stillmans Run in May 1832, there were minor attacks and skirmishes throughout the duration of the conflict. ... Henry Atkinson (1782 - 1842) was a U.S. army officer. ... For other uses of Blackhawk/Black Hawk, see Black Hawk. ... Hugh Brady (July 29, 1768–April 15, 1851) was an American general from Pennsylvania. ... For other uses, see Jefferson Davis (disambiguation). ... John Dement (26 April 1804–16 January 1883) was a politician and militia commander from the U.S. state of Illinois. ... Henry Dodge (October 12, 1782 - June 19, 1867) was a member of the Democratic Party who served in the United States Senate for the state of Wisconsin from 1848 - 1857. ... Mike Girty, (fl. ... William Stephen Hamilton, the son of Alexander Hamilton, was a politician and miner who lived much of his life in the U.S. state of Illinois and territorial Wisconsin. ... James D. Henry (1797 – March 5, 1834) was a militia officer from the U.S. state of Illinois who rose to the rank of general during the Black Hawk War. ... George Wallace Jones (April 12, 1804 - July 22, 1896) was one of the first two United States Senators to represent the state of Iowa after it was admitted to the Union as a state in 1846. ... Keokuk Keokuk (1767-1848) was a chief of the Sauk tribe in central North America noted for his involvement in the Black Hawk War. ... Neapope was a spiritual leader of the Sauk tribe and advisor to Black Hawk during the Black Hawk War. ... Adam Payne (1781–May 23, 1832) was an itinerant minister who enjoyed success preaching among the Potawatomi people in Illinois and was killed by Native Americans during the Black Hawk War of 1832. ... Elijah Phillips (April 11, 1809–June 18, 1832) was an early Illinois settler who was killed during the 1832 Black Hawk War, a conflict between white settlers and elements of the Sauk and Fox nations under Sauk leader Black Hawk. ... Combatants United States Potawatomi Commanders none Mike Girty Strength 2 small band Casualties 2 non-combatants executed 1 KIA The execution of Lucy and James Sample probably occurred in mid-May 1832 near the present-day location of Princeton, Illinois, United States. ... Combatants United States Potawatomi Commanders none Mike Girty Strength 2 small band Casualties 2 non-combatants executed 1 KIA The execution of Lucy and James Sample probably occurred in mid-May 1832 near the present-day location of Princeton, Illinois, United States. ... For other uses of Winfield Scott, see Winfield Scott (disambiguation). ... For the village in Illinois named after the chief, see Shabbona, Illinois. ... Adam Wilson Snyder served in the militia through the Black Hawk War and was a commander during the First Battle of Kelloggs Grove. ... James W. Stephenson (1806–August 1838) was a military officer and politician from the U.S. state of Illinois. ... Cavalry Major Isaiah Stillman (1793-April 15, 1861) led Illinois militia in the first armed confrontation of the Black Hawk War against Black Hawks Sauk Indian Band. ... Clack Stone (fl. ... James M. Strode (fl. ... Joseph Throckmorton (June 16, 1800–December 1872) was an American steamboat builder and captain during the 19th century. ... Felix St. ... This article is about the twelfth President of the United States. ... Wabokieshiek, translated White Cloud in English, (circa 1794 - circa 1841) was an important Native American of the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and Sauk tribes in 19th century Illinois, playing a key role in both the Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832. ... Potawatomi Chief Wabaunsee (Little Dawn) Chief Wabaunsee (also as Wah-bahn-se, Waubonsie, Waabaansii in contemporary Ojibwe language and Wabansi in the contemporary Potawatomi language) was a Native American leader for the Potawatomi. ... Samuel A. Whiteside (1783-1868) was an Illinois pioneer, political figure and military leader. ...

Places

Illinois: Apple River Fort • Buffalo Grove • Dixon's Ferry • Fort Armstrong • Galena • Indian Creek • Kellogg's Grove • Plum River • Saukenuk • Stillman Creek • Stillman's Run Battle Site • Waddams Grove • Yellow Creek
Michigan Territory (Wisconsin): Bad Axe River • Fort Blue Mounds • Fort Crawford • Fort Defiance • Fort Hamilton • Fort Jackson • Fort Koshkonong • Fort Union • Gratiot's Grove • Hamilton's Diggings • Pecatonica River • Sinsinawa Mound • Wisconsin Heights Battlefield • Wisconsin River • Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... Apple River Fort, alternatively known as the Apple River Fort Site, was one of many frontier forts hastily completed by settlers in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin following the onset of the 1832 Black Hawk War. ... Buffalo Grove is an unincorporated community in the Ogle County township of Buffalo, Illinois, USA. It was the first settlement in Ogle County, and was once a bustling frontier town that attracted many of Ogle Countys early residents. ... Dixons Ferry was the former name for Dixon, Illinois, United States. ... Fort Armstrong (1816-1836), was one of a chain of frontier defenses erected after the War of 1812. ... Kelloggs Grove is an area in western Stephenson County, Illinois, United States near the present-day unincorporated town of Kent. ... The Plum River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, about 55 mi (90 km) long, in northwestern Illinois in the United States. ... The Black Hawk State Historic Site, in Rock Island, Illinois, occupies much of the historic site of the village of Saukenuk, the home of a band of Native Americans of the Sauk nation. ... Stillman Creek, also known during different eras as Mud Creek, Old Mans Creek, Sycamore Creek, and Stillmans Run, is part of the Rock River watershed, and located in Ogle County, Illinois, United States. ... Stillmans Run Battle Site is a site in Stillman Valley, Illinois. ... Waddams Grove, previously known as Wadams, Waddams Grove, and Sada, is an unincorporated community in the Stephenson County township of West Point, Illinois, USA. Waddams Grove was the first settlement in Stephenson County. ... Yellow Creek is a tributary of the Pecatonica River in Stephenson County, Illinois. ... From 1805-1818, the western border was a line through Lake Michigan. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... The Bad Axe River is a short tributary of the Mississippi River in southwestern Wisconsin in the United States. ... Fort Crawford was the name of two fortifications of the United States Army built in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. ... Fort Defiance was one of the last garrisoned stockade forts constructed in territorial Wisconsin. ... Fort Koshkonong was located at a site which today is in the city of Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, about three blocks east of Main St. ... Wiota is a town located in Lafayette County, Wisconsin. ... The Pecatonica River is a tributary of the Rock River, 120 mi (193 km) long, in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois in the United States. ... Sinsinawa is an unincorporated community located in Grant County. ... Wisconsin Heights Battlefield is an area in present-day Dane County, Wisconsin where the penultimate battle of the 1832 Black Hawk War occurred. ... The Wisconsin River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 430 mi (692 km) long, in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. ...

Engagements

Minor engagements • Battle of Stillman's Run • Buffalo Grove ambush • Plum River raid • Indian Creek massacre • St. Vrain massacre • Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds • Spafford Farm massacre • Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Battle of Waddams Grove • Battle of Kellogg's Grove • Attack at Ament's Cabin • Battle of Apple River Fort • Sinsinawa Mound raid • Battle of Wisconsin Heights • Battle of Bad Axe Combatants United States Various factions affiliated with the Sauk, Fox, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, and Ho-Chunk Commanders various various After the outbreak of the Black Hawk War, at the Battle of Stillmans Run in May 1832, there were minor attacks and skirmishes throughout the duration of the conflict. ... Combatants United States Sauk and Fox of Black Hawks British Band Commanders Isaiah Stillman David Bailey John Giles Adams Black Hawk Strength 275 40-50 Casualties 12 3-5 The Battle of Stillmans Run, also known as the Battle of Sycamore Creek or the Battle of Old Man... Combatants United States Kickapoo warriors Commanders Henry Atkinson James M. Strode Strength 6 Not known Casualties 1 Not known The Buffalo Grove ambush was an ambush that occurred on May 19, 1832 as part of the Black Hawk War. ... Combatants United States Sauk or Fox Commanders James M. Strode unknown Strength 6; 3 present unknown; small band Casualties 0 0 The Plum River raid was a bloodless skirmish that occurred at present-day Savanna, Illinois, on May 21, 1832, as part of the Black Hawk War. ... Combatants United States non-combatants Potawatomi Sauk Commanders none Keewasee Strength 22 civilians 20-40 Casualties 15 non-combatants possibly 1 KIA The Indian Creek massacre occurred on May 21, 1832 when a group of settlers living 6 miles north of Ottawa, Illinois, United States, along Indian Creek, were attacked... Combatants United States Ho-Chunk or Sauk/Fox Commanders Henry Atkinson Felix St. ... Combatants United States possibly Ho-Chunk Strength 50-100 Casualties 3 KIA The Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds were two separate incidents which occurred on June 6 and 20, 1832, as part of the Black Hawk War. ... Combatants United States Black Hawk aligned Kickapoo Strength 6 unknown Casualties 4 1 The Spafford Farm massacre, also referred to as the Wayne massacre, was an attack upon U.S. militia and civilians that occurred as part of the Black Hawk War near present day South Wayne, Wisconsin. ... Combatants United States Kickapoo; loosely affiliated with Chief Black Hawks British Band Commanders Henry Dodge Strength 30 11 Casualties 3 KIA 1 WIA 11 KIA This article is about Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832). ... Combatants United States Sauk Commanders James W. Stephenson Strength 12+ unknown Casualties 3 KIA 2-6 KIA The Battle of Waddams Grove, also known as the Battle of Yellow Creek, took place in present-day Stephenson County, Illinois during the 1832 Black Hawk War. ... Combatants United States Sauk Fox Kickapoo Commanders Adam W. Snyder Samuel Whiteside Black Hawk Strength approximately 300 80 Casualties 8 KIA at least 15 KIA The Battle of Kelloggs Grove is either of two minor battles, or skirmishes, fought during the Black Hawk War in U.S. state of... Combatants United States Potawatomi Commanders Mike Girty Strength 7 30 Casualties 1 KIA 0 The Attack at Aments Cabin was an event during the Black Hawk War that occurred on June 17, or June 18, 1832. ... Combatants United States Sauk/Fox Commanders Clack Stone Black Hawk Strength 25 150-200 Casualties 1 KIA 2 WIA Unknown The Battle of Apple River Fort occurred on June 24, 1832 at the hastily constructed Apple River Fort, near present-day Elizabeth, Illinois, when Black Hawk and his British Band... Combatants United States Sauk and Fox of Black Hawks British Band Commanders James W. Stephenson Strength 3 unknown Casualties 2 killed 0 The Sinsinawa Mound raid occurred on June 29, 1832, near the Sinsinawa mining settlement in Michigan Territory (present-day Grant County, Wisconsin). ... Combatants United States U.S. aligned Menominee Sauk/Fox Commanders Henry Dodge James D. Henry Black Hawk Strength 600-750 miltia 300 Menominee warriors approximately 50-80 warriors Casualties 1 KIA 8 WIA 40-70 KIA The Battle of Wisconsin Heights was a major engagement between the United States involving... The Battle of Bad Axe, one of the last major battles during the Black Hawk War, was fought between the combined forces of the Sauk (Sac) and Fox tribes and United States troops under Gen. ...

Other topics

Black Hawk Purchase • Black Hawk Tree • Keokuk's Reserve • Neutral Ground • Warrior The Black Hawk Purchase, sometimes called the Forty-Mile Strip or Scotts Purchase, was a land acquistion made in what is now Iowa by the United States federal government. ... The Black Hawk Tree, or Black Hawks Tree, was a cottonwood tree located in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, United States. ... Warrior was a privately owned and constructed steamboat that was pressed into service by the U.S. government during the Black Hawk War to assist with military operations. ...



 

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