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Gall wasps (Cynipidae), also called Gallflies, are a family of the order Hymenoptera and are classified with the Apocrita suborder of wasps in the superfamily Cynipoidea. About 1300 species of this generally very small creature (1-8 millimeters) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America. Image File history File links Picture taken by myself: (nl: vrouwelijke galwesp Eikennapjesgal) female Neuroterus albipes forma laeviusculus; Quercus robur File links The following pages link to this file: Gall wasp ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms (as opposed to folk taxonomy). ...
Classes & Orders Class Insecta (insects) Unplaced orders: Order Diplura Order Collembola (springtails) Order Protura The subphylum Hexapoda constitutes the largest (in terms of number of species) grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as a few much smaller groups of wingless arthropods closely related to insects: Collembola, Protura...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets...
Orders Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas) Embioptera (webspinners) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Superorder Hemipterodea Psocoptera (booklice, barklice) Phthiraptera (lice) Hemiptera (true bugs) Thysanoptera (thrips) Superorder...
Orders Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas) Embioptera (webspinners) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Superorder Hemipterodea Psocoptera (booklice, barklice) Phthiraptera (lice) Hemiptera (true bugs) Thysanoptera (thrips) Superorder Endopterygota Miomoptera - extinct Megaloptera (alderflies, etc. ...
Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Many families, see article Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ...
Superfamilies Apoidea Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea Chrysidoidea Cynipoidea Evanioidea Ichneumonoidea Megalyroidea Proctotrupoidea Sphecoidea Stephanoidea Triganalyoidea Vespoidea Many families, see article Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. ...
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Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Many families, see article Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ...
Superfamilies Apoidea Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea Chrysidoidea Cynipoidea Evanioidea Ichneumonoidea Megalyroidea Proctotrupoidea Sphecoidea Stephanoidea Triganalyoidea Vespoidea Many families, see article Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. ...
Features
Like all representatives of Apocrita, gall wasps have a distinctive body shape, the so-called wasp waist. To that end, the first abdominal tergum (the propodeum) is conjoined with the thorax, while the second abdominal segment forms a sort of shaft, the petiole. The petiole connects with the gaster, which is the functional abdomen in apocritan wasps, starting with the third abdominal segment proper. Together, the petiole and the gaster form the metasoma, while the thorax and the propodeum make up the mesosoma. The antennae are straight and consist of 12 to 16 segments. In many varieties the backside of the mesosoma appears longitudinally banded. The wings are typically and simply structured. The female ovipositor for depositing eggs is often seen sticking out from the tip of the metasoma. Superfamilies Apoidea Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea Chrysidoidea Cynipoidea Evanioidea Ichneumonoidea Megalyroidea Proctotrupoidea Sphecoidea Stephanoidea Triganalyoidea Vespoidea Many families, see article Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. ...
Wasp waist (1885) Wasp waist by hip form girdle (1901) Wasp waist refers to a style of corset and girdle that has experienced various periods of popularity in the 19th and 20th centuries. ...
A tergum (pl. ...
The propodeum is the first abdominal segment in Apocrita Hymenoptera (wasps, bees and ants). ...
Diagram of a tsetse fly, showing the head, thorax and abdomen The thorax is a division of an animals body that lies between the head and the abdomen. ...
The petiole of this ant consists of two segments In entomology, the term petiole is most commonly used to refer to the constricted first (and sometimes second) metasomal segment of members of the Hymenopteran suborder Apocrita; it may be used to refer to other insects with similar body shapes, where...
The petiole of this ant consists of two segments In entomology, the term petiole is most commonly used to refer to the constricted first (and sometimes second) metasomal segment of members of the Hymenopteran suborder Apocrita; it may be used to refer to other insects with similar body shapes, where...
Theodor Herzl Gaster (1906 - 1992) was an American Biblical scholar known for work on comparative religion, mythology and the history of religions. ...
The abdomen is a part of the body. ...
The petiole of this ant consists of two segments In entomology, the term petiole is most commonly used to refer to the constricted first (and sometimes second) metasomal segment of members of the Hymenopteran suborder Apocrita; it may be used to refer to other insects with similar body shapes, where...
Theodor Herzl Gaster (1906 - 1992) was an American Biblical scholar known for work on comparative religion, mythology and the history of religions. ...
Scorpion anatomy: 1 = Prosoma; 2 = Mesosoma; 3 = Metasoma The metasoma is clearly visible on this ant: it is the posterior section, including the petiole The metasoma is the posterior part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other two being the prosoma...
Diagram of a tsetse fly, showing the head, thorax and abdomen The thorax is a division of an animals body that lies between the head and the abdomen. ...
The propodeum is the first abdominal segment in Apocrita Hymenoptera (wasps, bees and ants). ...
Scorpion anatomy: 1 = Prosoma; 2 = Mesosoma; 3 = Metasoma The mesosoma is clearly visible on this ant: it is the midlle section, in between the head and the petiole The mesosoma is the middle part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other...
Scorpion anatomy: 1 = Prosoma; 2 = Mesosoma; 3 = Metasoma The mesosoma is clearly visible on this ant: it is the midlle section, in between the head and the petiole The mesosoma is the middle part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other...
The ovipositor is an organ used by some of the arthropods for oviposition, i. ...
Scorpion anatomy: 1 = Prosoma; 2 = Mesosoma; 3 = Metasoma The metasoma is clearly visible on this ant: it is the posterior section, including the petiole The metasoma is the posterior part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other two being the prosoma...
Reproduction and Development The reproduction of the gall wasp is partly pure two-sex propagation, partly pure parthenogenesis, in which a male is completely unnecessary. With most species, however, there is an alternation of generations with one two-sex generation and one parthenogenic generation annually. This process differentiates the various generations primarily in their appearance and the form of the plant galls they induce. Kaguya is one success from 460 attempts at growing embryos. ...
Sporic or diplohaplontic life cycle. ...
Kalanchoë infected with crown-gall using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. ...
The larvae of most gall wasps develop in characteristic plant galls they induce themselves, however many species are also inquilines of other gall wasps, such as those of the genus Synergus. An inquiline is an animal that lives commensally in the nest, burrow, or dwelling place of an animal of another species. ...
The plant galls mostly develop directly after the female insect lays the eggs. The inducement for the gall formation is largely unknown; discussion speculates as to both chemical, mechanical and viral triggers. The hatching larvae nourish themselves with the nutritive tissue of the galls, in which they are otherwise well-protected from external environmental effects. The host plants and the size and shape of the galls are specific to the majority of gall wasps, whereas about 70% of the known species live in various types of oak tree. One can find galls on nearly all parts of such trees, some on the leaves, the buds, the branches, and the roots. Other species of gall wasp live in rose bushes or maple trees, as well as many herbs. Frequently, the determination of the species is much easier through observation of the galls produced rather than the insect inself. Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ...
The leaves of a Beech tree A leaf with laminar structure and pinnate venation In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ...
Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower. ...
Primary and secondary roots in a cotton plant In vascular plants, the root is that organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil (compare with stem). ...
Species About 100, see text A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa, and the flower of this shrub. ...
The MAPLE (Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment) dedicated isotope-production facility is a current project jointly undertaken by AECL and MDS Nordion. ...
Types Most species of gall wasp live as gall-formers on oaks. One of the most well-known of these oak gall wasps is the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii), which induces characteristic two-centimeter in diameter, spherical galls on the underside of oak leaves. Andricus fecundatrix parthenogenetic generation gall Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 169 KB) en: Gall wasp on a Quercus de: Eichengallwespe auf Stieleiche Contributed by saharadesertfox de: Hier bedient sich eine Gallwespe an einem Blattansatz. ...
| Andricus quercuscalicis parthenogenetic generation gall ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x1115, 1066 KB) Contributed by saharadesertfox de: Hier bedient sich eine Gallwespe an einer Eichelfrucht. ...
| Andricus quercuscalicis parthenogenetic generation gall ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (853x903, 645 KB) Andricus quercuscalicis Contributed by saharadesertfox de: Hier bedient sich eine Gallwespe an einer Eichelfrucht. ...
| Neuroterus quercusbaccarum sexual generation gall Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1065x1345, 249 KB) Picture taken by myself: Quercus robur oakgalls on male flowers; Quercus robur File links The following pages link to this file: Gall Gall wasp ...
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 Gall of Cynips longiventris These turn reddish in the fall and are commonly known as oak apples. Light lentiform galls on the underside of the same leaves are induced by Neuroterus quercusbaccarum; darker ones with bulging edges are formed by Neuroterus numismalis. Also striking are the galls of Cynips longiventris, which likewise can be found on the underside of leaves, and are recognizable for their spheroidal shape and irregular red streaks. The oak potato gall wasp (Biorrhiza pallida) has round galls that grow to about four centimeters. These are known colloquially as oak potatoes. The latter type of gall is induced by this type of wasp not on the leaves, but on the roots of the oak. On the buds of young oak twigs, one can often find the hard-shelled galls of Andricus kollari and Andricus quercustozae. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x2048, 1351 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Gall wasp ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x2048, 1351 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Gall wasp ...
An oak apple is a mutation of an oak leaf caused by chemicals injected by the larvae of certain kinds of gall wasp. ...
The galls of the rose gall wasp (Diplolepis rosae) are also distinctive and are known as bedeguars. These are found on the shoots of roses and have a length of up to five centimeters with red long-haired outgrowths. Inside the galls are several chambers, which may be occupied by larvae. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1133x1172, 410 KB) en: Description: Rose gall wasp (Diplolepis rosae) Date: 2005-07-24 Author: Björn Appel Licence: GFDL de: Beschreibung: Rosengallwespe (Diplolepis rosae) Datum: 2005-07-24 Autor: Björn Appel Lizenz: GFDL File links The following pages link...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1133x1172, 410 KB) en: Description: Rose gall wasp (Diplolepis rosae) Date: 2005-07-24 Author: Björn Appel Licence: GFDL de: Beschreibung: Rosengallwespe (Diplolepis rosae) Datum: 2005-07-24 Autor: Björn Appel Lizenz: GFDL File links The following pages link...
Additional information - The galls of several species, especially Mediterranean variants, were once used as tanning agents.
- A rose gallnut with stem makes a long-lasting bouquet adornment.
- Before his work in human sexuality, Dr. Alfred Kinsey, was known for his study of gall wasps.
This article is about the issues and phenomena pertaining to human sexual function and behavior. ...
Dr. Alfred Charles Kinsey (June 23, 1894 – August 25, 1956), was an American biologist and professor of entomology and zoology who in 1947 founded the Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University Bloomington, now called the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction. ...
Literature - Gauld, I.D., Bolton, B. (1988): The Hymenoptera, Oxford
- Honomichl, K., Bellmann, H. (1994): Biologie und Ökologie der Insekten (In German)
- Liljeblad, J. (2002): Phylogeny and evolution of gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Department of Zoology, Stockholm University. 1-176. Doctoral thesis.
References - This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the German Wikipedia. Basic information corrected by J. Liljeblad.
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