31 zinc ← gallium → germanium Al ↑ Ga ↓ In Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	gallium, Ga, 31
Chemical series	poor metals
Group, Period, Block	13, 4, p
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	69.723(1) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	5.91 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	6.095 g·cm−3
Melting point	302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F)
Boiling point	2477 K (2204 °C, 3999 °F)
Heat of fusion	5.59 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	254 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.86 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
Oxidation states	3, 1 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	1.81 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 578.8 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1979.3 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 2963 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	130 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	136 pm
Covalent radius	126 pm
Van der Waals radius	187 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 40.6 W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 2740 m/s
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	60 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-55-3
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of gallium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 69Ga 60.11% Ga is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ga 39.89% Ga is stable with 40 neutrons
References

Gallium (pronounced /ˈgæliəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. A soft silvery metallic poor metal, gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures but liquefies slightly above room temperature and will melt in the hand. It occurs in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores. An important application is in the compounds gallium nitride and gallium arsenide, used as a semiconductor, most notably in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Species About 400 species; see text Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Galium Galium is a large genus of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Rubiaceae, with about 400 species occurring in the temperate zones of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 72. ... Aluminum redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number indium, In, 49 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 114. ... Gallium table image created for Wikipedia by Schnee on June 25, 2003, 10:47 UTC. Licensed under the terms of the GNU FDL. File links The following pages link to this file: Gallium User:Femto/elements e3 Categories: GFDL images ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The Boron group is periodic table group 13 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table. ... A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... The p-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the last six groups. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Gallium sample (liquid). ... Crystals of 99. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... This box:      For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... The standard enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvHo, also (less correctly) known as the heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react with either an acid or base (more generally, the word describes something made of, or acting like, two components). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... K value redirects here. ... This page is about the physical speed of sound waves in a medium. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Gallium (Ga) Standard atomic mass: 69. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... This article is about the ore. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... Gallium nitride (GaN) is a wide bandgap semiconductor material used in optoelectronic, high-power and high-frequency devices. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity is in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ... “LED” redirects here. ...

Notable characteristics

Elemental gallium is not found in nature, but it is easily obtained by smelting. Very pure gallium metal has a brilliant silvery color and its solid metal fractures conchoidally like glass. Gallium metal expands by 3.1 percent when it solidifies, and therefore storage in either glass or metal containers is avoided, due to the possibility of container rupture with freezing. Gallium shares the higher-density liquid state with only a few materials like germanium, bismuth, antimony and water. Smelting rhymes with melting Electric phosphate smelting furnace in a TVA chemical plant (1942) Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of extractive metallurgy. ... Conchoidal fracture describes the way that brittle materials break when they do not follow any natural planes of separation. ... This article is about the material. ... General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 72. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p Appearance lustrous pink Standard atomic weight 208. ... This article is about the element. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

Gallium also attacks most other metals by diffusing into their metal lattice. Gallium for example diffuses into the grain boundaries of Al/Zn alloys^[1] or steel.^[2], making them very brittle. Also, Gallium metal easily alloys with many metals,^{[citation needed]} and was used in small quantities in the core of the first atomic bomb to help stabilize the plutonium crystal structure.^{[citation needed]} Liquid Metal Embrittlement is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when tested in the presence of specific liquid metals. ... diffusion (disambiguation). ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... Galvanized surface with visible crystallites (grains) of zinc. ... Aluminum redirects here. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ...

The melting point temperature of 30°C allows the metal to be melted in one's hand. This metal has a strong tendency to supercool below its melting point/freezing point, thus necessitating seeding in order to solidify. Gallium is one of the metals (with caesium, rubidium, francium and mercury) which are liquid at or near normal room temperature, and can therefore be used in metal-in-glass high-temperature thermometers. It is also notable for having one of the largest liquid ranges for a metal, and (unlike mercury) for having a low vapor pressure at high temperatures. Unlike mercury, liquid gallium metal wets glass and skin, making it mechanically more difficult to handle (even though it is substantially less toxic and requires far fewer precautions). For this reason as well as the metal contamination problem and freezing-expansion problems noted above, samples of gallium metal are usually supplied in polyethylene packets within other containers. The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... Supercool redirects here. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... Freezing point can refer to several things: For the chemistry term, see Melting point. ... A seed crystal is a small piece of single crystal material from which a large crystal of, usually, the same material is to be grown. ... General Name, Symbol, Number caesium, Cs, 55 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 6, s Appearance silvery gold Standard atomic weight 132. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rubidium, Rb, 37 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 5, s Appearance grey white Standard atomic weight 85. ... General Name, Symbol, Number francium, Fr, 87 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 7, s Appearance metallic Standard atomic weight (223) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Rn] 7s1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 Physical properties Phase  ? solid Density (near r. ... This article is about the element. ... A common mercury thermometer A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient, using a variety of different principles. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Wetting of different fluids. ...

Gallium does not crystallize in any of the simple crystal structures. The stable phase under normal conditions is orthorhombic with 8 atoms in the conventional unit cell. Each atom has only one nearest neighbor (at a distance of 244 pm) and six other neighbors within additional 39 pm. Many stable and metastable phases are found as function of temperature and pressure. For other uses, see Crystal (disambiguation). ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups. ... In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... Metastability in molecules is the ability of a non-equilibrium chemical state to persist for a long period of time. ...

The bonding between the nearest neighbors is found to be of covalent character, hence Ga₂ dimers are seen as the fundamental building blocks of the crystal. The compound with arsenic, gallium arsenide is a semiconductor commonly used in light-emitting diodes. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms, in order to produce a mutual attraction, which holds the resultant molecule together. ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity is in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ... “LED” redirects here. ...

High-purity gallium is attacked slowly by mineral acids. Headline text Happy Hannukah and a happy new year!! POOP e Butt ...

History

Gallium (the Latin Gallia means "Gaul," essentially modern France; and the Latin gallus means "rooster") was discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 by its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines) in an examination of a zinc blende from the Pyrenees. Before its discovery, most of its properties had been predicted and described by Dmitri Mendeleev (who had called the hypothetical element "eka-aluminium") on the basis of its position in his periodic table. Later, in 1875, Boisbaudran obtained the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution. He named the element "gallia" after his native land of France. It was later claimed that, in one of those multilingual puns so beloved of men of science in the early 19th century, he had also named gallium after himself, as his name, "Lecoq," is the French for "rooster," and the Latin for "rooster" is "gallus"; however, in an 1877 article Lecoq denied this supposition. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Animation of the dispersion of light as it travels through a triangular prism. ... Paul Émile (François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran (April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French chemist born in Cognac. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Violet (named after the flower violet) is used in two senses: first, referring to the color of light at the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum, approximately 380–420 nanometres (this is a spectral color). ... Sphalerite sample Another sphalerite sample Sphalerite (ZnS) is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. ... Pic de Bugatetin the Néouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees For the mountains in Victoria, Australia, see Pyrenees (Victoria). ... Portrait of Dmitri Mendeleev by Ilya Repin (Russian: , Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev  ) (8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 in Tobolsk – 2 February [O.S. 20 January] 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist and inventor. ... Professor Dimitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements from lightest to heaviest. ... The Periodic Table redirects here. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: OH− It has a charge of −1. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... For other uses, see Pun (disambiguation). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Rooster (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

Occurrence

Gallium does not exist in free form in nature, nor do any high-gallium minerals exist to serve as a primary source of extraction of the element or its compounds. Gallium is found and extracted as a trace component in bauxite, coal, diaspore, germanite, and sphalerite. The United States Geological Survey (USGC) estimates gallium reserves based on 50 ppm by weight concentration in known reserves of bauxite and zinc ores. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain small quantities of gallium, typically less than 1 % by weight.^[3][4][5][6] This article is about the ore. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For the plant structure, see Spore Diaspore from Slovakia Diaspore is a native aluminium hydroxide, AlO(OH), crystallizing in the orthorhombic system and isomorphous with goethite and manganite. ... Germanite is a rare copper iron germanium sulfide mineral, Cu13Fe2Ge2S16. ... Sphalerite sample Another sphalerite sample The unit cell of sphalerite Sphalerite (ZnS) is a gay mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. ... InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ... InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ... A flue is a duct, pipe, or chimney for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, furnace, water heater, boiler, or generator to the outdoors. ... Look up dust in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Most gallium is extracted from the crude aluminium hydroxide solution of the Bayer process for producing alumina and aluminum. A mercury cell electrolysis and hydrolysis of the amalgam with sodium hydroxide leads to sodium gallate. Electrolysis then gives gallium metal. For semiconductor use, further purification is carried out using zone melting, or else single crystal extraction from a melt (Czochralski process). Purities of 99.9999% are routinely achieved and commercially widely available. Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions. ... The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of producing alumina, itself important in the Hall-Héroult process for producing aluminum. ... This article is about the element. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water. ... This article is about mixtures (alloys) of mercury with other elements. ... Flash point Non-flammable. ... A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity is in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ... Zone melting is a method of separation by melting in which a series of molten zones traverses a long ingot of impure metal or chemical. ... The Czochralski process is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e. ...

The current price for 1 gram gallium of 99.9999% purity seems to be at about US $15.00.^{[citation needed]}

Applications

Semiconductor and electronic industry. The semiconductor applications are the main reason for the low-cost commercial availability of the extremely high-purity (99.9999+%) metal:

• As a component of the semiconductor Gallium arsenide, the most common application for gallium is analog integrated circuits, with the second largest use being optoelectronic devices (mostly laser diodes and light-emitting diodes.)
• Gallium is used widely as a dopant to dope semiconductors and produce solid-state devices like transistors.
• Gallium is the rarest component of new photovoltaic compounds (such as copper indium gallium selenium sulphide or Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)₂, recently announced by South African researchers) for use in solar panels as an alternative to crystalline silicon, which is currently in short supply.

As a wetting, and alloy improvement agent: This article is about the chemical compound. ... Integrated circuit of Atmel Diopsis 740 System on Chip showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery Microchips with a transparent window, showing the integrated circuit inside. ... Optoelectronics is the study and application of electronic devices that interact with light. ... A packaged laser diode with penny for scale. ... External links LEd Category: TeX ... A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical properties of the semiconductor. ... In semiconductor production, doping refers to the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor in order to change its electrical properties. ... A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity is in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ... Assorted discrete transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically controlled switch. ... A solar cell, a form of photovoltaic cell, is a device that uses the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from light, thus generating solar power (energy). ... General Name, Symbol, Number silicon, Si, 14 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 3, p Appearance dark gray, bluish tinge Atomic mass 28. ...

• Because gallium wets glass or porcelain, gallium can be used to create brilliant mirrors.
• Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys. The plutonium used in nuclear weapon pits is machined by alloying with gallium to stabilize the allotropes of plutonium.
• Gallium added in quantities up to 2% in common solders can aid wetting and flow characteristics.

As part of an energy storage mechanism: Wetting of different fluids. ... “Fine China” redirects here. ... A mirror, reflecting a vase. ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... A fusible alloy, usually eutectic alloy is capable of being fused, as well as being liquefied by heat. ... This article is about the radioactive element. ... The first nuclear weapons, though large, cumbersome and inefficient, provided the basic design building blocks of all future weapons. ... Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. ... A solder is a fusible metal alloy, with a melting point or melting range of 180-190°C (360-370 °F), which is melted to join metallic surfaces, especially in the fields of electronics and plumbing, in a process called soldering. ...

• Aluminium is reactive enough to reduce water to hydrogen, being oxidized to aluminium oxide. However, the aluminium oxide forms a protective coat which prevents further reaction. When gallium is alloyed with aluminium, the coat does not form, thus the alloy can potentially provide a solid hydrogen source for transportation purposes, which would be more convenient than a pressurized hydrogen tank. Resmelting the resultant aluminum oxide and gallium mixture to metallic aluminum and gallium and reforming these into electrodes would constitute most of the energy input into the system, while electricity produced by a hydrogen fuel cell could constitute an energy output.^[7][8]The thermodynamic efficiency of the aluminum smelting process is said to be approximately 50 percent.^{[citation needed]} Therefore, at most no more than half the energy that goes into smelting aluminum could be recovered by a fuel cell.

For liquid alloys: This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Alumina redirects here. ...

• It has been suggested that a liquid gallium-tin alloy could be used to cool computer chips in place of water. As it conducts heat approximately 65 times better than water it can make a comparable coolant. [1]
• Gallium is used in some high temperature thermometers.

Biomedical applications: This article is about the metallic chemical element. ... A coolant, or heat transfer fluid, is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it. ...

• A low temperature liquid eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin, is widely available in medical thermometers (fever thermometers), replacing problematic mercury. This alloy, with the trade name Galinstan (with the "-stan" referring to the tin), has a freezing point of −20°C.
• Gallium salts such as gallium citrate and gallium nitrate are used as radiopharmaceutical agents in nuclear medicine imaging. (The form or salt is not important, since it is the free dissolved gallium ion Ga³⁺ which is active). For these applications, a radioactive isotope such as ⁶⁷Ga is used. The body handles Ga³⁺ in many ways as though it were iron, and thus it is bound (and concentrates) in areas of inflammation, such as infection, and also areas of rapid cell division. This allows such sites to be imaged by nuclear scan techniques. See gallium scan. This use has largely been replaced by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for positron emission tomography, "PET" scan.
• Gallium nitrate, both oral and topical, is finding use in treating arthritis.^[9]
• Much research is being devoted to gallium alloys as substitutes for mercury dental amalgams, but these compounds have yet to see wide acceptance.
• Research is being conducted to determine whether gallium can be used to fight bacterial infections in people with cystic fibrosis. Gallium is similar in size to iron, an essential nutrient for respiration. When gallium is mistakenly picked up by bacteria such as Pseudomonas, the bacteria's ability to respire is interfered with and the bacteria die. The mechanism behind this is that iron is redox active, which allows for the transfer of electrons during respiration, but gallium is redox inactive. ^[10][11]

Miscellaneous: A eutectic or eutectic mixture is a mixture of two or more elements which has a lower melting point than any of its constituents. ... General Name, Symbol, Number indium, In, 49 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 114. ... This article is about the metallic chemical element. ... Galinstan is an eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin which is liquid at room temperature, typically freezing at -20 °C (-4 °F). ... For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ... Chemical strucutre of citric acid. ... Trinitrate redirects here. ... A radiopharmaceutical is a radioactive pharmaceutical. ... Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ... A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable Goat, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created radiation particle within the nucleus, or else to an atomic electron (see internal conversion) . The radionuclide, in this process, undergoes radioactive decay... Also know as Galium 67 scan, a gallium scan is a nuclear medicine test that uses a radioactive tracer to obtain images of a specific type of tissue. ... Fluorodeoxyglucose is a molecule that is an analogue of glucose. ... Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ... An amalgam is an alloy of mercury. ... Type species Pseudomonas aeruginosa Species group P. aeruginosa P. alcaligenes P. anguilliseptica P. argentinensis P. borbori P. citronellolis P. flavescens P. mendocina P. nitroreducens P. oleovorans P. pseudoalcaligenes P. resinovorans P. straminea group P. aurantiaca P. aureofaciens P. chlororaphis P. fragi P. lundensis P. taetrolens group P. antarctica P. azotoformans...

• Magnesium gallate containing impurities (such as Mn²⁺), is beginning to be used in ultraviolet-activated phosphor powder.
• Neutrino detection. Possibly the largest amount of pure gallium ever collected in a single spot was the GALLEX neutrino detector operated in the early 1990's in an Italian mountain tunnel. The detector contained 12.2 tons of watered gallium-71. Solar neutrinos caused a few atoms of Ga-71 to become radioactive Ge-71, which were detected. The solar neutrino flux deduced was found to have a deficit of 40% from theory. This was not explained until better solar neutrino detectors and theories were constructed (see SNO).[2]
• As a liquid metal ion source for a focused ion beam.

General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... A gallate is a compound containing gallium and oxygen with more electropositive elements. ... For other uses, see Ultraviolet (disambiguation). ... Green screen A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to light or energised particles such as electrons). ... For other uses, see Neutrino (disambiguation). ... GALLEX or Gallium Experiment was a radiochemical neutrino detection experiment ran between years 1991 and 1997 at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS). ... Categories: Physics stubs | Neutrino observatories | Ontario ... Focused ion beam, also known as FIB, is a scientific instrument that resembles a scanning electron microscope. ...

Precautions

While not considered toxic, the data about gallium are inconclusive. Some sources suggest that it may cause dermatitis from prolonged exposure; other tests have not caused a positive reaction. Like most metals, finely divided gallium loses its luster. Powdered gallium appears gray. When gallium is handled with bare hands, the extremely fine dispersion of liquid gallium droplets which results from wetting skin with the metal may appear as a gray skin stain. Dermatitis is a blanket term literally meaning inflammation of the skin. It is usually used to refer to eczema, which is also known as Dermatitis eczema. ...

See also

• Gallium compounds

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Gallium
• Webelements: detailed information on gallium

1. ^ W. L. Tsai, Y. Hwu, C. H. Chen, L. W. Chang, J. H. Je, H. M. Lin, G. Margaritondo (2003). "Grain boundary imaging, gallium diffusion and the fracture behavior of Al–Zn Alloy – An in situ study". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 199: 457-463. doi:10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01533-1. 
2. ^ Vigilante, G. N., Trolano, E., Mossey, C. (Jun 1999). Liquid Metal Embrittlement of ASTM A723 Gun Steel by Indium and Gallium. Defense Technical Information Center.
3. ^ Shan Xiao-quan, Wang Wen and Wen Bei (1992). "Determination of gallium in coal and coal fly ash by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using slurry sampling and nickel chemical modification". J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7: 761 - 764. doi:10.1039/JA9920700761. 
4. ^ Gallium in West Virginia Coals. West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey (2 Mar 2002).
5. ^ O. Font, X. Querol, R. Juan, R. Casado, C. R. Ruiz, A. Lopez-Soler, P. Coca and F. G. Pena (2007). "Recovery of gallium and vanadium from gasification fly ash". Journal of Hazardous Materials 139 (3): 413-423. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.041. 
6. ^ A. J. W. Headlee and Richard G. Hunter (1953). "Elements in Coal Ash and Their Industrial Significance". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 45 (3): 548 - 551. doi:10.1021/ie50519a028. 
7. ^ Purdue University (April 10, 2007). Purdue Energy Center symposium to pave the road to a hydrogen economy. Press release.
8. ^ "New process generates hydrogen from aluminum alloy to run engines, fuel cells", PhysOrg.com, 16 May 2007. 
9. ^ G. Eby (2005). "Elimination of arthritis pain and inflammation for over 2 years with a single 90 min, topical 14% gallium nitrate treatment: Case reports and review of actions of gallium III". Medical Hypotheses 65 (6): 1136-1141. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.06.021. 
10. ^ A Trojan-horse strategy selected to fight bacteria
11. ^ Gallium May Have Antibiotic-Like Properties

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Purdue redirects here. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Medical Hypotheses is a monthly journal published by Elsevier. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

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Gallium

Look up gallium in
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• WebElements.com – textbook information on gallium
• Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok
• Material safety data sheet at acialloys.com
• www.lenntech.com – textbook information regarding gallium
• environmental effects of gallium
• Price development of gallium 1959-1998
• Technology produces hydrogen by adding water to an alloy of aluminum and gallium