Gallurese (gadduresu) is a diasystem of the Sardinian language, spoken in the Gallura (Gaddura), north-eastern part of Sardinia including the town of Tempio Pausania (Tempiu). In linguistics, a diasystem is a term used in structural dialectology, to refer to a single genetic language which has two or more standard forms. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Gallura (locally Gaddura) is a geographical and cultural region in northern Sardinia, Italy. ... Sardinia (Sardigna, Sardinna or Sardinnia in the Sardinian language, Sardegna in Italian, Sardenya in Catalan), is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (Sicily is the largest), between Italy, Spain and Tunisia, south of Corsica. ... Tempio Pausania (loc. ...

Grammatical structure, pronunciation and many terms reflect a certain nearness to Corsican (many similarities with the southern Corsican dialects of Sartene and Porto-Vecchio) with which it shared some mutual influences due to close relationships in 17th century, but many words come from the Sardo logudorese variety of Sardinian, which was spoken in this area in the Middle Ages. Capital Ajaccio Area 8,680 km² Regional President Ange Santini (UMP) (since 2004) Population  - 2004 estimate  - 1999 census  - Density (Ranked 25th) 272,000 260,196 31/km² (2004) Arrondissements 5 Cantons 52 Communes 360 Départements Corse-du-Sud Haute-Corse Note: The Regional Presidents title is President of... Sartene (Corsican: Sartè), is a town and commune of Southern Corsica, in the Corse-du-Sud département, in France. ... Porto-Vecchio is a town and commune of the Corse-du-Sud département, on the island of Corsica, in France. ... This article needs cleanup. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

The Sassarese dialect, spoken in Sassari's area, also presents similar characteristics, even if is more linked to Sardo logudorese. Sassarese is a diasystem of the Sardinian language, spoken in Sassaris area (north-western part of Sardinia) in Italy. ... Sassari (in Italian and Sassarese, a Corsican dialect; either Sassari or Tathari in southern Sardinian), is a town and a province in Sardinia, Italy. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

Typical constitutional elements of Gallurese

• the plural form of nouns in -i ("ghjanni or polti" [doors]) like in Corsican and Italian, and not in -s like in Sardinian ("jannas"), Latin, Spanish, Catalan, etc.
• final words in -dd- (like "casteddu, beddu" [castle, beautiful]), the same as in Sardinian and southern Corsican (but "castellu, bellu" in northern Corsican);
• -r- modified to -l- ("poltu"[port], while "portu" in Corsican and Sardinian);
• -chj- and -ghj- sounds ("ghjesgia [church], occhji [eyes]), like in Corsican, when Sardinian is "cheja,ojos".
• "lu", "la", "li" articles like in former Corsican dialects ("u", "a", "i" in modern Corsican, "su", "sa", "sos", "sas" in Sardinian);

Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

Gallurese and its Corsican heritage

It is deeply controversial, and in fact discussed, whether Gallurese should be included in the Corsican language, as a minor form or a dialect of this one, or instead included (as now is) in Sardinian. An evident similarity, indeed, exists between Corsican (especially southern dialects) and Gallurese, and as evident as the distance from the bordering Sardo logudorese. Undoubtedly the two idioms are in some elements similar and quite certainly they are reciprocally influenced. Corsican (Corsu or Lingua Corsa) is a Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica (France), alongside French, which is the official language. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ...

Sardinian language is deeply conservative, ancient, Latin-based and historically influenced from Spanish and Catalan. Southern Corsican should be derived by the idiom spoken all over the island before Italian and French hard influences (dialect of Bastia presents notable similarities to Tuscan). Before French domination, standard Italian was for centuries the cultural language of the island. Moreover, it has to be noted that there was a progressive mutation of the languages between Sardinia, Corsica and Tuscany. Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain. ... Location within France The yacht harbour. ... Capital Ajaccio Area 8,680 km² Regional President Ange Santini (UMP) (since 2004) Population  - 2004 estimate  - 1999 census  - Density (Ranked 25th) 272,000 260,196 31/km² (2004) Arrondissements 5 Cantons 52 Communes 360 Départements Corse-du-Sud Haute-Corse Note: The Regional Presidents title is President of... Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ...

Academically, and in scholastical classification, Gallurese is often considered a Sardinian language for two main reasons (that could be controversial): This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

1. First of all, a geographical reason could not allow any different classification; oppositors however stress that the Catalan spoken in Alghero and the Tabarchino (Ligurian) spoken in the minor island of Sant'Antioco are not actually submitted to this rule.
2. A genetical reason immediately follows the geographical one: undoubtedly (?), Gallurese has a common origin with the other languages of Sardinia, and it is very likely that any change, any development might have been built upon a common basic structure, and not on a different starting idiom.

This genetical reason links the Corsican languages and the Sardinian languages in a remote Romania africana : only the true Sardinian dialects are the heirs of this former unity. Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain. ... Old city wall and new sea wall, Alghero Alghero (LAlguer in Catalan and SAlighera in Sardinian), is a town of about 35,000 inhabitants. ... Ligurian may mean one of several things: Pertaining to the ancient Ligures Pertaining to modern Liguria Ligurian language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... S.Antioco is a village in South-western Sardinia, in the district of Cagliari, in Sulcis zone, in the island of S.Antioco. ...

But in the recent regional law (No. 26, 1997) voted by the Sardinian Parliament, the Gallurese (with the Sassarese) is not considered as a Sardinian language but in the same category as Catalan language of Alghero or Tabarchino. Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain. ...

Hypothesis on Gallurese's development

The occasions of contact between the idioms could be interesting, in order to know more about the genesis and the development of Gallurese. Before the Phoenician languages, the presumed Paleosardinian language of the Nuragici people should have been evenly distributed over the island, but archaeological evidence of the language is only found at a few points on the island. Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Phoenicia /Canaan (now Lebanon, coastal Syria and northern Israel ). Phoenician is a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... History of Sardinia Prehistory In 1979 human remains were found that were dated 150,000 BC. Following retrievals are of about 15,000 BC. It is supposed ancient Sardinians descend from a mysterious people: Shardana. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...

Phoenicians came and invaded the island, only two main areas remaining free from their control and their influence, the two traditionally independent areas of Sardinia: Gallura and Barbagia. Here the contact with surrounding areas was broken, supposedly. So there should locally remain the influences of Balari (a Sardinian people that came from Spain), probably with protoiberic influences. Then Rome came, and defeated Balari, therefore Rome was in Gallura too, as it was in Barbagia. Maybe it could be presumed that when the Latin language entered, only some part of the idiom was different, so the difference could have came later. Barbagia is an area of inner Sardinia. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1... Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

The greatest difference could perhaps be born in the age of Giudicati, it could be Pisa, and the quality of the presence of Pisa to start separating the local speaking. Since the defeat of arab pirate Musetto, 1000-1050, Pisa was in the northern Giudicato with the sole "disturb" of Genoa (and the Doria family), then it would have remained there as the main dominator. As known, we know most of medieval sardinian history thanks to the Pisan liber fondachi, the registry of paid taxes, which is so detailed to let us consider Pisan presence as a heavy influence. Giudicati were Sardinian medieval autochtonous regions which existed from about 900 AD. Originally they were Byzantine districts that became independent during the Arab war against Byzantium. ... Pisas coat of arms This article is about Pisa in Italy. ... For other uses, see number 1000. ... Events Leofric becomes Bishop of Exeter Births Margrave Leopold II of Austria (d. ... Location within Italy Flag of Genoa Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Aquaverde Genoa (Italian Genova, Genoese Zena, French Gênes) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ... A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ...

From this point perhaps the languages begin to part, along time producing what lets now underline that there is some Italian language and some Tuscan in Gallurese. But talking about Corsica, the mere institution of a common Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae (1297), more a formal political act than a concrete creation of power at the beginning, does not allow to consider that particular relationships were established between the islands just as an effect of this institution, being the main action of Aragon, at that time, the first conquer of Giudicati, mainly Arborea, and it took quite a century or something more. Pisans remained in Sardinia for a while, as their Romanesque architecture and some of their idioms attest. Italian (italiano   listen?) is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people, most of whom live in Italy. ... Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ... Events 8 January - Monaco gains independence. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Arborea was a small kingdom on Sardinia in the later Middle Ages, one of the four judicatures into which the island had divided. ... Romanesque St. ...

It could be interesting to investigate if the Tuscan ingredients of Gallurese effectively came from this domination, because in this case, a Tuscan influence would have presumedly affected a Sardinian version, resulting in a modified Sardinian version (then it still could be a Sardinian version). It would consequently be classified as a Sardinian language for a genetical reason.

In this hypothesis we were considering Sardinian as if Corsican could modify it, but the contrary could be possible, as well, and there could also be a possible Sardinian influence on Corsican. It could also be that Corsican had been influenced by Sardinian. Or it could eventually be that they both were influenced by the same factors, received in their own territories separately and with different actions, finally producing not so distant results. External influences could consent this hypothesis: Sardinia had a wider population, and in its history has been more subject to foreign influences than Corsica. Invasions and taxes would probably have caused an eventual movement in the direction of the minor island, less probably the other way, even if the establishment of a few groups of Corsicans in Sardinia is known. Also, the little distance between Corsica and Tyrrhenic (tuscan) islands would let suppose more frequent practical contacts, while in Sardinia these contacts were more decisive on a point of local administration.

Contacts between the two islands were again intense in 17th century, when France entered in commercial relationship with Sardinia, provoking (not completely unintentionally) a certain contraband in the Bocche di Bonifacio (the narrow channel that divides the two islands); the need of using a common jargon on the coast is of evident relevance. Its diffusion however was not so wide, presumedly. Contraband consists of items of which possession may be illegal, depending on the variety and the country or the age or sex of the possessor. ... A jargon is a type of slang which is used in conjunction with a specific activity, e. ...

Similarities do exist also with Maremma, in southern Tuscany-northern Latium, with which there were no relationships. All this would tend to suggest that a common evolution had interested the areas. Some authors like Maxia believe that, in analogy among themselves, all the coastal areas of Tyrrhenian Sea should have lived an evolutive moment perhaps at the same time. But the point is not obviously the similarity, because it would not be sufficient to a classification. Current central logudorese sardinian is not similar, in phonetics, to medieval logudorese sardinian (cfr. Pittau [1]), although no one would ever deny that it is the same language. How much did it change, from what was it changing, what happened in Gallura and from what Gallurese started, are still unanswered questions, by now. The Maremma is an area in Italy, consisting of part of southern Tuscany (and partly coincident with province of Grosseto area) and some part of northern Latium (a bordering region of the province of Viterbo). ... Latium (Lazio in Italian) is a region of central Italy, bordered by Tuscany, Umbria, Abruzzo, Molise, Campania and the Tyrrhenian Sea. ... Tyrrhenian Sea. ...

A proposed proof of a common genetical root between Gallurese and Sardinian regards the turning to Italian language of both logudorese and gallurese people when they abandon their respective natural idioms: considering the relevant similarity in the use of their second language (Italian), it could be not immediately unfair to consider that the genetical root should be common, even if the "musical" result is different.

External links

• http://interromania.free.fr/media/pdf/maxia/studii_storici_sui_dialetti_della_sardegna.pdf
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=COI
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=SDN
• http://web.tiscali.it/consultagallurese/index.html
• http://web.tiscali.it/consultagallurese/attivita.htm
• http://www.infosardinia.it/linguasarda.htm
• http://www.legambientegallura.com/lo_stazzo.htm
• http://www.sardiniapoint.it/33.html
• http://www.unionesarda.it/unione/2000/21-10-00/GALLURA/OLB03/A05.html
• http://www.surfspot.it/NUR/nur_lingua.htm
• http://groups.google.it/groups?hl=it&threadm=3c62ade2.10605325%40News.CIS.DFN.DE&rnum=1&prev=/groups%3Fq%3DGallurese%2Be%2BSassarese%2B(era%253ARe%253A%2B%255Bit%255D%2BDialetto%2Blombardo)%26hl%3Dit%26btnG%3DCerca%2Bcon%2BGoogle
• http://www.uniud.it/cip/min_tutelate_scheda.htm
• http://eiha.crs4.it/cultura/opereWord/lingua/lingua.doc
• Walther von WARTBURG "La fragmentation linguistique de la Romania", Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1967.