Galmudug is a state in the central region of Somalia, based in the southern half of the city and district of Galcayo. To the north is Puntland, to the west is Ethiopia and to the south and east is the rest of Somalia, presently under the control of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The name is a combination of Galguduud and Mudug. Unlike the self-declared state of Somaliland, Galmudug is similar to northeast Somalia region Puntland in that it is not trying to obtain international recognition as a nation. It seeks to become a federal division within a united federal republic of Somalia, such as defined by the 2004 Transitional Federal Charter (TFG). Image File history File links Flag_of_Somalia. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia. ... Flag ratio: ~2:3 The flag of Somalia was adopted on October 12, 1954. ... The Coat of arms of Somalia was adopted in 1956. ... A motto (from Italian) is a phrase or a short list of words meant formally to describe the general motivation or intention of an entity, social group, or organization. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Image File history File links LocationGalmudug2. ... This article is about a city that serves as a center of government and politics. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... Gaalkacyo (also Galkayo, Galcayo, Galcaio) is the capital of the Mudug region of Somalia, and is divided into two zones. ... An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Mohamed Warsame Ali Kiimiko (Somali: Maxamed Warsame Cali Kiimiko) is a Somali politician and diplomat. ... Look up autonomy, autonomous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... The Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory was developed by Gustav Cassel in 1920. ... Gross domestic product (by purchasing power parity) in 2006 There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita for the year 2006. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (2004). ... Coloured world map indicating Human Development Index (2004) (colour-blind compliant map) This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Programmes Human Development Report 2006, compiled on the basis of 2004 data. ... The Somali shilling (shilin soomaali) is the currency used in the African nation of Somalia. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Time zones of Africa: Striped colours indicate countries observing daylight saving East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ... Though DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .so is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. ... A telephone number is a sequence of decimal digits (0-9) that is used for identifying a destination telephone line in a telephone network. ... Gaalkacyo (also Galkayo, Galcayo, Galcaio) is the capital of the Mudug region of Somalia, and is divided into two zones. ... Motto None Anthem Puntland Somali National Anthem Capital Garowe (Administrative), Bosaso (Commercial) Largest city Bosaso Official languages Somali and Arabic Government  -  President Mohamud Muse Hersi  -  Vice-President Hassan Dahir Mohamud Autonomy Inside Somalia   -  Declared 1998   -  Recognition   Area  -  Total 212,510 km km² (84th) n/a sq mi   -  Water (%) Negl. ... The Transitional Federal Parliament is an interim parliament of Somalia formed in neighbouring Kenya in 2004. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Location of Mudug in Somalia Mudug (Somali: Mudug; Arabic: ‎ ) is an administrative region (gobolka) in central Somalia. ... Motto لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله  (Arabic) Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadun rasÅ«lu-llāhi  (transliteration) There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah And also : Justice, Peace, Freedom, Democracy and Success for All Anthem Saamo ku waar Capital Hargeisa (1941-1960) (1991 - present) Official languages Somali, Arabic... Motto None Anthem Puntland Somali National Anthem Capital Garowe (Administrative), Bosaso (Commercial) Largest city Bosaso Official languages Somali and Arabic Government  -  President Mohamud Muse Hersi  -  Vice-President Hassan Dahir Mohamud Autonomy Inside Somalia   -  Declared 1998   -  Recognition   Area  -  Total 212,510 km km² (84th) n/a sq mi   -  Water (%) Negl. ... The Federal Republic of Germany and its sixteen Bundesländer (federal states) A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. ... The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, or TFC is the principle organizing document of the Somali Republic, written and approved in February 2004 in Nairobi, Kenya. ...

Background

The Galmudug State is the most centrally located area in Somalia. It is equidistant from Galkaio (State capital) by 750 km to Mogadishu, Hargeisa, Bossaso and Harar in Ethiopia. Its land area - one of the largest 16 original regions of Somalia - is 100,000 km². and it is bordered to the East by the Indian Ocean, to the West by Ethiopia, Nugal region (currently Puntland) on the North and to the South by Galgadud region. Its three ex- Districts of Mudug region; Galkaiyo, Hobyo and Harardere, with over 40 villages have a combined population estimated at 500,000 that consist of several balanced Hawie sub-clans (Habargidir, Abgaal, Murursade, Duduble, Dir, Shiikhaal & Madhibaan.)

History

History of Hobyo city

In the past, Hobyo was beyond the rule of the Majerteen Sultanate (Sultan Kenadid) who sent by the Majeertenian King (now known as Puntland).In 1878 Sultan Kenadid pronounced the Sultanate of Hobyo and expanded its power into the southern coastal towns including Mogadishu. Finally the Sultanate of Hobyo falled by the Italian Colony.The Italians and the Somali governments after independence all marginalized the town, forgot its ancient history and neglected it. Caught in a declining and sinking town, the people had to emigrate to elsewhere in search for jobs and life. The centralised administration and concentration of wealth and opportunities in the capital city made the people to flow out more rapidly.

In the present Somali language Hobyo may mean Ho=have and Biyo=water (Hobyo= Have water). Hobyo in this context indicates that the town had well (s) to provide water and to offer to travellers. Probably the word may have derived from old Somali and may have evolved to this form. In the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, (an old Greek merchant’s diary book), the name Opine appears to correspond to old Hobyo.It is not known why people settled at Hobyo shores but an obvious explanation could be water and trade. Apart from ivory, animal skins and incense, the rise of the coastal trading post was due to the commercial opportunities the port generated by the dhows trade.

Agricultural products grown in what is known locally as ‘Shamble’, a region along both banks of the Shabelle River, between Qalafo and Buur Unkur ’ was exported from this seaport. The ocean trade brought the town wealth, luxury and on occasions power. The coast could not produce enough for most everyday needs, and therefore, the hinterland supplemented the requirements. People grew mainly sorghum as the stable food, and beans and raised animals like camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, aromatic woods and resins were exported, while rice, other foodstuff and clothes were imported durin the Sultanate of Hobyo that rulled by the Sultan A. Y. Kenadid.

Historical Background of Galmudug

Galmudug was established on August 14, 2006^{[citation needed]} by the clans of Sacad, Dir, Shikhal and Hillibi (Murusade) elders in Central regions of Somalia. August 14 is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Sacad ( Somali: Sacad Saciid) is a Somali clan that is part of the Habar Gidir of the Hawiye clan. ...

• Mohamed Warsame Ali 'Kiimiko' was elected President.

The state was named Galmudug (Galgadud and Mudug). This name was likely chosen prior to the ICU invasion of the majority of Galgadud and Mudug, when a larger and broader coalition state could have emerged. Hobyo chose to join Galmudug following the expulsion of the pirate warlords from the coast on the August 16, bringing the size of the state to a respectable 3 regions - Mudug, Hobyo and Harardhere. Mohamed Warsame Ali Kiimiko (Somali: Maxamed Warsame Cali Kiimiko) is a Somali politician and diplomat. ... Hobyo is an ancient harbor city in the Mudugh region of Somalia. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Galmudug lost ground in November 2006 due to an ICU offensive aimed at Abdi Qeybdiid, which saw them lose Hobyo and Abudwaq to the ICU. Following the collapse of the ICU however, Galmudug gained these districts back in addition to Dusamareb, Adado, El Bur and Harardere, bringing Galmudug's importance up to the level of other Somali states.

Geography

Galmudug State occupies the following Districts of Somalia^[1]: The regions of Somalia are subdivided into 75 districts. ...

• Mudug Region - Districts:
  • Galcayo (State Capital)
  • Galinsoor
  • Bandiiradley
  • Algula
  • Bitale
  • Dinowda
• Hobyo Region - Districts:
  • Hobyo (port city)
  • Afbarwaaqo
  • Wisil
  • Bacaadweyne
  • Qaydaro
  • Ceeldibir
• Harardere Region - Districts:
  • Districts will be desided by their community

Location of Mudug in Somalia Mudug (Somali: Mudug; Arabic: Muduq) is an administrative region (gobolka) in central Somalia. ... Gaalkacyo (also Galkayo, Galcayo, Galcaio) is the capital of the Mudug region of Somalia, and is divided into two zones. ... Galinsoor is a town that is located near the border between Mudug and Galgaduud regions of Somalia. ... Bandiiradley is one of the largest towns in Mudug region. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Hobyo is an ancient harbor city in the Mudugh region of Somalia. ... Wisil is a town in Mudug region of Somalia and lies west of the city of Hobyo on the road towards Gaalkacyo. ...

Relations with Puntland

Galmudug was put at odds with Puntland due to the fact that they were often made victims of collective punishments designed to hurt the ICU. For instance in October Puntland banned flights to and from southern Somalia (except to Baidoa of course), including, due to proximity, Galmudug. Galmudug condemned this move strongly^[2].

On November 10, Galmudug sought the removal of forces from adjoining Puntland.^[3] However by December, it had grown increasingly reliant on forces from both Puntland and Ethiopia to dislodge the militias of the ICU. is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto None Anthem Puntland Somali National Anthem Capital Garowe (Administrative), Bosaso (Commercial) Largest city Bosaso Official languages Somali and Arabic Government  -  President Mohamud Muse Hersi  -  Vice-President Hassan Dahir Mohamud Autonomy Inside Somalia   -  Declared 1998   -  Recognition   Area  -  Total 212,510 km km² (84th) n/a sq mi   -  Water (%) Negl. ...

Involvement in the Civil War

Main article: Battle of Bandiradley

Galmudug and the ICU clashed increasingly in October and November of 2006, leading to an ICU invasion of Hobyo and Abudwaq in November and December. A joint Ethiopia-Puntland force intervened to prevent the ICU from capturing Galcayo, and the Ethiopia-Puntland Bandiradley, Mudug and Adado, Galgadud, from the Islamic Courts on December 25, 2006 in the Battle of Bandiradley. Combatants Islamic Courts Union Ethiopia Puntland Galmudug (Abdi Qeybdid) Commanders Puntland: Abdulrahman Said Dhegaweyne Galmudug: Col. ... Bandiiradley is one of the largest towns in the Mudug region of Somalia. ... December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 6 days remaining in the year. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Ethiopia Puntland Galmudug (Abdi Qeybdid) Commanders Puntland: Abdulrahman Said Dhegaweyne Galmudug: Col. ...

Aside from the battlefield successes, there were no news reports about the civil government of Galmudug in English-language media. On January 1, 2007, Abdi Qeybdiid returned to Mogadishu where he pled for there to be no reprisals against the defeated Islamists.^[4] is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

External links

• Galmudug State

Notes

A. Jimale (ed), The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ, 1995

Cassanelli, Lee V., The Shaping of The Somali Society- Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. Philladelphia, Pennsylvania Univ. Press, 1982.

Middleton, John. The World of the Swahili- An African mercantile civilisation. Yale Univ. 1992.