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Galoshes (French: galoches), also known as gumshoes, dickersons, or overshoes, are a type of rubber boot that one slips over their shoes to keep shoes from getting muddy or wet. The word Galoshes might be used interchangeably with boot, especially a rubberized boot. Properly speaking, however, a galosh is an overshoe made of a weatherproof material to protect a more vulnerable shoe underneath and keep the foot warm and dry. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Circle-contradict. ... The A-35 or ABM-1 anti-ballistic missile system was a Soviet military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas operational since the 1960s until the 1990s. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Mexican cowboy boots custom made for Harry S. Truman. ... A shoe is an item of footwear worn on the foot or feet of a human, dog, cat, horse, or doll. ... Muddy is the name of several places in the United States: Muddy in Illinois Muddy in Montana This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Wet could refer to: The condition of being liquid. ...

The term may trace back to the Middle Ages, from the Gaulish shoe or gallicae. This shoe had a leather upper and a sole carved of wood. When the Romans conquered Gaul (France), they borrowed the Gaulish boot style. Nobles would wear a red leather boot with ornately carved wooden soles to display their station. A shoe is an item of footwear worn on the foot or feet of a human, dog, cat, horse, or doll. ... Look up Sole in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The term originally referred to a wooden shoe or patten, or merely a wooden sole fastened to the foot by a strap or cord. Pattens were overshoes with tall, shaped wooden bases and mules or slippers into which one could slip their indoor shoes. In this respect, they could be considered similar to galoshes. A shoe is an item of footwear worn on the foot or feet of a human, dog, cat, horse, or doll. ... Look up Sole in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In the Arnolfini Portrait of 1434, these pattens have been put off inside the house. ...

In modern usage, it is an outer shoe worn in inclement weather to protect the inner one, and keep the feet dry. Galoshes are now almost universally made of rubber, and in the United States they are often known as "rubbers." In the bootmakers' trade, a "galosh" is the piece of leather, of a make stronger than, or different from that of the "uppers", which runs around the bottom part of a boot or shoe, just above the sole. Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. ...

The transition from a traditional wooden sole to one of vulcanized rubber may be attributed to Charles Goodyear. The qualities of rubber, though fascinating to Goodyear, were highly dependent on temperature, tacky when hot, brittle when cold. Vulcanization of rubber tempered its properties so that it was easily molded, durable, and tough. A rubberized elastic webbing made Goodyear's galoshes (circa 1890) easy to pull on and off. Charles Goodyear, as illustrated in an 1891 Scientific American article Charles Spencer Goodyear (December 29, 1800 - July 1, 1860) was the first American to vulcanize rubber, a process which he discovered in 1839 and patented on June 15, 1844. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur. ...

An unconfirmed legend states that an Englishman named Radley invented galoshes. He suffered from rheumatism and wanted to keep his feet dry. While reading De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar he noticed a description of protective cloth overshoes "gallicae" and decided to capitalize on the idea. He patented cloth overshoes reinforced with rubber to keep the feet dry. Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the heart, bones, joints, kidney, skin and lung. ... De Bello Gallico (literally On the Gallic Wars in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar about his nine years of war in Gaul. ... Gaius Julius Caesar [1] (Latin pronunciation ; English pronunciation ; July 12 or July 13, 100 BC or 102 BC – March 15, 44 BC), was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

There are also records of a black inventor by the name of Alvin Longo Rickman, who received a patent for an overshoe in 1898.

There are two basic types. One is like an oversize shoe or low boot, made of thick rubber with a heavy sole and instep, designed for heavy-duty use. The other is of much thinner, more flexible material, more like a rubber slipper, designed solely for protection against the wet rather than for extensive walking. Look up Sole in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A pair of open-heeled slippers. ...

In Russia, galoshes have been an indispensable attribute of valenki. An unrubbered Russian valenok produced by the Condor group Valenki (rus. ...

In the upper U.S. Midwest, school children know the black rubber, over-the-shoe boot as "four-buckle arctics".

See also: Wellington boot

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. A pair of Wellington boots The Wellington boot, also known as a welly, a wellie, a gumboot or a rubber boot, is a type of boot based upon Hessian boots. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Galosh in culture

• Russian FM radio station Silver Rain Radio introduces a Silver Galosh Award for the most dubious achievements in show business every year since 1996. This references the Russian idiom "to sit into a galosh", which means "to get into a mess".
• Gummo Marx, the fifth Marx brother, who quit the act during the family's vaudeville days and thus never appeared in a Marx Brother film, was nicknamed by Art Fisher based on his habit of always wearing gumshoes. While all the other performers wore street shoes, and thus made a loud noise when they walked on a hardwood stage, Milton (Gummo) was known for startling people by appearing suddenly from out of nowhere, because the gumshoes on his feet gave him a nearly soundless footfall.

In most of the world, the FM broadcast band, used for broadcasting FM radio stations, goes from 87. ... A radio station is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. ... Silver Rain Radio Silver Rain Radio (Russian: ) - Russian (including post-Soviet countries) FM radio station since July 4, 1995. ... Show business is a vernacular term for the business of entertainment. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... An idiom is an expression (i. ... Milton Marx (October 23, 1892 - April 21, 1977), known as Gummo, was one of the Marx Brothers. ...

Bibliography

Books

• Lawlor, Laurie. Where Will This Shoe Take You? A Walk Through the History of Footwear. New York: Walker and Company, 1996.
• Moilliet, J. L., ed. Waterproofing and Water-Repellency. London: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1963.
• O'Keefe, Linda. Shoes: A Celebration of Pumps, Sandals, Slippers, & More. New York: Workman Publishing, 1996.
• Yue, Charlotte and David. Shoes: Their History in Words and Pictures. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997.

Periodicals

• Canizares, George. "Galosh Revolution." US Airways Attache (December 1998): 30.

Other

• Ben Meadows Company. [1].
• MinAn Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. [2].
• New England Overshoe Company (N.E.O.S). [3].
• Answers.com. [4]
• DLL Rainwear, Largest online selection of Galoshes

Answers. ...

See also

• Galesh