Gao Xingjian

Born:	January 4, 1940 (1940-01-04) (age 67) Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
Occupation:	playwright, screenwriter, novelist, painter, director
Nationality:	China  France
Writing period:	from 1982

Gao Xingjian (pron. IPA: [káu ɕĭŋ tɕiɛ̂n]; Chinese: 高行健; pinyin: Gāo Xíngjiàn; Wade-Giles: Kao Hsing-chien; born January 4, 1940), is a Chinese émigré novelist, dramatist and critic, who received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is also a noted translator, particularly of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco, a stage director and a celebrated painter. Image File history File links Nobel_prize_medal. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ganzhou (赣州) is a municipal unit, equivalent to a prefecture-level city in Jiangxi province, China. ... Jiangxi (Chinese: 江西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsi) is a southern province of the Peoples Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south. ... This article is about work. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Émigré is a French term that shows how Martin B. loves stephanie. ... A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ... A dramatist is an author of dramatic compositions, usually plays. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Nobel Prize in Literature medal. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Eugène Ionesco Eugène Ionesco, born Eugen Ionescu, (November 26, 1909 – March 29, 1994) was a French-Romanian playwright and dramatist, one of the foremost playwrights of the Theatre of the Absurd. ... A theatre director oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a play by unifying various endeavors and aspects of production. ...

Life

Gao's original hometome is Taizhou (泰州), Jiangsu Province. Born in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China, Gao has been a French citizen since 1998. In 1992 he was awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. Taizhou (Simplified Chinese: 台州; pinyin: Tāizhōu) is a prefecture-level city in the east of Zhejiang province, China. ... Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江苏; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; pinyin: Jiāngsū; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ... Ganzhou (赣州) is a municipal unit, equivalent to a prefecture-level city in Jiangxi province, China. ... Jiangxi (Chinese: 江西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsi) is a southern province of the Peoples Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south. ... The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Literature) is an Order of France, established on May 2, 1957 by the Minister of Culture, and confirmed as part of lOrdre National du Mérite by President Charles de Gaulle in 1963. ...

Early years in Jiangxi & Jiangsu

Gao's father was a clerk in the Bank of China, and his mother was a member of Young Men's Christian Association. His mother was once a playactress of Anti-Japanese Theater during the Second Sino-Japanese War period. Under his mother's influence, Gao enjoyed painting, writing and theater very much when he was a ittle boy. During his middle school years, he read lots of literature works translated from the West, and he studied sketching, ink and wash painting, oil painting and clay sculpture under the guidance of painter Yun Zongyin (Traditional Chinese:鄆宗嬴; Simplified Chinese: 郓宗嬴; Pinyin: yùn zōng yíng). Bank of China Limited (BOC) SEHK: 3988 (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; often abbreviated as 中行) is one of the big four state-owned commercial banks of the Peoples Republic of China. ... YMCAs in the United States and Canada use this logo. ... Combatants China United States1 Soviet Union2 Japan Manchukuo3 Mengjiang3 Wang Jingwei Government 3 Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Albert Wedemeyer, Claire Chennault, Aleksandr Vasilevsky Hirohito, Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kanin, Matsui Iwane, Hajime... Look up Sketch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ink and wash painting, also known as wash painting or (by its Japanese name) sumi-e, is an East Asian school of brush painting. ... Mona Lisa, Oil on wood panel painting by Leonardo da Vinci. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

1950, his family moved to Nanjing, the capital city of Jiangsu Province. 1952, Gao entered the Nanjing Number 10 Middle School (南京市第十中学; later known as the Middle School attached to Jinling University, 金陵大学附属中学; Jinling University now is named Nanjing University). Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江苏; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; pinyin: Jiāngsū; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nanjing University (Chinese: 南京大學/南京大学; Pinyin: NánjÄ«ng Dàxué; colloquially 南大, Pinyin: Nándà) is located in Nanjing (Nanking), an ancient capital of China. ...

Years in Beijing & Anhui

In 1957 Gao graduated, and listening to his mother's advice, chose Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU, 北京外国语大学) instead of the Central Academy of Fine Arts (中央美术学院), although he was thought to be talented in art. Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Beijing Foreign Studies University (北京外国语大学), one of the most reputable universities in China, has won the name of a “garden university” with its attractive physical environment for learning in the Western suburbs of Beijing. ... Central Institute of Fine Arts (中央美术学院) is a university in Beijing, China. ...

In 1962 Gao graduated from the Department of French, BFSU, and then entered the Chinese International Bookstore (中国国际书店), where he became a professional translator. During the 1970s, because of the Down to the Countryside Movement, he went to and stayed in the countryside and did farm labour in Anhui Provice. He taught as a Chinese teacher in Gangkou Middle School (港口中学), Ningguo Xian (宁国县), Anhui Province for a short period of time. In 1975, he was allowed to go back to Beijing and became the group leader of French translation for the magazine Construction in China (《中国建设》). Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Peking” redirects here. ...

In 1977 Gao worked for the Committee of Foreign Relationship, Chinese Association of Writers (中国作家协会对外联络委员会). In May 1979, he visited Paris with Chinese writers including Ba Jin (巴金), and served as a French-Chinese translator in the group. In 1980, Gao became a screenwriter and playwright for the Beijing People's Art Theater (北京人民艺术剧院). Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Li Yaotang (Simplified Chinese: , Styled Feigan; ) (November 25, 1904 – October 17, 2005) is considered to be one of the most important and widely-read Chinese writers of the twentieth century. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ...

Gao is known as a pioneer of absurdist drama in China, where Signal Alarm (《绝对信号》, 1982) and Bus Stop (《车站》, 1983) were produced during his term as resident playwright at the Beijing People's Art Theatre from 1981 to 1987. Influenced by European theatrical models, it gained him a reputation as an avant-garde writer. His other plays, The Primitive (1985) and The Other Shore (《彼岸》, 1986), all openly criticized the state government. Absurdism is a philosophy, usually translated into different art forms, that holds that any attempt to understand the universe will fail. ...

In 1986 Gao was misdiagnosed with lung cancer, and he began a 10-month trekking odyssey along the Yangtze, which resulted in his novel Soul Mountain (《灵山》). The part-memoir, part-novel, first published in Taiwan in 1989, mixes literary genres and shifting narrative voices. It has been specially cited by the Swedish Nobel committee as "one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves". Lung cancer is the malignant transformation and expansion of lung tissue, and is the most lethal of all cancers worldwide, responsible for 1. ... Length 6,380 km Elevation of the source  ? m Average discharge 31,900 m³/s Area watershed 1,800,000 km² Origin Qinghai Province and Tibet Mouth East China Sea Basin countries China The Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: 长江; Traditional Chinese: 長江; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng...

Years in Europe (Paris)

By 1987, Gao shifted to Paris, France. The political Fugitives (1989), which references the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, resulted in all his works being banned from performance in native China. This article is about the capital of France. ... The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly referred to as the Tiananmen Square Massacre,[1] were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals, and labor activists in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. ...

Selected works

Dramas & Performances

• 《绝对信号》 (Signal Alarm, 1982)
  • 1982, in Beijing People's Art Theatre
  • 1992, in Taiwan
• 《车站》 (Bus Stop, 1983)
  • 1983, in Beijing People's Art Theatre
  • 1984, in Yugoslavia
  • 1986, in Hongkong
  • 1988, in Britain
  • 1992, in Austria
  • 1999, in Japan
• 《野人》 (Wild Men, "Savages", 1985)
  • 1985, in Beijing People's Art Theatre
  • 1988, in Hamburg, Germany
  • 1990, in Hongkong
• 《彼岸》 (The Other Shore: Plays by Gao Xingjian , 1986)
  • 1986, published in magazine Oct. (《十月》), Beijing
  • 1990, in Taiwan
  • 1994, translated into Svenska by Göran Malmqvist
  • 1995, in The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts
• 《躲雨》 (Shelter the Rain)
  • 1981, in Sweden
• 《冥城》 (Dark City)
  • 1988, in Hongkong
• 《声声慢变奏》 (Transition of Sheng-Sheng-Man)
  • 1989, in United States
• 《逃亡》 (Escape)
  • 1990, published in magazine Today (《今天》)
  • 1990, in Sweden
  • 1992, in Germany, Poland
  • 1994, in France
  • 1997, in Japan, Africa
• 《生死界》 (Death Sector)
  • 1991, published in magazine Today (《今天》)
  • 1992, in France
  • 1994, in Sydney, Italy
  • 1996, in Poland
  • 1996, in US
• 《山海经传》 (A Tale of Shan Hai Jing)
  • 1992, published by Hongkong Tian & Di Book Press (香港天地图书公司)
• 《对话与反诘》 (Dialogue & Rhetorical)
  • 1992, published in magazine Today (《今天》)
  • 1992, in Vienna
  • 1995, 1999, in Paris
• 《周未四重奏》 (Weekends Quartet)
  • 1999, published by Hongkong New Century Press (香港新世纪出版社)
• 《夜游神》 (Nighthawk)
  • 1999, in France
• 《八月雪》 (Snow in August)
  • 2000, published by Taiwan Lianjing Press (台湾联经出版社)
  • 19 Dec 2002, in Taipei
• 《高行健戏剧集》 (Collection)
• 《高行健戏剧六种》 (Collection, 1995, published by Taiwan Dijiao Press (台湾帝教出版社))
• 《行路难》 (Xinglunan)
• 《喀巴拉山》 (Mountain Kebala)
• 《独白》 (Soliloquy)

Swedish (   svenska?) is a North Germanic language (also called Scandinavian languages) spoken predominantly in Sweden and in part of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Ã…land islands, by more than nine million people. ... Göran Malmqvist Professor Nils Göran David Malmqvist (born June 6, 1924) is a Swedish linguist, member of the Swedish Academy (), literary historian, sinologist and translator. ... The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts (Traditional Chinese: ), located near the north coast of Wan Chai on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong, is both an academic institution and a venue for performances ranging from amateur dramatics through to international professional appearances. ... Shanhaijing illustration of Nüwa Shanhaijing illustration of Nine-tailed Fox, companion of Xi Wangmu The Shan Hai Jing (Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan Hai Ching; literally Classic of the Mountains and Seas) is a Chinese classic text that is at least 2,000 years old. ...

Novels

• 《寒夜的星辰》 ("Constellation in a Cold Night", 1979)
• 《有只鸽子叫红唇儿》 ("Such a Pigeon called Red Lips", 1984) - a collection of novellas
• 《给我老爷买鱼竿》 ("A Fishing Rod for my Grandpa", 1986) - a short story collection
• 《灵山》 (Soul Mountain, 1989)
• 《一个人的圣经》 (One Man's Bible, 1998)

Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather, also rendered from Chinese as A Fishing Rod for My Grandpa, is a 2004 translation by Mabel Lee of six short stories by Nobel laureate Gao Xingjian. ...

Others

• 《巴金在巴黎》 (Ba Jin in Paris, 1979, essay)
• 《现代小说技巧初探》 ("A Preliminary Examination of Modern Fictional Techniques", 1981)
• 《谈小说观和小说技巧》 (1983)
• 《没有主义》 (Without -isms, "No Ideology", 1995)
• 《对一种现代戏剧的追求》 (1988, published by China Drama Press (中国戏剧出版社))
• 《高行健·2000年文库——当代中国文库精读》 (1999, published by Hongkong Mingpao Press (香港明报出版社))

Works of Gao Xingjian in English

• • Buying a Fishing Rod for my Grandfather, short stories, Flamingo, London, 2004, ISBN 0-00-717038-6
  • Soul Mountain, novel, Flamingo, London, 2001, ISBN 0-00-711923-2
  • One Man's Bible, novel, Flamingo, ISBN 0-06-621132-8
  • The Other Shore, plays, Chinese University Press, ISBN 962-201-862-9

Literature

• Trees on the Mountain: an Anthology of New Chinese Writing by Stephen C Soong and John min Ford. - Hong Kong: The Chinese U.P., copilot 1984.
• Gao Xingjian, le moderniste // La Chine aujourd'hui NO 41, September 1986.
• World Literature with Chinese Characteristics: On A Novel by Gao Xingjian by Torbjoern Lodén, // Stockholm journal of East Asian Studies 4, 1993.
• Chinese Writing and Exile by Gregory B. Lee - Center of East Asian Studies at the University of Chicago, 1993.
• Gao Xingjian, the Voice of the Individual // Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies, 6, 1995.
• Without Politics: Gao Xingjian on Literary Creation by Mabel Lee // Stockholm journal OF East Asian Studies 6, 1995.
• Gao Xingjian and "Soul Mountain: Ambivalent Storytelling, Robert Nagle, Houston, Texas, 2002.
• Pronouns as Protagonists: Gao Xingjian's Lingshan as Autobiography by Mabel Lee// Colloquium of the Sydney Society of Literature and Aesthetics at the University of Sydney. Draft Paper, 3-4 Oct. 1996.
• Personal Freedom in Twentieth Century China: Reclaiming the Self in Yang Lian's Yi and Gao Xingjian's Lingshan by Mabel Lee // History, Literature and Society. - Sydney: Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 15, 1996.
• Outer one plus près you réel: dialogues sur l'écriture 1994-1997, entretiens avec Denis Bourgeois /trad. par Noeel et Liliane Dutrait. - La route of d'Aigues: l'Aube, 1997.
• Gao Xingjian's Lingshan/Soul Mountain: Modernism and the Chinese Writer by Mabel Lee, // Heat 4, 1997.
• Gao Xingjian, le peintre de l'âme by Robert Calvet, // Brèves No 56, more hiver 1999.
• Towards A Modern Zen Theatre: Gao Xingian and Chinese Theatre Experimentalism. Henry Y.H. Zhao, - London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 2000.

The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... The University of Sydney, established in Sydney in 1850, is the oldest university in Australia. ... Yang Lian (杨炼) is a Chinese poet associated with the Misty Poets (朦胧诗) and also with the Searching for Roots school. ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ...

Poem by Gao Xingjian

Whilst being forced to work as a peasant - a form of 're-education' under the Cultural Revolution - in the 1970s, Gao Xingjian produced many plays, short stories, poems and critical pieces that he had to eventually burn to avoid the consequences of having his dissident literature discovered.^[1] Of the work he produced subsequently, he published no collections of poetry, being known more widely for his drama, fiction and essays. However, one short poem exists that represents a distinctively modernist style that is akin to his other writings. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution [1] in the Peoples Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into wide-scale social, political, and economic chaos, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the entire country to... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... This article is about the art form. ...

Translation:

^[2] is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... “Peking” redirects here. ...

Painting

Gao is a renowned painter, especially for his ink and wash painting. Ink and wash painting, also known as wash painting or (by its Japanese name) sumi-e, is an East Asian school of brush painting. ...

Exhibitions

• Return to Painting (高行健水墨画回顾展“无我之境·有我之境”), Singapore Art Museum, 17 Nov 2005 - 7 Feb 2006
• The End of the World, Germany, 29 Mar - 27 May 2007
• Return to Painting, New York, Perennial 2002
• Le goût de l'encre, Paris, Hazan 2002

Comments

Official response from mainland China

Although the general position by the Chinese media and current government towards Gao is that of silence, the Yangcheng Evening News (《羊城晚报》), a state-run newspaper, in 2001, criticized one of his works. A Chinese columnist called him an "awful writer", and said that the idea of him winning the Nobel Prize was "ludicrous". Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

During Gao's early age in mainland China, his works were also published and his dramas were also performed, which also had a large group of readers and audiences. He was considered as an "experimental playwriter" or an avant-courier. Since the ban of his works and his migration to Europe, he has become less known or even unknown in China.

The Premier Zhu Rongji delivered a congratulations message to Gao when interviewed by the Hong Kong newspaper East Daily (《东方日报》): A premier is an executive official of government. ... ZhÅ« RóngjÄ« (born October 1, 1928, Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991, before serving as Vice-Premier and then Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from March 1998 to March...

• Ask: What's your comment on Gao's winning Nobel Prize ?
• Ans.: I am very happy that works written in Chinese can win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Chinese character has a history of several thousand years, and Chinese language has an infinite charm, (I) believe that there will be Chinese works winning Nobel Prize again in the future. Although it's a pity that the winner this time is a French citizen instead of Chinese, I still would like to send my congratulations both to the winnor and French Department of Culture. (Original words: 我很高兴用汉语写作的文学作品获诺贝尔文学奖。汉字有几千年的历史，汉语有无穷的魅力，相信今后还会有汉语或华语作品获奖。很遗憾这次获奖的是法国人不是中国人，但我还是要向获奖者和法国文化部表示祝贺。)

Comments from Chinese writers

Gao's works has led to fierce discussions among Chinese writers, both positive and negative. Many Chinese writers comment that Gao has opened a new approach for Chinese modern literature, and his winning Nobel Prize in its 100-year anniversary is a happy occasion for Chinese literature world.

On the other side, some writers think that Gao is not among the top Chinese writers and he is not the right candidate for winning the Nobel Prize.

Before 2000, a dozen of Chinese writers and scholars already predicted Gao's winning Nobel Prize in Literature, including Hu Yaoheng (Chinese:胡耀恒) [1] Pan Jun (潘军) [2] just in 1999. Due to Chinese literature (characters, language, etc) having the longest continuous tradition [3] and having heavily influenced East Asian literature, Chinese language elements are widely used in several languages including Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese, plus with 20th century Japanese writers having already won the prize, before 2000 many Chinese writers had predicted that soon in the new century there would be a winner with Chinese background. This article is about the year. ...

Trivial

• Gao Xingjian's Swedish translator Göran Malmqvist, is a member of the Swedish Academy and was responsible for the translation to Swedish for Nobel Prize consideration. Ten days before the award decision was made public, Gao Xingjian changed his Swedish publisher (from Forum to Atlantis), but Göran Malmqvist has denied leaking information about the award[4].
• Gao is the second Nobel laureate who was giving a prize-winning speech in Chinese after Samuel C. C. Ting in 1976.

Göran Malmqvist Professor Nils Göran David Malmqvist (born June 6, 1924) is a Swedish linguist, member of the Swedish Academy (), literary historian, sinologist and translator. ... Samuel Chao Chung Ting (丁肇中 pinyin: Dīng Zhàozhōng; Wade-Giles: Ting¹ Chao⁴-chung¹) (born January 27, 1936) is a Michigan-born Chinese American physicist who received the Nobel Prize in 1976 for the discovery of the subatomic J particle with Burton Richter. ...

Prize

• 2006, Lions Award, by the New York Public Library (NYPL) at Library Lions Benefit event
• 2000, Nobel Prize in Literature
• 1992, Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Nobel Prize in Literature medal. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Literature) is an Order of France, established on May 2, 1957 by the Minister of Culture, and confirmed as part of lOrdre National du Mérite by President Charles de Gaulle in 1963. ...

References

1. ^ Mabel Lee, 'Nobel Laureate 2000 Gao Xingjian and his Novel Soul Mountain' in CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture: A WWWeb Journal, September 2003, Accessed 14 August 2007
2. ^ Published on the website Ba Huang's Art Studio