Monte Gargano in Apulia, Italy, is the site of the oldest shrine in Western Europe dedicated to the archangel Michael, the militant Christian transformation of Mithras. The site is formally Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano. The legend of the Archangel's apparition at Gargano is related in the Roman Breviary for May 8. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, in Michael's veneration at Monte Gargano (Garganus Mons), "his original glory as patron in war was restored to him," for the earlier shrine, at Chonae near Colossae, east of Laodicea (modern Khonas, east of Denizli) on the Lycus in Phrygia, was dedicated to him as healer; it is still the site of a miraculous church of St. Michael. Apulia (official Italian name: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Otranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Sta. ... Mithra and the Bull: fresco from Dura Europos late 2nd–early 3rd century Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from... Denizli is a province of Turkey in Western Anatolia. ... In antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolian highlands, part of modern Turkey, from ca. ...

The first apparitions of the archangel Michael in Western Europe were granted to the Bishop of Sipontum, (rebuilt in 1256 as Manfredonia), in Apulia. Three times the Archangel appeared, nightly, the last time on September 29, 493, the bishop reported. The Archangel indicated the transformation into a Christian church of a grotto sacred to Mithras. Miraculously, when the bishop and companions arrived, a purple cloth was already laid as for an altar, and lo! the archangel's footprint was preserved in the rock. September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years). ... Events February 25 - Odoacer agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great, and is later killed by him personally. ... Mithraism was an ancient Hellenistic religion, based on worship of a god called Mithras who apparently derives from the Persian god Mithra and other Zoroastrian deities. ...

Pope Gelasius I (reigned 492 - 496) directed that a basilica be erected enclosing the sacred grotto. Gelasius I was Pope (492 - 496). ... The Basilica of St. ...

To Michael's dramatic later intercession, appearing with flaming sword atop the mountain, in the midst of a storm on the eve of the battle, the Lombards of Sipontum attributed their victory (May 8, 663) over the Greeks loyal to the Byzantine emperor, and so, in commemoration of this victory, the church of Sipontum instituted a special feast honoring the Archangel, on May 8, which then spread throughout the Catholic Church. Since the time of Pius V it has been formalized as Apparitio S. Michaelis although it originally did not commemorate the apparition, but the victory— of the barbarian Lombards over the Orthodox Greeks, faithful subjects of the Byzantine Emperor in the East and the patriarch of Constantinople, and thorns in the papal side. The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Scandinavia that entered the late Roman Empire. ... Bold textHe was born as Antonio Ghislieri at Bosco in the duchy of Milan. ...

Christened "Monte Sant' Angelo", the site attracted pilgrims from near and far. Throughout its history the shrine at Monte Gargano has been visited by popes emperors and saints: Bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas, Birgitta of Sweden— but when Francis of Assisi went, he declined to enter the grotto itself. St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once (a political shift as much as a spontaneous mass shift in individual consciences), also includes the practice... Bernard of Clairvaux, illustrated in A Short History of Monks and Monasteries by Alfred Wesley Wishart, 1900 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Fontaines, near Dijon, 1090 – August 21, 1153 in Clairvaux) was a French abbot and theologian who was the main voice of conservatism during the intellectual revival of Western Europe... St Thomas Aquinas Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – March 7, 1274) was an Italian Catholic philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition. ... Saint Birgitta, also known as St. ... Saint Francis of Assisi (born in Assisi, Italy, 1181; died there on October 4, 1226) founded the Franciscan Order or Friars Minor. He is the patron saint of animals, merchants, Catholic action and the environment. ...

Behind a forecourt the sanctuary presents a portico of two Gothic arches (the left one a 19th century reconstruction) from which steps lead down to the low arched nave, with bronze doors made in Constantinpole in 1076, the donation of an Amalfitan noble, with the archaic cavern opening to the left, full of rare gifts, especially the 12th century marble bishop's throne supported on crouching lions. Amalfi Amalfi, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the Gulf of Salerno, 24 miles southeast of Naples. ...

The historic site is protected in modern Italy by the Parco Nazionale del Gargano.

The compendium of Christian mythology compiled by Jacobus de Voragine in the 14th century, the Golden Legend (Legenda Aurea) narrates the first of the apparitions of Michael A myth is a story with deep explanatory or symbolic significance, and thus, without addressing any issues of core beliefs of Christianity, Christian mythology is therefore a body of stories that explains or symbolizes Christian beliefs. ... Jacobus de Voragine (c. ... The Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine is a collection of fanciful hagiographies, lives of the saints, that became a late mediæval best seller. ...

"when he appeared in the Mount of Gargan. This mountain is in Naples, which is named Gargan and is by the city named Syponte. And in the year of our Lord three hundred and ninety, was in the same city of Syponte a man which was named Garganus, which, after some books, had taken that name of the mountain, or else the mountain took the name of the man. And he was right rich, and had a great multitude of sheep and beasts, and as they pastured about the sides of the mountains it happed that a bull left the other beasts, and went upon high on the mountain and returned not home again with the other beasts. Then this rich man, the owner, took a great multitude of servants, and did do seek this bull all about, and at the last he was found on high on the mountain by the entry of a hole or a cave. And then the master was wroth because he had strayed alone from other beasts, and made one of his servants to shoot an arrow at him. And anon the arrow returned with the wind and smote him that had shot it, wherewith they of the city were troubled with this thing, and went to the bishop and inquired of him what was to be done in this thing, that was so wonderful. And then he commanded them to fast three days and to pray unto God. And when this was done Saint Michael appeared to the bishop, saying: Know ye that this man is so hurt by my will. I am Michael the archangel, which will that this place be worshipped in earth, and will have it surely kept. And therefore I have proved that I am keeper of this place by the demonstrance and showing of this thing. And then anon the bishop and they of the city went with procession unto that place, and durst not enter into it, but made their prayers withoutforth."

Mithra and the Bull: fresco from Dura Europos late 2nd–early 3rd century Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from... Mithra and the Bull: fresco from Dura Europos late 2nd–early 3rd century Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from...

External links

• Jacopus de Voragine, Golden Legend: Saint Michael
• Selected modern bibliography

Reference

Arnold, J.C. "Arcadia Becomes Jerusalem: Angelic Caverns and Shrine Conversion at Monte Gargano." Speculum vol. 75 (July 2000), pp. 567-88