Gasoline Direct injection or GDi is a variant of fuel injection employed in modern two- and four- stroke petrol engines. The gasoline is highly pressurised, and injected via a common rail fuel line directly into the combustion chamber of each cylinder, as opposed to conventional multi-point fuel injection that happens in the intake tract, or cylinder port. GDi enables stratified charge (ultra lean burn) combustion for improved fuel efficiency and emission levels at low load. // Fuel injection is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. ... The two-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke cycle by completing the same four processes (intake, compression, power, exhaust) in only two strokes of the piston rather than four. ... Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ... A Petrol engine or Gasoline engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels. ... Petrol redirects here. ... A combustion chamber is part of an engine in which fuel is burned. ... Cylinder with piston in a steam engine A cylinder in the central working part of a reciprocating engine, the space in which a piston travels. ... // Fuel injection is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. ... A poppet valve is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts energy contained in a carrier fuel into energy or work. ...

Theory of operation

The major advantages of a GDi engine are increased fuel efficiency and high power output. This is achieved by the precise control over amount of fuel and injection timings which are varied according to the load conditions. In addition, there are no throttling losses when compared to a conventional fuel injected or carbureted engine, which greatly improves efficiency in engines without a throttle plate. Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts energy contained in a carrier fuel into energy or work. ... In physics, power (symbol: P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transferred. ... // Fuel injection is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. ... Bendix-Technico (Stromberg) 1-barrel downdraft carburetor model BXUV-3, with nomenclature A carburetor (North American spelling) / carburettor (international spelling), colloquially called a carb (in North America and the United Kingdom) or carby (chiefly in Australia), is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. ...

The engine management system continually chooses among three combustion modes: ultra lean burn, stoichiometric, and full power output. Each mode is characterized by the air-fuel ratio. The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for petrol (gasoline) is 14.7 to 1 by weight, but ultra lean mode can involve ratios as high as 65:1. These leaner mixtures, much leaner than in a conventional engine, reduce fuel consumption. An electronic control unit (ECU) (also known as an engine management system) is an electronic device, basically a computer, in an internal combustion engine that reads several sensors in the engine and uses the information to control the fuel injection and ignition systems of the engine. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In chemistry, stoichiometry is the study of the combination of elements in chemical reactions. ... Air-fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to fuel present during combustion. ... Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction stoichiometry to distinguish it from composition stoichiometry) is the calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations). ... Gasoline, as it is known in North America, or petrol, in many Commonwealth countries (sometimes also called motor spirit) is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ...

• Ultra lean mode is used for light-load running conditions, when little or no acceleration is required. The fuel is not injected at the intake stroke but rather at the latter stages of the compression stroke, so that the small amount of air-fuel mixture is optimally placed near the spark plug. This stratified charge is surrounded by mostly air which keeps the fuel away from the cylinder walls for lowest emissions. The combustion takes place in a toroidal (donut shaped) cavity on the piston's surface. This technique enables the use of ultra-lean mixtures impossible with carburetors or conventional fuel injection.
• Stoichiometric mode is used for moderate load conditions. Fuel is injected during the intake stroke, creating a homogeneous fuel-air mixture in the cylinder. From the stoichiometric ratio, an optimum burn results in clean exhaust readily further cleaned by the catalytic converter.
• full power mode is used for rapid acceleration and heavy loads (as when climbing a hill). The air-fuel mixture is homogeneous and the ratio is slightly richer than stoichiometric, which helps prevent pinging. The fuel is injected during the intake stroke.

Direct injection may also be accompanied by other engine technologies such as variable valve timing and tuned or variable length intake manifolding. Water injection or (more commonly) exhaust gas recirculation can help reduce the high NOx emissions that result from burning ultra lean mixtures. The four-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine is the cycle most commonly used for automotive and industrial purposes today ( cars and trucks, generators, etc). ... This article or section should include material from Spark gap A spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed aerosol gasoline by means of an electric spark. ... A toroid is a doughnut-shaped object whose surface is a torus. ... For the American composer, see Walter Piston. ... The four-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine is the cycle most commonly used for automotive and industrial purposes today ( cars and trucks, generators, etc). ... Catalytic converter on a Dodge Ram Van. ... Knocking (also called pinking or pinging)— colloquially detonation—in internal combustion engines occurs when air/fuel mixture in the cylinder detonates or ignites prior to the timed pre-set conditions in the engines cylinder(s). ... Variable valve timing, or VVT, is a generic term for an automobile piston engine technology. ... Variable Length Intake Manifold (VLIM) is an automobile engine manifold technology. ... Water injection is a method for cooling the combustion chambers of engines by adding water to the incoming fuel-air mixture, allowing for greater compression ratios and largely eliminating the problem of engine knocking. ... Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was an early and primitive automobile emissions-control device that was used from the late 1960s through the early 1980s. ... Look up nox, Nox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

History

The first direct injection system was developed by Bosch, and was introduced by Goliath and Gutbrod in 1952. The 1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL, the first sports car to use fuel injection, used direct injection. The Bosch fuel injectors were placed into the bores on the cylinder wall used by the spark plugs in other Mercedes-Benz six-cylinder engines (the spark plugs were relocated to the cylinder head). Later, more mainstream applications of fuel injection favoured less expensive indirect injection methods. Logo of Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH [1] is a German corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany. ... Image:Goliath logo sst. ... Gutbrod was a German car manufacturer. ... 1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing Coupe from the Ralph Lauren collection 1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing Coupe from the Ralph Lauren collection Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing Coupe The Mercedes-Benz 300SL was available as a two-seat closed sports car with characteristic... // Fuel injection is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. ...

During the late 1970's, the Ford Motor Company developed a stratified-charge engine they called "ProCo" (programmed combustion),^[1][2] utilizing a unique high pressure pump and direct injectors. One hundred Crown Victoria cars were built at Ford's Atlanta Assembly in Hapeville, Georgia utilizing a ProCo V8 engine. The project was canceled for several reasons; electronic controls, a key element, were in their infancy; pump and injector costs were extremely high; and lean combustion produced nitrogen oxides in excess of near future EPA limits. Also, the three way catalytic converter was proven to be a more cost effective solution. “Ford” redirects here. ... For the Police Interceptor version used by law enforcement, see Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor. ... Atlanta Assembly is an automobile factory owned by Ford Motor Company in Hapeville, Georgia. ... Hapeville is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States located directly adjacent to the City of Atlanta. ... Nitrogen has six different oxides: Nitric oxide (NO) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) The term nitrogen oxide is imprecise and can be used to refer to any of these or to a mixture of them. ... EPA redirects here. ... Catalytic converter on a Dodge Ram Van. ...

It was not until 1996 that gasoline direct injection reappeared in the automotive market. Mitsubishi Motors was the first with a GDI engine in the Japanese market Galant/Legnum's 4G93 1.8 L straight-4,^[3] which it subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the Mitsubishi Carisma,^[4] although Europe's high-sulphur fuel led to emissions problems, and fuel efficiency was less than expected.^[5] It also developed the first six cylinder GDI powerplant, the 6G74 3.5 L V6, in 1997.^[6] Mitsubishi applied this technology widely, producing over one million GDI engines in four families by 2001,^[7] PSA Peugeot Citroën and Hyundai Motors both licensed Mitsubishi's GDI technology in 1999, the latter using the first GDI V8.^[8][9] DaimlerChrysler produced a special engine for 2000, offered only in markets with low sulphur fuel.^{[citation needed]} Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ) is the fifth largest automaker in Japan and the thirteenth largest in the world by unit sales. ... The Mitsubishi Galant is an automobile manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors since 1969. ... A 4G94 engine in a Mitsubishi Lancer. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... The Mitsubishi Carisma was an automobile built for the European midsize segment from 1995 to 2004. ... Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts energy contained in a carrier fuel into energy or work. ... The Mitsubishi 6G7 engine or Mitsubishi Cyclone V6 engine is a series of V6 piston engines from Mitsubishi Motors. ... The Ford Essex V6 engine V6 and V-6 redirect here. ... PSA Peugeot Citroën (PSA) is a vehicle company that owns the marques Peugeot and Citroën. ... The Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) (KSE: 005380, LSE: HYUD), a division of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group, is South Koreas largest car maker. ... The Liberty V8 aircraft engine clearly shows the configuration A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders. ... DaimlerChrysler AG (ISIN: DE0007100000) is a German car corporation and the worlds eighth largest car manufacturer. ...

Although other companies have since developed gasoline direct injection engines, GDI (with an uppercase final "I") remains a registered trademark of Mitsubishi Motors.^[10]

Renault introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence) engine in 1999^[11], first on the Renault Megane and later on the Renault Laguna. Rather than following the lean burn approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of exhaust gas recirculation to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.^[12] For the author, see Mary Renault. ... The Renault Mégane is a compact automobile made by Renault. ... The Renault Laguna is a large family car produced by the French manufacturer Renault. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a NOx (nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide) reduction technique used in most gasoline and diesel engines. ...

Toyota introduced direct injection engine D4 (Toyota AZ engine) in 2000 Toyota Avensis. Toyota's 2GR-FSE V6 uses a combination of direct and indirect injection. It uses two injectors per cylinder, a traditional port injector and a new direct injector. This article is about the automaker. ... The Toyota AZ engine family is a straight-4 piston engine series. ... Toyota Avensis, second generation. ... This article is about the automaker. ... The Toyota GR engine family is an open-deck, die-cast V6 piston engine series. ... The Ford Essex V6 engine V6 and V-6 redirect here. ...

Later GDi engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance. Volkswagen/Audi introduced their GDi engine in 2000, under the product name Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), the technology adapted from Audi's Le Mans prototype racecar. Volkswagen AG (ISIN: DE0007664005), or VW, is an automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany. ... Audi AG is a German automobile manufacturer with headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, and has been an almost wholly owned (99. ... The 24 Hours of Le Mans (24 Heures du Mans) is the worlds most famous sports car endurance race, held annually at Circuit de la Sarthe near Le Mans, France, in the French Sarthe département. ...

Alfa Romeo introduced their first direct injection engine JTS (Jet Thrust Stoichiometric) in 2002,^[13] and today the technology is used on almost every Alfa Romeo engine. Alfa Romeo is an Italian automobile manufacturing company, founded as Darracq Italiana by Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from Milan in partnership with the French automobile firm of Alexandre Darracq. ... The JTS engine is a gasoline direct injection engine produced by Alfa Romeo. ...

BMW introduced GDi V12 BMW N73 engine in 2003. This initial BMW system used low-pressure injectors and could not enter lean-burn mode, but the company introduced its second-generation High Precision Injection system on the updated N52 straight-6 in 2006. This system surpasses many others with a wider envelope of lean-burn time, increasing overall efficiency.^[14] PSA is cooperating with BMW on a new line of engines which will make its first appearance in the 2007 MINI Cooper S. For other uses, see BMW (disambiguation). ... A V12 is an internal combustion engine with 12 cylinders in V configuration. ... The N73 is the latest V12 engine from BMW, built in Munich, Germany. ... The BMW N52 is the BMWs latest straight-6 engine, which debuted in 2004 on the BMW E63 630Ci. ... The straight-6 (also inline 6, I-6, or I6) is an internal combustion engine with six cylinders aligned in a single row. ... MINI is the name of a Cowley, England-based subsidiary of BMW as well as that of a car produced by that subsidiary since April 2001. ...

General Motors has planned to produce a full range of GDi engines by 2002, but so far only three such engines have been introduced — in 2004, a version of the 2.2 L Ecotec used by the Opel Vectra, in 2005, a 2.0 L Ecotec with VVT technology for the Pontiac Solstice GXP, the Vauxhall GT, the Opel Speedster, and the Saturn Sky Red Line, and in 2007, the 3.6 L LLT became available in the second generation Cadillac CTS as well as the Cadillac STS. General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM), also known as GM, is an American automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab and Vauxhall. ... The Family II is a straight-4 piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in late 1970s for use in the Opel Ascona B and Opel Kadett D. Over time, the engine block has evolved to include many modern features such as DOHC and fuel injection. ... The Opel Vectra is a large family car produced by Opel, the main European subsidiary of General Motors. ... The Family II is a straight-4 piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in late 1970s for use in the Opel Ascona B and Opel Kadett D. Over time, the engine block has evolved to include many modern features such as DOHC and fuel injection. ... Variable valve timing, or VVT, is a generic term for an automobile piston engine technology. ... The Pontiac Solstice GXP was introduced at the 2006 Los Angeles Auto Show. ... The 3600 LY7 (and derivative LP1) are members of General Motors new High Feature (or HFV6) engine family of modern DOHC V6s. ... The CTS (Catera Touring Sedan) [1] is a mid size entry level Luxury car made by General Motors for the Cadillac brand. ... The STS (Seville Touring Sedan) is a luxury car sold by Cadillac. ...

In 2004 Isuzu Motors produced the first GDi engine sold in a mainstream American vehicle. Standard on the 2004 Axiom and optional on the 2004 Rodeo. Isuzu claimed the benefit of GDi is that the vaporizing fuel has a cooling effect, allowing a higher compression ratio (10.3 to 1 versus 9.1 to 1) that boosts output by 20 horsepower (15 kW) and that 0-to-60 times drop from 8.9 to just 7.5 seconds, with the quarter-mile being cut from 16.5 seconds to 15.8 ticks.^[15] Isuzu Jidōsha Kabushiki Kaisha (Isuzu Motors Ltd. ...

Mazda uses their own version of direct injection in the Mazdaspeed 6 / Mazda 6 MPS, the CX-7 sport-utility, and the new Mazdaspeed 3. It is referred to as Direct Injection Spark Ignition.

In two-stroke engines

The benefits of direct injection are even more pronounced in two-stroke engines, because it eliminates much of the pollution they cause. In conventional two-strokes, the exhaust and intake ports are both open at the same time, at the bottom of the piston stroke. A large portion of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder from the crankcase through the intake ports goes directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port. With direct injection, only air comes from the crankcase, and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and all ports are closed. The two-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke cycle by completing the same four processes (intake, compression, power, exhaust) in only two strokes of the piston rather than four. ...

Two types of GDI are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high pressure. The former, developed by Orbital Engine Corporation of Australia (now Orbital Corporation) injects a mixture of fuel and compressed air into the combustion chamber. When the air expands it atomizes the fuel into 8-micrometre droplets, very small relative to the 20 to 30-micrometre fuel droplets in other direct injection systems. The Orbital system is used in motor scooters manufactured by Aprilia, Piaggio, Peugeot and Kymco, in outboard motors manufactured by Mercury and Tohatsu, and in personal watercraft manufactured by Bombardier. A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, or about a tenth of the diameter of a droplet of mist or fog. ...

In the early 1990s, Ficht GmbH of Kirchseeon, Germany developed a high-pressure direct injector for use with two stroke engines. This injector was unique in that it did not require a high pressure pump but was still capable of generating enough pressure to inject into a closed combustion chamber. Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC) licensed the technology in 1995 and introduced it on a production outboard engine in 1996.^[16][17] OMC purchased a controlling interest in Ficht in 1998.^[18] Beset by extensive warranty claims for its Ficht outboards and prior and concurrent management-financial problems, OMC declared bankruptcy in December of 2000 and the engine manufacturing portion and brands (Evinrude Outboard Motors and Johnson Outboards), including the Ficht technology, were purchased by Bombardier in 2001.^[19], ^[20] Kirchseeon is a market town in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg and lies 15 km east of Munich city limits. ... The two-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke cycle by having only two strokes (linear movements of the piston) instead of four, although the same four operations (intake, compression, power, exhaust) still occur. ... The Outboard Marine Corporation was a maker of boat motors and maintenance supplies, they also owned several lines of boats such as cris craft. ... Evinrude Outboard Motors is a maker of outboard boat motors, and was founded by Ole Evinrude. ... Johnson Outboards is a maker of outboard boat motors. ... For other uses, see Bombardier (disambiguation). ...

Evinrude introduced the E-Tech system, an improvement to the Ficht fuel injection, in 2003, based on U.S. patent 6,398,511. In 2004, Evinrude received the EPA Clean Air Excellence Award for their outboards utilizing the E-Tech system.^[21] For other uses, see Patent (disambiguation). ...

Yamaha also has a high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) system for two-stroke outboards. It differs from the Ficht/E-Tech and Orbital direct injection systems because it uses a separate, belt driven, high pressure, mechanical fuel pump to generate the pressure necessary for injection in a closed chamber. This is similar to most current 4-stroke automotive designs. Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ...

EnviroFit, a non-profit corporation sponsored by Colorado State University, has developed direct injection retrofit kits for two-stroke motorcycles in a project to reduce air pollution in Southeast Asia, using technology developed by Orbital Corporation of Australia.^[22] The World Health Organization says air pollution in Southeast Asia and the Pacific causes 537,000 premature deaths each year. The 100-million two-stroke taxis and motorcycles in that part of the world are a major cause.^{[23] [24]} Colorado State University is a public institution of higher learning located in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States. ... The two-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke cycle by having only two strokes (linear movements of the piston) instead of four, although the same four operations (intake, compression, power, exhaust) still occur. ... A motorcycle (or motorbike) is a two-wheeled vehicle powered by an engine. ... Air pollution is a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

References

(Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Csaba Csere (pronounced ; in American transliteration Chubba Chedda) is a Hungarian - American former technical director and the current editor-in-chief of Car and Driver. ... Cover of Car and Driver from age of psychedelic lettering Car and Driver is an American automotive enthusiast magazine. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Edmunds. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The Sarasota Herald-Tribune is a daily newspaper located in Sarasota, Florida. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... The St. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

External links

• Aprilia 2-stroke direct injection technology comparison
• Orbital Corporation's direct injection technology
• Mitsubishi's Page on Gasoline Direct Injection
• Synerject LLC
• Envirofit
• Ucal Fuel Systems Limited