Gaspard Monge.

Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse (May 10, 1746 – July 28, 1818), was a French mathematician and inventor of descriptive geometry. Download high resolution version (861x849, 46 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (861x849, 46 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... // Events Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized. ... July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Descriptive geometry builds on a practice, evolved over centuries, of displaying two images of an object, one as seen in one direction and a second image as seen from a direction 90° rotated (e. ...

He was born at Beaune. He was first educated at the college of the Oratorians at Beaune, and then in their college at Lyon - where, at sixteen, the year after he had been learning physics, he was made a teacher of it. Returning to Beaune for a vacation, he made, on a large scale, a plan of the town, inventing the methods of observation and constructing the necessary instruments; the plan was presented to the town, and preserved in their library. An officer of engineers seeing it wrote to recommend Monge to the commandant of the military school at Mézières, and he was received as a draftsman and pupil in the practical school attached to that institution; the school itself was of too aristocratic a character to allow of his admission to it. His manual skill was duly appreciated: "I was a thousand times tempted," he said long afterwards, "to tear up my drawings in disgust at the esteem in which they were held, as if I had been good for nothing better." Beaune is a commune in eastern France, a sub-prefecture of the Côte dOr département, in the Burgundy région. ... The Oratory of Saint Philip Neri is a congregation of Roman Catholic priests and lay-brothers who live together in community bound together by no formal vows but only with the bond of charity. ...   City flag City coat of arms Motto: (Arpitan: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Rhône-Alpes Département Rhône (69) Subdivisions 9 arrondissements Intercommunality Urban Community of Lyon Mayor Gérard Collomb  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... Physics (from the Greek, (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the discovery and understanding of the fundamental laws which govern matter, energy, space and time. ... Location within France Charleville-Mézières is a town and commune in northeastern France, préfecture (capital) of the Ardennes département which is itself part of the Champagne-Ardenne région. ... This is about drafting, the art and science of technical drawing. ...

An opportunity, however, presented itself: being required to work out from data supplied to him the défflement of a proposed fortress (an operation then only performed by a long arithmetical process), Monge, substituting for this a geometrical method, obtained the result so quickly that the commandant at first refused to receive it - the time necessary for the work had not been taken; but upon examination the value of the discovery was recognized, and the method was adopted. And Monge, continuing his researches, arrived at that general method of the application of geometry to the arts of construction which is now called descriptive geometry.

But such was the system in France before the Revolution that the officers instructed in the method were strictly forbidden to communicate it even to those engaged in other branches of the public service; and it was not until many years afterwards that an account of it was published. The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a pivotal period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. ...

In 1768 Monge became professor of mathematics, and in 1771 professor of physics, at Mézières; in 1778 he married Mme Horbon, a young widow whom he had previously defended in a very spirited manner from an unfounded charge; in 1780 he (held by him together with his appointments at Mézières), and was received as a member of the Académie; his intimate friendship with C.L. Berthollet began at this time. In 1783, quitting Mézières, he was, on the death of É. Bézout, appointed examiner of naval candidates. Although pressed by the minister to prepare for them a complete course of mathematics, he declined to do so, on the ground that it would deprive Mme Bézout of her only income, from the sale of the works of her late husband; he wrote, however (1786), his Traité élémentaire de la statique. 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Claude Louis Berthollet Claude Louis Berthollet (December 9, 1748 – November 6, 1822) was a French chemist. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Étienne Bézout (March 31, 1730 - September 27, 1783) was a French mathematician who was born in Nemours, Seine-et-Marne, France, and died in Basses-Loges (near Fontainbleau), France. ...

Monge contributed (1770–1790) to the Memoirs of the Academy of Turin, the Mémoires des savantes étrangers of the Academy of Paris, the Mémoires of the same Academy, and the Annales de chimie, various mathematical and physical papers. Among these may be noticed the memoir "Sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais" (Mém. de l’acad. de Paris, 1781), which, while giving a remarkably elegant investigation in regard to the problem of earth-work referred to in the title, establishes in connection with it his capital discovery of the curves of curvature of a surface. Leonhard Euler, in his paper on curvature in the Berlin Memoirs for 1760, had considered, not the normals of the surface, but the normals of the plane sections through a particular normal, so that the question of the intersection of successive normals of the surface had never presented itself to him. Monge's memoir just referred to gives the ordinary differential equation of the curves of curvature, and establishes the general theory in a very satisfactory manner; but the application to the interesting particular case of the ellipsoid was first made by him in a later paper in 1795. (Monge's 1781 memoir is also the earliest known anticipation of Linear Programming type of problems, in particular of the transportation problem. Related to that, the Monge soil-transport problem leads to a weak-topology definition of a distance between distributions rediscovered many times since by such as L. V. Kantorovich, P. Levy, L. N. Wasserstein, and a number of others; and bearing their names in various combinations in various contexts.) A memoir in the volume for 1783 relates to the production of water by the combustion of hydrogen; but Monge's results had been anticipated by Henry Cavendish. Euler redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810) was a British scientist. ...

In 1792, on the creation by the Legislative Assembly of an executive council, Monge accepted the office of minister of the marine, and held this office from August 10, 1792 to April 10, 1793. When the Committee of Public Safety made an appeal to the savants to assist in producing the materiel required for the defence of the republic, he applied himself wholly to these operations, and distinguished himself by his indefatigable activity therein; he wrote at this time his Description de l'art de fabriquer les canons, and his Avis aux ouvriers en fer sur la fabrication de l'acier. 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... During the French Revolution, the Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1, 1791 to September 1792. ... One of ancien régime Frances Secretaries of State was entrusted with control of the French Navy. ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Committee of Public Safety (French: Comité de salut public), set up by the National Convention on April 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of France during the Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) of the French Revolution. ...

He took a very active part in the measures for the establishment of the normal school (which existed only during the first four months of the year 1795), and of the school for public works, afterwards the École Polytechnique, and was at each of them professor for descriptive geometry; his methods in that science were first published in the form in which the shorthand writers took down his lessons given at the normal school in 1795, and again in 1798—1799. The Arms of the École Polytechnique The cadets of Polytechnique rushed to the defense of Paris against the foreign armies in 1814. ...

In 1796 Monge was sent into Italy with C.L. Berthollet and some artists to receive the pictures and statues levied from several Italian towns, and made there the acquaintance of General Bonaparte. Two years afterwards he was sent to Rome on a political mission, which terminated in the establishment, under A. Masséna, of the short-lived Roman Republic; and he thence joined the expedition to Egypt, taking part with his friend Berthollet as well in various operations of the war as in the scientific labours of the Egyptian Institute of Sciences and Arts; they accompanied Bonaparte to Syria, and returned with him in 1798 to France. Monge was appointed president of the Egyptian commission, and he resumed his connection with the École Polytechnique. His later mathematical papers are published (1794–1816) in the Journal and the Correspondence of the École Polytechnique. On the formation of the Senate he was appointed a member of that body, with an ample provision and the title of count of Pelusium (Comte de Péluse); but on the fall of Napoleon he was deprived of all his honours, and even excluded from the list of members of the reconstituted Institute. Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 8th century BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... André Masséna, Marshal of France André Masséna (May 6, 1758 - April 4, 1817), Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling, was a French soldier in the armies of Napoleon and a Marshal of France. ... Flag of the Roman Republic The Roman Republic was proclaimed on March 7, 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when French forces invaded the city of Rome. ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... Pelusium is a city in the eastern extremes of Egypts Nile Delta, 30 km to the southeast of Port Said. ...

Monge's bust in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Gaspard Monge died at Paris on July 28, 1818 and was interred in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, in a mausoleum. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1197x1545, 199 KB) Photograph by Rama File links The following pages link to this file: Gaspard Monge ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1197x1545, 199 KB) Photograph by Rama File links The following pages link to this file: Gaspard Monge ... Père Lachaise - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Père Lachaise - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Gaspard Monges mausoleum Gaspard Monge, whose remains are deposited in the burying ground in Père Lachaise Cemetery, at Paris, in a magnificent mausoleum, was professor of geometry in the École polytechnique at Paris, and with Denon accompanied Napoleon Bonaparte on his memorable expedition to Egypt; one to make...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

See also

• Monge array
• Monge-Ampère equation

In computer science, an m-by-n array of real numbers is a Monge array if for all i, j, k, l such that: and one obtains: So whenever we pick two rows and two columns of a Monge array and consider the four elements at the intersection points, the... A Monge-Ampère equation is a second order scalar equation in the plane. ...

External links

• O'Connor, John J., and Edmund F. Robertson. "Gaspard Monge". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
• Monge & d'Alembert Three Circles Theorem I - Dynamic Geometry by Antonio Gutierrez from Geometry Step by Step from the Land of the Incas.
• Monge & d'Alembert Three Circles Theorem II - Dynamic Geometry by Antonio Gutierrez from Geometry Step by Step from the Land of the Incas.