Advance practice nursing • Chiropractic medicine • Audiology • Dentistry • Dietetics • Emergency medical services • Epidemiology • Medical technology • Midwifery • Nursing • Occupational therapy • Optometry • Pharmacy • Physical therapy (Physiotherapy) • Biomedician (Biomedicine) • Physician (M.D. and D.O.) • Physician Assistant • Podiatry • Psychology • Public health • Respiratory therapy • Speech and language pathology The digestive system is the organ system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are essential for growth and maintenance. ... The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD; or GORD when spelling Å“sophageal, the BrE form) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus[1]. This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. ... Achalasia, also known as esophageal achalasia, achalasia cardiae, cardiospasm, dyssynergia esophagus, and esophageal aperistalsis, is an esophageal motility disorder. ... Boerhaave syndrome (also called Boerhaaves syndrome) is rupture of the esophagus. ... In anatomy, Zenkers diverticulum is a diverticulum of the mucous membrane of the oesophagus through a defect in the wall of oesophagus. ... Mallory-Weiss Syndrome refers to bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus, usually caused by severe retching, coughing, or vomiting. ... Barretts esophagus (sometimes called Barretts syndrome, CELLO, columnar epithelium lined lower (o)esophagus or colloquially as Barretts) refers to an abnormal change (metaplasia) in the cells of the lower end of the esophagus thought to be caused by damage from chronic acid exposure, or reflux esophagitis. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ... Dyspepsia is a constant pain in the stomach. ... Gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a disorder in which the stomach takes too long to empty its contents. ... Infantile pyloric stenosis is a pediatric condition where there is a congenital narrowing of the pylorus (the opening at the lower end of the stomach). ... Malabsorption is the state of impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ... Coeliac disease or celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals in all age groups after early infancy. ... Giardiasis (also known as beaver fever) is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia (also Giardia intestinalis). ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ... A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ... An intussusception is a situation in which a part of the intestine has prolapsed into another section of intestine, similar to the way in which the parts of a collapsible telescope slide into one another. ... Malabsorption is the state of impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ... Coeliac disease or celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals in all age groups after early infancy. ... Lactose intolerance is the name given to the condition (found in the majority of humans) in which lactase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolization of lactose, is not produced in adulthood. ... Fructose malabsorption is a condition in which the fructose carrier in enterocytes is deficient. ... Whipples disease is a rare disease caused by the bacteria Thropheryma whipplei. ... Abdominal angina (a. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix[1]. While mild cases may resolve without treatment, most require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. ... Bowel obstruction is a mechanical blockage of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. ... Diverticulitis is a common digestive disorder particularly found in the large intestine. ... Diverticulosis, otherwise known as diverticular disease, is the condition of having diverticula in the large colon which are outpocketings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall. ... In medicine, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and, in some cases, the small intestine. ... Crohns disease (also known as regional enteritis) is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by transmural inflammation (affecting the entire wall of the involved bowel) and skip lesions (areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining between). ... Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). ... In gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits which are not associated with any abnormalities seen on routine clinical testing. ... Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ... Megacolon is an abnormal dilatation of the colon (a part of the large intestines) that is not caused by mechanical obstruction. ... Toxic megacolon (megacolon toxicum) is a life-threatening complication of other intestinal conditions. ... An anal fissure is an unnatural crack or tear in the anus skin. ... An anal fistula kinda like anal fisting but you leak feces on your pants. ... An anal abscess is a abscess adjacent to the anus, characterized by extremely painful bowel movements. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up hernia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Inguinal hernias are protrusions of abdominal cavity contents through an area of the abdominal wall, commonly referred to as the groin, and known in anatomic language as the inguinal area or the myopectineal orifice. ... An indirect inguinal hernia a inguinal hernia which results from the failure of embryonic closure of the internal inguinal ring after the testicle has passed through it. ... Inguinal hernias are the most common abdominal hernias (about 90%) and are seen most often in men. ... Femoral hernias occur just below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal contents pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal. ... Umbilical hernia is a congenital malformation, especially common in infants of African descent, and more frequent in boys. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Diaphragmatic hernia is a defect or hole in the diaphragm that allows the abdominal contents to move into the chest cavity. ... A hiatus hernia or hiatal hernia is the protrusion (or herniation) of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... In medicine, cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. ... Liver failure is the final stage of liver disease. ... Cirrhosis of the liver is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules, leading to progressive loss of liver function. ... Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to liver characterised by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is fatty inflammation of the liver when this is not due to excessive alcohol use. ... Different stages of liver damage Fatty liver (also known as steatorrhoeic hepatosis or steatosis hepatis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis. ... Peliosis Hepatis is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver. ... In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the portal vein and its branches. ... Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), also called hepatorenal failure, refers to acute renal failure that occurs in the setting of cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure associated with portal hypertension, usually in the absence of other disease of the kidney. ... In medicine (gastroenterology and hepatology), Budd-Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein. ... The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ... A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Choledocholithiasis is the presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct. ... Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. ... In surgical pathology, strawberry gallbladder, more formally cholesterolosis of the gallbladder and gallbladder cholesterolosis, is a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol/cholesterol gallstones. ... Cholangitis is one of a number of problems associated with the bile duct. ... Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which leads to cholestasis (blockage of bile transport to the gut). ... A biliary fistula, a type of fistula where bile leaks from the bile ducts into outside areas, can occur as a complication following biliary trauma, either iatrogenic or a result of a penetrating injury. ... Cholangitis redirects here. ... The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates[2]. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... Acute pancreatitis is rapidly-onset inflammation of the pancreas. ... Chronic pancreatitis can present as episodes of acute inflammation in a previously injured pancreas, or as chronic damage with persistent pain or malabsorption. ... A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of pancreatic fluid typically located in the lesser omentum. ... Hereditary Pancreatitis is a genetic disease affecting enzyme production in the pancreas. ... Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disease commonly found in the tropical regions, marked with abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine. ... Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of fresh red blood. ... In medicine, melena or melaena refers to the black, tarry feces that are associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. ... Gastrointestinal bleeding describes every form of hemorrhage (blood loss) in the gastrointestinal tract, from the pharynx to the rectum. ... Endoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage. ... Lower gastrointestinal bleeding refers to any form of bleeding in the Lower gastrointestinal tract. ... Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ... Medicine is the science and art of maintaining andor restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. ... Advanced practice nurses (APNs) are Registered Nurses with advanced education, knowledge, skills, and scope of practice. ... Chiropractic, also known as chiropractic care, is a world-wide health discipline that seeks to prevent and treat health problems utilizing spinal adjustments in order to correct subluxations. ... Audiology is the branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and their disorders. ... A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. ... Dietitians are experts in food and nutrition. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ... Medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of science and technology to improve the management of health conditions. ... // Midwifery is the term traditionally used to describe the art of assisting a woman through childbirth. ... Nursing is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families, and communities in attaining, re-attaining, and maintaining optimal health and functioning. ... Occupational therapy refers to the use of meaningful occupations to assist people who have difficulty in achieving occupationally balanced lives. ... Optometry (Greek: optos meaning seen or visible and metria meaning measurement) is a health care profession concerned with examination, diagnosis, and treatment of the eyes and related structures and with determination and correction of vision problems using lenses and other optical aids [1]. An optical refractor (also called a foropter... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ... A Biomedician (or Medician), is a person educated in the field of medical research, surgery or clinical medicine. ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that treat patients. ... The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ... Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning Teacher of Medicine,) is an academic degree for medical doctors. ... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ... In the United States, Physician Assistants (PAs) are non-physician clinicians licensed to practice medicine with a physicians supervision. ... Podiatry, a field of healthcare, is devoted to the study and treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and sometimes knee, leg, and hip (collectively known as the lower extremity). ... Psychology (from Greek: ψυχή, psukhÄ“, spirit, soul; λόγος, logos, knowledge) is both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ... Respiratory therapy is categorized as an allied health profession in the United States and Canada. ... // The practice of speech-language pathology includes prevention, diagnosis, habilitation, and rehabilitation of communication, swallowing, or other upper aerodigestive disorders; elective modification of communication behaviors; and enhancement of communication. ...

Anesthesiology • Dermatology • Emergency medicine • General practice (Family medicine) • Internal medicine • Neurology • Nuclear medicine • Obstetrics and gynecology • Occupational medicine • Ophthalmology • Pathology • Pediatrics • Physical medicine and rehabilitation (Physiatry) • Preventive medicine • Psychiatry • Radiation oncology • Radiology • Surgery // Physicians in the United States report their primary and secondary practice specialty via American Medical Association surveys, the AMA Online Data Collection Center and other data collection vehicles. ... Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... Dermatology (from Greek δερμα, skin) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, ass, sweat glands etc). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A general practitioner (GP), family physician or family practitioner (FP) is a physician/medical doctor who provides primary care. ... Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ... Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ... Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ... Obstetrics and gynaecology (often abbreviated Ob-Gyn in the US and O&G elsewhere) form a single medical specialty and have a combined postgraduate training program. ... // What is occupational medicine Occupational medicine is the branch of clinical medicine most active in the field of occupational health. ... This article is about the branch of medicine. ... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... This article is about the branch of medicine. ... Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) or physiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with functional restoration of a person affected by physical disability. ... A 1930 Soviet poster propagating breast care. ... Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of the mind and mental illness. ... Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ... Image A: A normal chest X-ray. ... “Surgeon” redirects here. ...

Allergy and immunology • Cardiology • Endocrinology • Gastroenterology • Hematology • Infectious disease • Intensive care medicine (Critical care medicine) • Medical genetics • Nephrology • Oncology • Pulmonology • Rheumatology A medical specialist is someone who specializes in a particular field of medicine. ... An allergy is an abnormal, acquired sensitivity to a given substance, including pollen, drugs, or numerous environmental triggers. ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... Cardiology is the branch of medicine pertaining to the heart. ... Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ... Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... “Intensive Care” redirects here. ... Medical Genetics is the application of genetics to medicine. ... A drawing of the human kidney from Grays Anatomy. ... See cancer for the biology of the disease, as well as a list of malignant diseases. ... In medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ... Rheumatology, a subspecialty of internal medicine, is devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. ...

Cardiac surgery • General surgery • Hand surgery • Neurosurgery • Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Orthopaedic surgery • Otolaryngology (ENT) • Pediatric surgery • Plastic surgery • Surgical oncology • Thoracic surgery • Transplant surgery • Trauma surgery • Urology • Vascular surgery In all modern medical training programs, a surgeon must specialise in an area. ... Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart, typically to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (e. ... A surgeon operating General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on surgical treatment of abdominal organs, e. ... The field of hand surgery deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder). ... Insertion of an electrode during neurosurgery for Parkinsons disease. ... Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. ... Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (BE: orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with acute, chronic, traumatic and recurrent injuries and other disorders of the locomotor system, its musclular and bone parts. ... Otolaryngology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head & neck disorders. ... Pediatric surgery (sometimes spelled paediatric surgery) is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. ... “Fasial reconstruction” redirects here. ... Surgical Oncology is the branch of surgery which focuses on the surgical managment of malignant neoplasms (cancer). ... In medicine, the field of (cardio)thoracic surgery is involved in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting the heart (cardiovascular disease) and lungs (lung disease). ... An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ... It has been suggested that Traumatology be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Vascular surgery is the branch of surgery that occupies itself with surgical interventions of arteries and veins, as well as conservative therapies for disease of the peripheral vascular system. ...