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"Gut" redirects here. For other uses, see Gut (disambiguation). "Entrails" redirects here. For reading entrails, see Extispicy. Extispicy (from Latin extispicium) is the practice of using anomalies in animals entrails to divine future events. ...
Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The digestive tract is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major functions of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. Image File history File links Digestive_system_diagram_en. ...
This article is about the biological unit. ...
Multicellular organisms are those organisms containing more than one cell, and having differentiated cells that perform specialized functions. ...
For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. ...
A nutrient is a substance used in an organisms metabolism which must be taken in from the environment. ...
In general terms, eating (formally, ingestion) is the process of consuming something edible, i. ...
For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. ...
Anatomy of the anus and rectum For the death metal band Defecation, see Defecation (band). ...
The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. Some animals have multi-chambered stomachs, while some animals' stomachs contain a single chamber. In a normal human adult male, the GI tract is approximately 6.5 meters (20 feet) long and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment of the tract. This article is about modern humans. ...
The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ...
A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...
The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct. ...
The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines are derived. ...
Hindgut is the posterior (caudal) part of the alimentary canal. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Upper gastrointestinal tract
The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
- The mouth contains the buccal mucosa, which contains the openings of the salivary glands; the tongue; and the teeth.
- Behind the mouth lies the pharynx, which leads to a hollow muscular tube, the esophagus.
- Peristalsis takes place, which is the contraction of muscles to propel the food down the esophagus which extends through the chest and pierces the diaphragm to reach the stomach.
Buccal mucosa is mucous membrane of the inside of the cheek. ...
The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ...
For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation). ...
Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ...
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract. ...
Look up diaphragm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Lower gastrointestinal tract The lower GI tract comprises the intestines and anus. In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...
In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ...
Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ...
Grays Fig. ...
The large intestine, an organ which is now more commonly referred to by its Greek name, the colon, is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. ...
The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix (or appendix, pl. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon or large intestine or large bowel is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
The Descending Colon passes downward through the left hypochondriac and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left kidney. ...
The sigmoid colon (pelvic colon; sigmoid flexure) forms a loop which averages about 40 cm. ...
The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ...
This article is about the bodily orifice. ...
Accessory organs Accessory organs to the alimentary canal include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver secretes bile into the small intestine via the biliary system, employing the gallbladder as a reservoir. Apart from storing and concentrating bile, the gallbladder has no other specific function. The pancreas secretes an isosmotic fluid containing bicarbonate and several enzymes, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and pancreatic amylase, as well as nucleolytic enzymes (deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease), into the small intestine. Both of these secretory organs aid in digestion. For the bird, see Liver bird. ...
Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...
The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. ...
For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ...
Trypsin (EC 3. ...
Chymotrypsin (bovine γ chymotrypsin: PDB 1AB9, EC 3. ...
A computer-generated image of a type of pancreatic lipase (PLRP2) from the guinea pig. ...
Amylase is the name given to glycoside hydrolase enzymes that break down starch into glucose molecules. ...
A deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone. ...
Ribonuclease (RNase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of RNA into smaller components. ...
Secretion is the process of segregating, elaborating, and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted chemical substance or amount of substance. ...
For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. ...
Embryology The gut is an endoderm-derived structure. At approximately the 16th day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally (with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold towards one another. The result is that a piece of the yolk sac, an endoderm-lined structure in contact with the ventral aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut. The yolk sac remains connected to the gut tube via the vitelline duct. Usually this structure regresses during development; in cases where it does not, it is known as Meckel's diverticulum. Endoderm is one of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis. ...
The yolk sac is the first element seen in the gestational sac during pregnancy, usually at 5 weeks gestation. ...
Endoderm is one of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis. ...
At the end of the fourth week the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (umbilical vesicle) opening into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube, the vitelline duct. ...
A Meckels diverticulum is a true congenital diverticulum. ...
During fetal life, the primitive gut can be divided into three segments: foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Although these terms are often used in reference to segments of the primitive gut, they are nevertheless used regularly to describe components of the definitive gut as well. The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct. ...
The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines are derived. ...
Hindgut is the posterior (caudal) part of the alimentary canal. ...
Each segment of the primitive gut gives rise to specific gut and gut-related structures in the adult. Components derived from the gut proper, including the stomach and colon, develop as swellings or dilatations of the primitive gut. In contrast, gut-related derivatives—that is, those structures that derive from the primitive gut but are not part of the gut proper—in general develop as outpouchings of the primitive gut. The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development.[1] In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ...
| Part | Range in adult | Gives rise to | Arterial supply | | foregut | the pharynx, to the upper duodenum | pharynx, esophagus, stomach, upper duodenum, respiratory tract (including the lungs), liver, gallbladder, and pancreas | branches of the celiac artery | | midgut | lower duodenum, to the first half of the transverse colon | lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and first half of the transverse colon | branches of the superior mesenteric artery | | hindgut | second half of the transverse colon, to the upper part of the anal canal | remaining half of the transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, and upper part of the anal canal | branches of the inferior mesenteric artery | The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ...
In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy that has to do with the process of respiration or breathing. ...
Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...
For the bird, see Liver bird. ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...
The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. ...
The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta and branches from the aorta around the level of the T12 vertebra in humans. ...
The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines are derived. ...
Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ...
Grays Fig. ...
The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
Look up appendix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon or large intestine or large bowel is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum to the left colic flexure and the pancreas. ...
Hindgut is the posterior (caudal) part of the alimentary canal. ...
The Descending Colon passes downward through the left hypochondriac and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left kidney. ...
The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ...
The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine. ...
In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. ...
Physiology
Specialization of organs Four organs are subject to specialization in the kingdom Animalia. Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented...
- The first organ is the tongue which is only present in the phylum Chordata.
- The second organ is the oesophagus. The crop is an enlargement of the oesophagus in birds, insects and other invertebrates that is used to store food temporarily.
- The third organ is the stomach. In addition to a glandular stomach (proventriculus), birds have a muscular "stomach" called the ventriculus or "gizzard." The gizzard is used to mechanically grind up food.
- The fourth organ is the large intestine. An outpouching of the large intestine called the cecum is present in non-ruminant herbivores such as rabbits. It aids in digestion of plant material such as cellulose
For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation). ...
Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with...
The esophagus, oe/œsophagus*, or gullet is the muscular tube in vertebrates through which ingested food passes from the mouth area to the stomach. ...
A crop is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion that is found in many animals, including gastropods, earthworms[1], leeches[2], insects, birds and clowns. ...
The esophagus, oe/œsophagus*, or gullet is the muscular tube in vertebrates through which ingested food passes from the mouth area to the stomach. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
The large intestine, an organ which is now more commonly referred to by its Greek name, the colon, is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. ...
The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ...
The "Brain-Gut Connection Several studies have linked the human brain and the gastrointestinal system. Emotional state is strongly linked to gastrointestinal symptoms; many people experience altered bowel habits as a result of stress, anxiety, and depression. Many researchers consider the gastrointestinal system to be a "second brain". For example, Irritable Bowel Syndrome is strongly linked to emotional state, and many patients' symptoms are exacerbated by anxiety and depression.
Pathology There are a number of diseases and conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system, including: - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's Diseae and ulcerative colitis)
- Giardiasis
- Colorectal cancer
- Gastroenteritis, also known as "stomach flu";an inflammation of the stomach and intestines
- Diverticulitis
- Pancreatitis
Immune function The gastrointestinal tract is also a prominent part of the immune system.[2] The low pH (ranging from 1 to 4) of the stomach is fatal for many microorganisms that enter it. Similarly, mucus (containing IgA antibodies) neutralizes many of these microorganisms. Other factors in the GI tract help with immune function as well, including enzymes in the saliva and bile. Enzymes such as Cyp3A4, along with the antiporter activities, are also instrumental in the intestine's role of detoxification of antigens and xenobiotics, such as drugs, involved in first pass metabolism. Health-enhancing intestinal bacteria serve to prevent the overgrowth of potentially harmful bacteria in the gut. Microorganisms are also kept at bay by an extensive immune system comprising the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ...
For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...
A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ...
Mucus cells. ...
IGA may stand for: Koji Igarashi, a video game producer Interactive genetic algorithm International Geothermal Association Independent Glass Association International Gothic Association International Gamers Award International Goat Association Irish Games Association Irish Geological Association ImmunoGlobulin A - see IgA nephritis which is a renal disease IGA (supermarkets) Independent Grocers Association or...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
For the band, see Saliva (band). ...
Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ...
Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
An antigen or immunogen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. ...
A xenobiotic is a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. ...
The first pass effect (or first pass metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism. ...
Gut flora, or intestinal bacteria, are the bacteria that normally live in the digestive tract and perform a number of useful functions involving digestion for their hosts. ...
Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ...
Overview About 70% of the bodys immune system is found in the digestive tract. ...
Histology  General structure of the gut wall. The gastrointestinal tract has a uniform general histology with some differences which reflect the specialization in functional anatomy.[3] The GI tract can be divided into 4 concentric layers: The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, that line various body cavities and internal organs. ...
In the gastrointestinal tract. ...
The muscular coat (or muscular layer, or muscular fibers, or muscularis externa) is a region of smooth muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the mucous membrane. ...
This article needs to be wikified. ...
A serosa is a serous membrane, Serous membranes line the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, enclosing their contents. ...
Mucosa The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, surrounding the lumen, or space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with the food (or bolus), and is responsible for absorption and secretion, important processes in digestion. Lumen can mean: Lumen (unit), the SI unit of luminous flux Lumen (anatomy), the cavity or channel within a tubular structure Thylakoid lumen, the inner membrane space of the chloroplast 141 Lumen, an asteroid discovered by the French astronomer Paul Henry in 1875 Lumen (band), an American post-rock band...
Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Secretion is the process of segregating, elaborating, and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted chemical substance or amount of substance. ...
The mucosa can be divided into:
The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract, facing a low pH in the stomach, absorbing a multitude of different substances in the small intestine, and also absorbing specific quantities of water in the large intestine. Reflecting the varying needs of these organs, the structure of the mucosa can consist of invaginations of secretory glands (e.g., gastric pits), or it can be folded in order to increase surface area (examples include villi and plicae circulares). This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ...
The lamina propria is a thin vascular layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelium of an organ. ...
Section of mucous membrane of human rectum. ...
Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the glands. ...
Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine and have additional extensions called microvilli (singular: microvillus) which protrude from epithelial cells lining villi. ...
The circular folds (valves of Kerkring) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel. ...
Submucosa The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscularis. It contains Meissner's plexus, an enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscularis externa. The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of sympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. ...
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an interdependent part of the autonomic nervous system. ...
Muscularis externa The muscularis externa consists of a circular inner muscular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer. The circular muscle layer prevents the food from going backwards and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the bolus, or balled-up food, through the GI tract. Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach's plexus. The term, longitudinal means front-to-back or top-to-bottom as opposed to transverse which means side-to-side. In automotive engineering, the term, longitudinal refers to an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented along the long axis of the vehicle, front to back. ...
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract. ...
Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbachs plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa. ...
Adventitia The adventitia consists of several layers of epithelia. When the adventitia is facing the mesentery or peritoneal fold, the adventitia is covered by a mesothelium supported by a thin connective tissue layer, together forming a serosa, or serous membrane. This article needs to be wikified. ...
In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ...
In anatomy, a mesentery is a part of the peritoneum that connects an internal organ, such as the small intestine, to the abdominal wall. ...
Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ...
A serosa is a serous membrane, Serous membranes line the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, enclosing their contents. ...
Uses of animal gut by humans - The stomachs of calves have commonly been used as a source of rennet for making cheese.
- The use of animal gut strings by musicians can be traced back to the third dynasty of Egypt. In the recent past, strings were made out of lamb gut. With the advent of the modern era, musicians have tended to use strings made of silk, or synthetic materials such as nylon or steel. Some instrumentalists, however, still use gut strings in order to evoke the older tone quality. Although such strings were commonly referred to as "catgut" strings, cats were never used as a source for gut strings.
- Sheep gut was the original source for natural gut string used in racquets, such as for tennis. Today, synthetic strings are much more common, but the best strings are now made out of cow gut.
- Gut cord has also been used to produce strings for the snares which provide the snare drum's characteristic buzzing timbre. While the snare drum currently almost always uses metal wire rather than gut cord, the North African bendir frame drum still uses gut for this purpose.
- "Natural" sausage hulls (or casings) are made of animal gut, especially hog, beef, and lamb.
- Animal gut was used to make the cord lines in longcase clocks and for fusee movements in bracket clocks, but may be replaced by metal wire.
- The oldest known condoms, from 1640, were made from animal intestine.
Rennet (IPA pronunciation: ) is a natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mothers milk. ...
Cheese is a solid food made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, and other mammals. ...
The strings of a harp A string is the vibrating element which is the source of vibration in string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, and members of the violin family. ...
Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Third Dynasty. ...
It has been suggested that Lambing be merged into this article or section. ...
For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ...
For other uses of this word, see nylon (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...
Catgut is the name applied to cord of great toughness and tenacity prepared from the intestines of sheep/goat, or occasionally from those of the hog, horse, mule, pig, and donkey. ...
Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ...
Squash racquet and ball Racquetball racquet and ball A racquet (or racket) is a sports implement consisting of a handled frame with an open hoop across which a network of cord is stretched. ...
For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation). ...
COW is an acronym for a number of things: Can of worms The COW programming language, an esoteric programming language. ...
The snare drum or side drum is a tubular drum made of wood or metal with skins, or heads, stretched over the top and bottom openings, and with a set of snares (cords) stretched across the bottom head. ...
Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...
Moroccan bendir with snares The bendir (erbeni or arbani) is a frame drum used as a traditional instrument throughout North Africa, more specifically in Tunisia. ...
This article is about sausage casings. ...
A longcase clock with a pine case, c. ...
This article is about the clock component. ...
Bracket clocks were developed in last quarter of the 17th century. ...
This article is about the male contraceptive device. ...
See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Digestive system Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Gastrointestinal hormone is one of a group of hormones secreted by various specialized cells in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine that control various functions of the digestive organs. ...
Dorlands Medical Dictionary was first published in 1890 as the American Illustrated Medical Dictionary including 770 pages. ...
The major systems of the human body consist of: Circulatory system Digestive system Endocrine system Immune system Integumentary system Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system Skeletal system Urinary system Category: ...
Notes - ^ Bruce M. Carlson (2004). Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, 3rd edition, Saint Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-323-03649-X.
- ^ Richard Coico, Geoffrey Sunshine, Eli Benjamini (2003). Immunology: a short course. New York: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-22689-0.
- ^ Abraham L. Kierszenbaum (2002). Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-323-01639-1.
References National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ...
External links | Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract | | Upper GI: to stomach | Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop | | Upper GI: stomach | rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure | | Lower GI: intestines | Small intestine: Duodenum (Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • continuous (intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds) Junction: Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve Colorado State University is a public institution of higher learning located in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States. ...
List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ...
The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
The nasopharynx (nasal part of the pharynx) lies behind the nose and above the level of the soft palate: it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open). ...
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system of many animals immediately behind the mouth and in front of the esophagus. ...
In human anatomy, the hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ...
A crop is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion that is found in many animals, including gastropods, earthworms[1], leeches[2], insects, birds and clowns. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
Stomach. ...
Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the glands. ...
This article is about the cardia in the human body. ...
The cardiac glands of the stomach are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach. ...
The left portion of the body of the stomach is known as the fundus, and is marked off from the remainder of the body by a plane passing horizontally through the cardiac orifice. ...
The fundus glands (or fundic glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach; they are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. ...
From Greek pylorus; pyl- = gate, -orus = guard. ...
The pyloric glands are found in the pyloric portion of the stomach. ...
Pyloric antrum is initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach, which may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the...
The pyloric canal, also known as the canalis pyloricus, is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine [1]. Pylorus University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago Health Library Category: ...
The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. ...
The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. ...
In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...
In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ...
The suspensory muscle of the duodenum is the proper name of what is commonly known as the ligament of Treitz, and it refers to tissue that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. ...
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct together perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum obliquely, some 7 to 10 cm. ...
The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum. ...
The ascending portion of the duodenum ascends on the left side of the aorta, as far as the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra, where it turns abruptly forward to become the jejunum, forming the duodenojejunal flexure. ...
Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ...
Grays Fig. ...
Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine and have additional extensions called microvilli (singular: microvillus) which protrude from epithelial cells lining villi. ...
The crypts of Lieberkühn are glands found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine. ...
The circular folds (valves of Kerkring) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel. ...
In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix (or appendix, pl. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: lack of content If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ...
Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • continuous (taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix) | | Lower GI: termination | Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line The large intestine, an organ which is now more commonly referred to by its Greek name, the colon, is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. ...
The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon or large intestine or large bowel is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
A colic flexure is a flexure (a bend) in the colon. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
Grays Fig. ...
The Descending Colon passes downward through the left hypochondriac and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left kidney. ...
The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum. ...
The Taenia Coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. ...
The haustra of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance. ...
The epiploic appendices (or epiploic appendages) are small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum. ...
The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ...
Although the term rectum means straight, the human rectum is not. ...
The rectum is about 12 cm. ...
The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anal verge, anorectal junction) is a line which marks the end of the rectum and the beginning of the anal canal. ...
The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine. ...
The rectal sinuses, end in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves, which join together the lower ends of the rectal columns. ...
The rectal columns are separated from one another by furrows, or rectal sinuses, which end below in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves. ...
The lumen of the anal canal presents, in its upper half, a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue. ...
Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle | | Lower GI: lymph | GALT: Peyer's patches (M cells) | | Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Digestive glands | | Liver | by region: Left lobe (Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe) - Right lobe - Transverse fissure of liver by function (Fibrous capsule of Glisson, Hepatocyte, Space of Disse, Space of Mall, Kupffer cell, Liver sinusoid, Ito cell, Hepatic lobule) This article is about the bodily orifice. ...
The Sphincter ani internus muscle is a muscle of the human body. ...
The Sphincter ani externus muscle is a muscle of the human body. ...
Overview About 70% of the bodys immune system is found in the digestive tract. ...
Peyers patches are secondary lymphoid organs, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. ...
M cells (or Microfold cells) are cells found in the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyers patch that have the unique ability to sample antigen from the lumen of the small intestine and deliver it via transcytosis to antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes located in a unique pocket-like...
List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ...
The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
For the bird, see Liver bird. ...
The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. ...
The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. ...
The quadrate lobe is situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. ...
The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. ...
The porta hepatis or transverse fissure of the liver is a short but deep fissure, about 5 cm long, extending transversely across the under surface of the left portion of the right lobe of the liver, nearer its posterior surface than its anterior border. ...
Glissons capsule is a collagenous capsule covering the external surface of the liver. ...
Sinusoid of a rat liver with fenestrated endothelial cells. ...
Sinusoid of a rat liver with fenestrated endothelial cells. ...
Kupffer cells or Browicz-Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located in the liver that form part of the reticuloendothelial system. ...
Sinusoid of a rat liver with fenestrated endothelial cells. ...
Ito cells, also know as hepatic stellate cells or fat-storing cells, are pericytes found in the perisinusoidal space (a small area between the sinusoids and hepatocytes) of the liver. ...
A hepatic lobule is a small division of the liver defined at the histological scale. ...
bile ducts: (Bile canaliculus, Canals of Hering, Interlobular bile ducts, Intrahepatic bile ducts, Left and Right hepatic ducts, Common hepatic duct) | | Gallbladder | by region (Body, Fundus, Neck)
ducts: Cystic duct | | Pancreas | by region (Tail, Body, Head, Uncinate process) by function (Islets of Langerhans, Exocrine pancreas) A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. ...
Bile canaliculus (plural:bile canaliculi; also called bile capillaries) is a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. ...
The Canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver. ...
The interlobular bile ducts (or interlobular ductules) carries bile in the liver between the Canals of Hering and the intrahepatic bile ducts. ...
The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). ...
The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the junction of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...
The body of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which is distal to the neck. ...
The fundus of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which lies the farthest from the cystic duct. ...
The neck of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which lies the closest to the cystic duct. ...
The cystic duct is the short (usually around a centimetre or so) duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. ...
The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. ...
The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an antomical distinction. ...
The body of pancreas is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior. ...
The head of pancreas is flattened from before backward, and is lodged within the curve of the duodenum. ...
In the head of the pancreas, the angle of junction of the lower and left lateral borders forms a prolongation, termed the uncinate process. ...
A porcine islet of Langerhans. ...
The exocrine pancreas has ducts which are arranged in clusters called acini (singular acinus). ...
ducts: Pancreatic duct • Accessory pancreatic duct | | Common | Common bile duct - Hepatopancreatic ampulla - Sphincter of Oddi | | Prenatal development/Mammalian development of digestive system | | Gut | Stomodeum Foregut (Buccopharyngeal membrane, Rathke's pouch, Tracheoesophageal septum, Pancreatic bud, Hepatic diverticulum) A duct joining the pancreas to the bile duct to supply pancreatic juice which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. ...
The pancreatic duct, or Duct of Wirsung, is a duct joining the pancreas to the bile duct to apply pancreatic juice which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. Most people have one pancreatic duct, which joins the biliary tract just prior to the ampulla of Vater. ...
Bile, which is synthesized in the liver, is carried to the right and left hepatic ducts, which converge to form the common hepatic duct. ...
The hepatopancreatic ampulla, also commonly called the Ampulla of Vater, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the bile duct. ...
The Sphincter of tOddi, also called the hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glissons sphincter, controls secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder into the duodenum of the small intestine. ...
This article is about prenatal development in humans. ...
Mammalian embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which leads to the development of a mammalian embryo. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...
The mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the fore-gut. ...
The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct. ...
Over the crescentic masses of the mesoderm the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other and constitute a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane (or oropharyngeal membrane), which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
The tracheoesophageal septum is a structure which divides the the esophagus from the trachea. ...
The ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds (or pancreatic diverticula) are outgrowths of the duodenum during human embryogenesis. ...
The hepatic diverticulum (or liver bud) is a precursor to the liver. ...
Midgut The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines are derived. ...
Hindgut (Urorectal septum ) Hindgut is the posterior (caudal) part of the alimentary canal. ...
The entodermal cloaca is divided into a dorsal and a ventral part by means of a partition, the urorectal septum, which grows downward from the ridge separating the allantoic from the cloacal opening of the intestine and ultimately fuses with the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal and...
Proctodeum | | Mesentery | Dorsal mesentery - Ventral mesentery | | Other | Septum transversum | | Digestive system - Gastroenterology (primarily K20-K93, 530-579) | | Esophagus | Esophagitis - GERD - Achalasia - Boerhaave syndrome - Nutcracker esophagus - Zenker's diverticulum - Mallory-Weiss syndrome - Barrett's esophagus | Stomach/
duodenum | Peptic (gastric/duodenal) ulcer - Gastritis - Gastroenteritis - Duodenitis - Dyspepsia - Pyloric stenosis - Achlorhydria - Gastroparesis - Gastroptosis - Portal hypertensive gastropathy | | Hernia | Inguinal (Indirect, Direct) - Femoral - Umbilical - Incisional - Diaphragmatic - Hiatus | Noninfective
enteritis & colitis | Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis) - noninfective gastroenteritis | | Other intestinal | vascular (Abdominal angina, Mesenteric ischemia, Ischemic colitis, Angiodysplasia) - Ileus/Bowel obstruction (Intussusception, Volvulus) - Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
other functional intestinal disorders (Constipation, Diarrhea, Megacolon/Toxic megacolon, Proctalgia fugax) - Anal fissure/Anal fistula - Anal abscess - Rectal prolapse - Proctitis (Radiation proctitis) | | Liver/hepatitis | Alcoholic liver disease - Liver failure (Acute liver failure) - Cirrhosis - PBC - NASH - Fatty liver - Peliosis hepatis - Portal hypertension - Hepatorenal syndrome | Accessory
digestive | Gallbladder (Gallstones, Choledocholithiasis, Cholecystitis, Cholesterolosis, Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses) Biliary tree (Cholangitis, Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome, PSC, Biliary fistula, Ascending cholangitis) A proctoduem is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. ...
In anatomy, a mesentery is a part of the peritoneum that connects an internal organ, such as the small intestine, to the abdominal wall. ...
The portion of this mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. ...
The cephalic portion of the septum takes part in the formation of the diaphragm, while the caudal portion into which the liver grows forms the ventral mesentery (or ventral mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach). ...
The liver arises in the form of a diverticulum or hollow outgrowth from the ventral surface of that portion of the gut which afterward becomes the descending part of the duodenum. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
Gastroenterology (MeSH heading[2] ) is the branch of medicine where the digestive system and its disorders are studied. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ...
Esophagitis (or Oesophagitis) is inflammation of the esophagus. ...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD or GORD using the British Å“sophageal) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux in the esophagus[1]. This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. ...
Achalasia, also known as esophageal achalasia, achalasia cardiae, cardiospasm, dyssynergia esophagus, and esophageal aperistalsis, is an esophageal motility disorder. ...
Boerhaave syndrome (also called Boerhaaves syndrome) is rupture of the esophagus. ...
Time space graph of normal peristalsis. ...
In anatomy, Zenkers diverticulum is a diverticulum of the mucous membrane of the oesophagus through a defect in the wall of oesophagus. ...
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome refers to bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus, usually caused by severe retching, coughing, or vomiting. ...
Barretts esophagus (sometimes called Barretts syndrome, CELLO, columnar epithelium lined lower (o)esophagus or colloquially as Barretts) refers to an abnormal change (metaplasia) in the cells of the lower end of the esophagus thought to be caused by damage from chronic acid exposure, or reflux esophagitis. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ...
A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ...
Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa. ...
See also Bacterial gastroenteritis and Diarrhea Gastroenteritis is a general term referring to inflammation or infection of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the stomach and intestines. ...
Duodenitis is inflammation of the duodenum. ...
Infantile pyloric stenosis is a pediatric condition where there is a congenital narrowing of the pylorus (the opening at the lower end of the stomach). ...
Achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria is decreased production of gastric acid by the stomach. ...
Gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a disorder in which the stomach takes too long to empty its contents. ...
In medicine, gastroptosis is the abnormal downward displacement of the stomach. ...
Look up hernia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Inguinal hernias are protrusions of abdominal cavity contents through an area of the abdominal wall, commonly referred to as the groin, and known in anatomic language as the inguinal area or the myopectineal orifice. ...
An indirect inguinal hernia a inguinal hernia which results from the failure of embryonic closure of the internal inguinal ring after the testicle has passed through it. ...
Inguinal hernias are the most common abdominal hernias (about 90%) and are seen most often in men. ...
Femoral hernias occur just below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal contents pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal. ...
Umbilical hernia is a congenital malformation, especially common in infants of African descent, and more frequent in boys. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a term applied to a variety of congenital birth defects that involve abnormal development of the diaphragm. ...
A hiatus hernia or hiatal hernia is the protrusion (or herniation) of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm. ...
Enteritis is the inflammation of the small intestine (inflammation of the large intestine is termed colitis). ...
Colitis is a digestive disease characterized by inflammation of the colon. ...
In medicine, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and, in some cases, the small intestine. ...
Crohns disease (also known as regional enteritis) is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by transmural inflammation (affecting the entire wall of the involved bowel) and skip lesions (areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining between). ...
Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). ...
See also Bacterial gastroenteritis and Diarrhea Gastroenteritis is a general term referring to inflammation or infection of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the stomach and intestines. ...
Abdominal angina (a. ...
This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Ischemic colitis is inflammation of the intestine (colitis) caused by inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to meet the metabolic demands. ...
An angiodysplasia in the colon being treated with argon plasma coagulation administered via probe through the colonoscope. ...
Ileus, formerly called iliac passion, refers to limited or absent intestinal passage. ...
Bowel obstruction is a mechanical blockage of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. ...
An intussusception is a situation in which a part of the intestine has prolapsed into another section of intestine, similar to the way in which the parts of a collapsible telescope slide into one another. ...
A volvulus is a loop of the bowel whose nose has twisted on itself. ...
Diverticulitis is a common digestive disorder particularly found in the large intestine. ...
Diverticulosis, otherwise known as diverticular disease, is the condition of having diverticula in the large colon which are outpocketings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall. ...
Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ...
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάÏÏοια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8 million deaths...
Megacolon is an abnormal dilatation of the colon (a part of the large intestines) that is not caused by mechanical obstruction. ...
Toxic megacolon (megacolon toxicum) is a life-threatening complication of other intestinal conditions. ...
The term Proctalgia fugax refers to fleeting rectal pain. ...
An anal fissure is an unnatural crack or tear in the anus skin. ...
An anal fistula is an abnormal infection that grows a second head between the epithelialised surface of the anal canal and (usually) the perianal skin. ...
An anal abscess is a abscess adjacent to the anus, characterized by extremely painful bowel movements. ...
Rectal prolapse normally describes a medical condition wherein the walls of the rectum protrude through the anus and hence become visible outside the body. ...
Proctitis (Noun) Inflammation of the rectum. ...
Radiation proctitis (and the related radiation colitis) is inflammation and damage to the lower parts of the colon after exposure to x-rays or other ionizing radiation as a part of radiation therapy. ...
For the bird, see Liver bird. ...
Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to liver characterised by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue. ...
Liver failure is the final stage of liver disease. ...
Acute liver failure is the appearance of severe complications rapidly after the first signs of liver disease (such as jaundice), and indicates that the liver has sustained severe damage (loss of function of 80-90% of liver cells). ...
Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules, leading to progressive loss of liver function. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is fatty inflammation of the liver when this is not due to excessive alcohol use. ...
Different stages of liver damage Fatty liver (also known as steatorrhoeic hepatosis or steatosis hepatis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis. ...
Peliosis Hepatis is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver. ...
In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the portal vein and its branches. ...
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), also called hepatorenal failure, refers to acute renal failure that occurs in the setting of cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure associated with portal hypertension, usually in the absence of other disease of the kidney. ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Choledocholithiasis is the presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct. ...
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gall bladder. ...
In surgical pathology, strawberry gallbladder, more formally cholesterolosis of the gallbladder and gallbladder cholesterolosis, is a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol/cholesterol gallstones. ...
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are diverticula or pockets of the gallbladder They are not of themselves considered abnormal, but they can be associated with cholecystitis. ...
A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. ...
Cholangitis is one of a number of problems associated with the bile duct. ...
In medicine, cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. ...
Mirizzis syndrome is a rare cause of acquired jaundice. ...
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a form of cholangitis due to an autoimmune reaction. ...
A biliary fistula, a type of fistula where bile leaks from the bile ducts into outside areas, can occur as a complication following biliary trauma, either iatrogenic or a result of a penetrating injury. ...
Cholangitis redirects here. ...
Pancreas (Acute pancreatitis, Chronic pancreatitis, Pancreatic pseudocyst, Hereditary pancreatitis) | | Other/general | Appendicitis - Peritonitis (Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) Malabsorption (celiac, Tropical sprue, Blind loop syndrome, Whipple's) The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. ...
Acute pancreatitis is rapidly-onset inflammation of the pancreas. ...
Chronic pancreatitis can present as episodes of acute inflammation in a previously injured pancreas, or as chronic damage with persistent pain or malabsorption. ...
A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of pancreatic fluid typically located in the lesser omentum. ...
Hereditary Pancreatitis is a genetic disease affecting enzyme production in the pancreas. ...
Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix[1]. While mild cases may resolve without treatment, most require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. ...
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a form of peritonitis that occurs in patients with cirrhosis. ...
Malabsorption is the state of impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ...
Coeliac disease or celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals in all age groups after early infancy. ...
Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disease commonly found in the tropical regions, marked with abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine. ...
Blind loop syndrome is a medical condition that occures when the intestine is obstructed, slowing or stopping the progress of digested food, and thus facilitating the growth of bacteria to the point that problems in nutrient absorption occur. ...
Whipples disease is a rare disease caused by the bacteria Thropheryma whipplei. ...
postprocedural: Gastric dumping syndrome - Postcholecystectomy syndrome Gastric dumping syndrome, or rapid gastric emptying, happens when the lower end of the small intestine, the jejunum, fills too quickly with undigested food from the stomach. ...
The term Postcholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) describes the presence of abdominal symptoms after surgery to remove the gallbladder (Cholecystectomy). ...
bleeding: Hematemesis - Melena - Gastrointestinal bleeding (Upper, Lower) | | See also congenital | | Digestive system surgical and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 42-54) | | Digestive tract | esophagus: Esophagectomy stomach: Gastrostomy (Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) - Gastrectomy (Billroth I, Billroth II, Roux-en-Y)- Gastric bypass surgery - Gastroenterostomy - Nissen fundoplication Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of fresh red blood. ...
In medicine, melena or melaena refers to the black, tarry feces that are associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. ...
Gastrointestinal bleeding describes every form of hemorrhage (blood loss) in the gastrointestinal tract, from the pharynx to the rectum. ...
Endoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage. ...
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding refers to any form of bleeding in the Lower gastrointestinal tract. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
Human Physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. ...
Gastrointestinal physiology is a branch of human physiology addressing the physical function of the gastrointestinal system. ...
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an interdependent part of the autonomic nervous system. ...
The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of sympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. ...
Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbachs plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa. ...
A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and rennin. ...
Pepsin is a digestive protease (EC 3. ...
Human parietal cells - stomach Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor. ...
Gastric acid is, together with several enzymes and the intrinsic factor, one of the main secretions of the stomach. ...
Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. ...
Goblet cells are glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucus. ...
Mucus cells. ...
In medicine, the G cell is a type of cell in the stomach that secrets gastrin. ...
In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. ...
Delta cells are somatostatin producing cells. ...
Somatostatin is a hormone. ...
Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cells found in the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, particularly in the vicinity of parietal cells. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
An enterogastrone is a substance in the lower gastrointestinal tract which opposes the caudad (or forward) motion of the contents of chyme when exposed to lipids. ...
Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. ...
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the secretin family of hormones. ...
S cells are cells which release secretin, found in the jejunum and duodenum. ...
Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum. ...
Brunners glands are submucosal glands located throughout the duodenum. ...
paneth cells Paneth cells provide host defense against microbes in the small intestine. ...
Enterocyte is a type of epithelial cell of the superficial layer of the small and large intestine tissue. ...
For the band, see Saliva (band). ...
Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ...
Intestinal juice (succus entericus) refers to the clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. ...
Gastric juice is a strong acidic liquid, pH 1 to 3, which is close to being colourless. ...
Pancreatic juice is a juice produced by the pancreas. ...
For the Bush song, see Swallowed (song). ...
Emesis redirects here. ...
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract. ...
The Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) is a type of cell found in the gastrointestinal tract. ...
Migrating motor complexes are waves of activity which sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fastening state. ...
Borborygmus (plural borborygmi) is the rumbling sound produced by the movement of gas through the intestines of animals. ...
The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is one of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract. ...
Segmentation contractions (or movements) are a type of gastric motility. ...
Anatomy of the anus and rectum For the death metal band Defecation, see Defecation (band). ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
“Surgeon†redirects here. ...
ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of Procedural codes. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ...
Surgical excision of part of or the entire esophagus Categories: Medicine stubs ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
Gastrostomy refers to a surgical opening into the stomach. ...
A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the making of access to the digestive tract through the abdominal wall. ...
Diagram of the stomach, showing the different regions. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it easier to understand, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Gastric bypass procedures (GBP) are any of a group of similar operations used to treat morbid obesity—the severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue—and the health problems (comorbidities) it causes. ...
A gastroenterostomy is the surgical creation of a connection between the stomach and the jejunum. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
small bowel: Duodenal switch - Jejunoileal bypass - Ileostomy Diagram showing the small intestine In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine (colon). ...
The Duodenal Switch (also known as Bilio-Pancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch) procedure is a weight loss surgery that alters the gastrointestinal tract with two approaches: a restrictive aspect and a malabsorptive aspect. ...
An ileostomy is a stoma that has been constructed by bringing the end of the small intestine (the ileum) out onto the surface of the skin. ...
large bowel: Colectomy - Colostomy - Appendicectomy - Hartmann's procedure Grays Fig. ...
Colectomy is the surgical procedure by means of which part of the colon is removed. ...
A colostomy is a surgical procedure that involves connecting a part of the colon onto the anterior abdominal wall, leaving the patient with an opening on the abdomen called a stoma. ...
An appendicectomy in progress An appendicectomy (or appendectomy) is the surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. ...
rectum: Lower anterior resection - Abdominoperineal resection The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ...
Abdominoperineal resection is surgery to remove the anus, the rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon through an incision made in the abdomen. ...
endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy - Colonoscopy - Proctoscopy - Sigmoidoscopy | | Accessory | liver: Hepatectomy - Liver transplantation - Artificial extracorporeal liver support (Liver dialysis, Bioartificial liver devices) gallbladder/bile duct: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography - Cholecystectomy Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer A flexible endoscope. ...
Endoscopic still of esophageal ulcers seen after banding of esophageal varices, at time of esophagogastroduodenosocopy In medicine (gastroenterology), esophagogastroduodenoscopy is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualises the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract up to the duodenum. ...
Colonoscopy is the minimally invasive endoscopic examination of the large colon and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. ...
A medical procedure where an instrument, consisting of a tube or speculum equipped with a light, used to examine the rectum. ...
Sigmoidoscope inserted through the anus and rectum and into the sigmoid colon. ...
For the bird, see Liver bird. ...
Hepatectomy consists on the surgical resection of the liver. ...
Artificial extracorporeal liver support is term that is used to describe measures that are used to carry-out liver function and are outside of the body. ...
Liver dialysis or artificial extracorporeal liver support is a detoxification treatment for liver failure and has shown promise for patients with hepatorenal syndrome. ...
A bioartificial liver device (BAL) is an artificial extracorporeal supportive device for an individual who is suffering from acute liver failure. ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...
A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. ...
Duodenoscopic image of two pigment stones extracted from common bile duct after sphincterotomy Fluoroscopic image of common bile duct stone seen at the time of ERCP. The stone is impacted in the distal common bile duct. ...
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTHC) is a diagnostic test used to visualize the anatomy of the biliary tract. ...
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy as seen through laparoscope X-Ray during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Cholecystectomy (, plural: cholecystectomies,) is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. ...
pancreas: Pancreatectomy - Pancreaticoduodenectomy - Pancreas transplantation - Puestow procedure - Frey's procedure | | Other | Herniorrhaphy - Laparotomy - Paracentesis | The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. ...
Pancreatectomy is a medical term referring to removal by surgery of part or all of the pancreas. ...
A pancreaticoduodenectomy, Whipple procedure, or Kausch-Whipple procedure, is a major surgical operation involving the pancreas, duodenum, and other organs. ...
The Puestow procedure (also known as a Puestow-Gillesby procedure, or a pancreaticojejunostomy) is a surgical technique used in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. ...
Freys procedure is a surgical technique used in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis in which the diseased portions of the pancreas head are cored out. ...
Herniorrhaphy (Hernioplasty, Hernia repair) is a surgical procedure for correcting hernia. ...
A laparotomy is a surgical maneuver involving an incision through the abdominal wall to gain access into the abdominal cavity. ...
Paracentesis is a medical procedure used for a number of reasons: to relieve abdominal pressure from ascites to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and other infections (e. ...
List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ...
For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. ...
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ...
In zootomy, the integumentary system is the external covering of the body, comprising the skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). ...
The human lymphatic system The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system. ...
The muscular system is the biological system of an organism that allows it to move. ...
The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ...
A pictorial illustration of the human female reproductive system. ...
Among quadrupeds, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ...
Front view of a skeleton of an adult human Back view of a skeleton of an adult human The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. ...
The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. ...
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