Tuor is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is the grandfather of Elrond Half-elven and one of the most renowned ancestors of the Men of Númenor and of the King of the Reunited Kingdom Aragorn Elessar. Along with Beren Erchamion and Aragorn, Tuor was one of only three Men ever to marry one of the Eldarin Elves. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE (January 3, 1892 – September 2, 1973) was an English philologist, writer and university professor, best known as the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. ... The phrase, Tolkiens legendarium, is commonly used among individuals who study J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Eä as a reference to the many works related to the universe and its legends. ... Here is a complete bestiary of the People, Creatures and Mystical Beings of Middle-earth as written about in the mythology of J. R. R. Tolkien. ... The race of Men in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth books, such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, refers to humanity and does not denote gender. ... Celeborn (portrayed by Marton Csokas), an Elf in Peter Jacksons adaptation of The Fellowship of the Ring. ... Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... In the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien, the Edain were those Men (humans) who made their way into Beleriand in the First Age, and were friendly to the Elves. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the House of Marach or House of Hador was the Third House of the Edain. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Years of the Sun are the last of the three great time-periods of Arda, together with the Years of the Lamps and the Years of the Trees. ... In J.R.R. Tolkiens legendarium, Aman (blessed realm) is a continent that lies to the west of Middle-earth (although it lay in another dimension during the time of The Lord of the Rings), across the great ocean Belegaer. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Years of the Sun are the last of the three great time-periods of Arda, together with the Years of the Lamps and the Years of the Trees. ... This is a list of the known realms of Arda in J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, Gondolin is a hidden city of the Elves founded by Turgon in the First Age. ... The Silmarillion is a collection of J. R. R. Tolkiens works, edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien, with assistance from Guy Gavriel Kay, who would later become a noted fantasy fiction writer. ... Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories by J. R. R. Tolkien that were never completed during his lifetime, but were edited by his son Christopher Tolkien and published in 1980. ... The Book of Lost Tales is the title of the first two volumes of Christopher Tolkiens 12-volume series The History of Middle-earth in which he analyses the unpublished manuscripts of his father J. R. R. Tolkien. ... John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE (January 3, 1892 – September 2, 1973) was an English philologist, writer and university professor, best known as the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. ... A map of the Northwestern part of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age, courtesy of the Encyclopedia of Arda. ... The phrase, Tolkiens legendarium, is commonly used among individuals who study J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Eä as a reference to the many works related to the universe and its legends. ... Spoiler warning: Elrond the Half-elven (F.A. 525 – ?) is a fictional character of Middle-earth, created by fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Half-elven (Sindarin singular Peredhel, plural Peredhil), are the children of the union of Elves and Men. ... Númenor is a fictional location from J. R. R. Tolkiens universe of Middle-earth and is intended to be his version of Atlantis. ... Properly, the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor is a fictional realm from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth. ... Aragorn II, son of Arathorn II, is an important character from J. R. R Tolkiens legendarium. ... Beren is a fictional character, from J. R. R. Tolkiens fantasy-world Middle-earth. ... Eldar may refer to: Eldar Djangirov, jazz pianist Eldar is also a known Hebrew name. ... Celeborn (portrayed by Marton Csokas), an Elf in Peter Jacksons adaptation of The Fellowship of the Ring. ...

Tuor's story is one of many told briefly in the 23rd chapter of The Silmarillion.^[1] A very early version, written circa 1916-17, is found in The Book of Lost Tales II,^[2] part of The History of Middle-earth. Unfinished Tales contains the start of a more mature and complete narrative, which Tolkien began after finishing The Lord of the Rings in the 1950s. However, it gets no further than Tuor's first sight of Gondolin.^[3] The Silmarillion is a collection of J. R. R. Tolkiens works, edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien, with assistance from Guy Gavriel Kay, who would later become a noted fantasy fiction writer. ... The Book of Lost Tales is the title of the first two volumes of Christopher Tolkiens 12-volume series The History of Middle-earth in which he analyses the unpublished manuscripts of his father J. R. R. Tolkien. ... The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983-1996, that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, compiled and edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien. ... Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories by J. R. R. Tolkien that were never completed during his lifetime, but were edited by his son Christopher Tolkien and published in 1980. ... The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by the British academic J. R. R. Tolkien. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, Gondolin is a hidden city of the Elves founded by Turgon in the First Age. ...

Literature

Tuor was a great hero of the Third House of Men in the First Age, the only son of Huor and Rían and the cousin of Túrin Turambar. Huor was slain in the Nírnaeth Arnoediad in Y.S. 472. Rían, having received no tidings of her husband, became distraught and wandered into the wild. She was taken care of by the local Grey-elves, and before the end of the year she bore a son and called him Tuor. But she delivered him to the care of the Elves and departed, dying upon the Haudh-en-Ndengin. In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the House of Marach or House of Hador was the Third House of the Edain. ... The race of Men in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth books, such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, refers to humanity and does not denote gender. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the First Age began with the awakening of the Elves, and ended with the final overthrow of Morgoth by the combined armies of Valinor and Beleriand. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Huor (c. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Rían was the daughter of Belegund of the House of Bëor. ... In The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien, Túrin Turambar was a Man of Middle-earth, who became a tragic hero (or anti-hero) of the First Age in the tale called Narn i Chîn Húrin (The Tale of the Children of Húrin). Unpublished drafts of... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Years of the Sun are the last of the three great time-periods of Arda, together with the Years of the Lamps and the Years of the Trees. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... In Tolkiens The Silmarillion, Haudh-en-Nirnaeth, the Hill of Tears, was a great barrow mound raised by Morgoths Orcs after the Nirnaeth Arnoediad to bury all those fallen in the battle. ...

Tuor was fostered by the Elves in the caves of Androth in the Mountains of Mithrim, living a hard and wary life. When Tuor was sixteen their leader Annael resolved to forsake the land, but during the march his people were scattered and Tuor was captured by the Easterlings, who had been sent there by Morgoth and who cruelly oppressed the remnant of the House of Hador. After three years of thraldom under Lorgan the Easterling, Tuor escaped and returned to the caves. Androth is a fictional place in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. ... In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, Mithrim is a land of Middle-earth and also the name for the Sindar Elves living in the region. ... Morgoth Bauglir (originally known as Melkor) is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth legendarium. ...

For four years he lived as an outlaw, but ever saw a way of escape from Dor-lómin; he slew many of the Easterlings that he came upon during his journeys, and Tuor's name was feared. Meanwhile Ulmo, Vala of Waters, heard of his plight and chose Tuor to bear a message to Turgon, Lord of the Hidden City of Gondolin, and give a hope for the Elves and Men. By Ulmo's power a spring near Tuor's cave overflowed, and following the stream Tuor passed through Dor-lómin to Ered Lómin. Under the guidance of two Elves sent there by Ulmo, Gelmir and Arminas, he passed through the old Gate of the Noldor (Sindarin Annon-in-Gelydh) into Nevrast, where Tuor is said to have been the first Man to come to the shore of the Great Sea, Belegaer the shoreless. Thence he was lead by seven swans, and came at last to the old dwellings of Turgon at Vinyamar. In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Dor-lómin was a part of the land of Hithlum in Middle-earth. ... Ulmo is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens universe, Middle-earth. ... The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J.R.R. Tolkiens legendarium. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Turgon the Wise is an Elven king of the Noldor, second son of Fingolfin, brother to Fingon, Aredhel and Argon, and ruler of the hidden city of Gondolin. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, Gondolin is a hidden city of the Elves founded by Turgon in the First Age. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Ered Lómin are the mountains that form the western edge of Hithlum. ... Sindarin is an artificial language (or conlang) developed by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the land of Nevrast lay at the coast of the Great Sea in Middle-earth. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Belegaer, the Great Sea or the Sundering Seas, is the sea of Arda that is west of Middle-earth. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens The Silmarillion, Vinyamar (New Home) was a settlement built by Turgon in Nevrast on the slopes of Mount Taras at the beginning of the First Age. ...

Tuor found arms and armour in the ruins of Vinyamar left there centuries ago by Turgon at the command of Ulmo, and then met Ulmo himself at the coast of Belegaer. He appointed Tuor to be his messenger and told him to seek King Turgon in Gondolin, and sent him an Elf Voronwë, saved by Ulmo from shipwreck, to guide him. Voronwë led Tuor along the southern slopes of Ered Wethrin, and they caught a brief glimpse of Tuor's cousin Túrin near the Pools of Ivrin, the only time the paths of the two ever crossed. Journeying through the fell winter, they eventually reached Gondolin in Y.S. 495. They were admitted, but Turgon did not hearken to the counsel of Ulmo and would not forsake the Hidden City. In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Belegaer, the Great Sea or the Sundering Seas, is the sea of Arda that is west of Middle-earth. ... In Tolkiens The Silmarillion, Voronwë was a Ñoldorin Elf mariner from Gondolin who was one of a crew of several ships sent by Turgon to solicit aid from the Valar. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Ered Wethrin (Mountains of Shadow) was a mountain range in the north of Middle-earth in the First Age. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Eithel Ivrin or Pools of Ivrin was a series of small freshwater lakes under the shadow of the Ered Wethrin mountains. ...

The Wedding of Tuor and Idril
Illustration by Tom Loback

Tuor remained in Gondolin, and wed Turgon's daughter, Idril Celebrindal. This was the second union between the Eldar and the Edain, after Beren and Lúthien. Their only child was Eärendil the Mariner. Tuor was the leader of the House of the Wing, one of the twelve houses of Gondolin, and won the hearts of the Gondolindrim. During the sack of the city Tuor defended his wife and son from Orcs and Maeglin, and slew him. With a remnant of the people of Gondolin he escaped by Idril's secret way, and they were saved from a Balrog by the valour of Glorfindel. In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, Idril Celebrindal is the daughter of Turgon and Elenwë, wife of Tuor, and the mother of Eärendil the Mariner. ... Eldar may refer to: Eldar Djangirov, jazz pianist Eldar is also a known Hebrew name. ... In the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien, the Edain were those Men (humans) who made their way into Beleriand in the First Age, and were friendly to the Elves. ... Beren is a fictional character, from J. R. R. Tolkiens fantasy-world Middle-earth. ... Lúthien Tinúviel is a character in the fantasy-world Middle-earth of the English author J. R. R. Tolkien. ... For the Anglo-Saxon name, see Earendel. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Maeglin (Y.S. 320 – 510) was an Elf, the son of Eöl the Dark Elf and Aredhel daughter of Fingolfin. ... A Balrog fighting Gandalf, as depicted by Ted Nasmith. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Glorfindel is an Elf, a Noldor who appears in the tales of Middle-earth. ...

At last they reached Nan-tathren and the Mouths of Sirion. Tuor eventually felt the longing for the Sea, and built the ship Eärramë (Sea-wing). The Mouths of Sirion were now ruled by Eärendil and Elwing, but Tuor sailed to the West with Idril, and it was a tradition under the Eldar and Edain that they arrived in Valinor, bypassing the Ban of the Valar, and that Tuor alone of Men was counted as Elven kindred, still living there now. In a letter Tolkien indicated that Tuor's "conversion" was allowed by Eru Ilúvatar as a unique exception, just like Lúthien's assumption of a mortal fate.^[4] In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, Nan-tathren was a region located where River Narog flowed into River Sirion in Southern Beleriand. ... Mouths of Sirion is a fictional location in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth universe. ... Elwing is a character of Middle-earth, created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... In J.R.R. Tolkiens legendarium, Aman (blessed realm) is a continent that lies to the west of Middle-earth (although it lay in another dimension during the time of The Lord of the Rings), across the great ocean Belegaer. ... Eldar may refer to: Eldar Djangirov, jazz pianist Eldar is also a known Hebrew name. ... In the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien, the Edain were those Men (humans) who made their way into Beleriand in the First Age, and were friendly to the Elves. ... Valinor (meaning Land of the Valar) is a fictional location from J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, the realm of the Valar in Aman. ... Númenor is a fictional location from J. R. R. Tolkiens universe of Middle-earth and is intended to be his version of Atlantis. ... Eru, also called Ilúvatar (the All High or the Father of All as defined in the index of name elements in The Silmarillion), is the name in the legendarium of J.R.R. Tolkien for the supreme God. ... Lúthien Tinúviel is a character in the fantasy-world Middle-earth of the English author J. R. R. Tolkien. ...

Names and titles

For the question of etymology of Tuor's name see House of Hador. In later histories he was often titled Eladar "Starfather", as the father of Eärendil, and Ulmondil "Friend of Ulmo".^[5] In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the House of Marach or House of Hador was the Third House of the Edain. ...

Concept and creation

In the original Fall of Gondolin Tuor is said to have carried an axe, called Dramborleg "Thudder-Sharp", that "smote both a heavy dint as of a club and cleft as a sword". The Axe of Tuor is referred to in later writings as preserved in Númenor as a heirloom of the Kings, though the name must have been rejected as unfitting later language conceptions.^[6] Númenor is a fictional location from J. R. R. Tolkiens universe of Middle-earth and is intended to be his version of Atlantis. ... The following is a list of the twenty-five Rulers of Númenor, a fictional realm in J.R.R. Tolkiens fictional universe: After Ar-Pharazôn, who perished in the Downfall of Númenor, the direct line of Kings was broken. ...

In early versions of the story Tuor was supposed to have travelled all the way from Dor-lómin along the shores of the Sea to the Mouths of Sirion. There he met Voronwë (or "Bronweg"), and in Nan-tathren Ulmo appeared to them. The journey to Gondolin was thus up the River Sirion. In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Sirion was a river of Middle-earth in the First Age, the principal river of Beleriand. ...

In some texts Tolkien spells his name Tûr, but finally decided on Tuor.

Descent of Tuor Eladar

In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the House of Bëor was the oldest of the Three Houses of Men that had allied with the Elves in the First Age. ... Marach is a fictional character from J._R._R._Tolkiens Middle-earth universe. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the House of Bëor was the oldest of the Three Houses of Men that had allied with the Elves in the First Age. ... Haldad is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth, and the symbolic first chief of the Haladin. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the House of Bëor was the oldest of the Three Houses of Men that had allied with the Elves in the First Age. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Magor is a character in J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional realm of Middle-earth. ... Bregor is a fictional character in the Middle-earth universe of J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Haldan is a character from the fictional world created by J.R.R Tolkien. ... Hathol is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth universe. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the House of Bëor was the oldest of the Three Houses of Men that had allied with the Elves in the First Age. ... Halmir is a fictional character in J.R.R Tolkiens books. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Hador was a Lord of Men during the First Age. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the House of Bëor was the oldest of the Three Houses of Men that had allied with the Elves in the First Age. ... Baragund is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth universe. ... Hareth is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the House of Marach or House of Hador was the Third House of the Edain. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Rían was the daughter of Belegund of the House of Bëor. ... Morwen is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Húrin (439-c. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Huor (c. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Rían was the daughter of Belegund of the House of Bëor. ... In The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien, Túrin Turambar was a Man of Middle-earth, who became a tragic hero (or anti-hero) of the First Age in the tale called Narn i Chîn Húrin (The Tale of the Children of Húrin). Unpublished drafts of... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Urwen, better-known by her nick-name Lalaith (Laughter) was the second child of Húrin and Morwen and sister of Túrin. ... In Tolkiens Silmarillion, Nienor, also called Níniel Tear-Maiden, was Húrin and Morwens third child, the sister of Túrin. ... In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, Idril Celebrindal is the daughter of Turgon and Elenwë, wife of Tuor, and the mother of Eärendil the Mariner. ... Elwing is a character of Middle-earth, created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... For the Anglo-Saxon name, see Earendel. ... Elros Tar-Minyatur (F.A. 525 – S.A. 442, ruled 32 – 442 S.A.) is a fictional character of Middle-earth, created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Spoiler warning: Elrond the Half-elven (F.A. 525 – ?) is a fictional character of Middle-earth, created by fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien. ...

Line of the Half-elven

In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, Finwë, sometimes surnamed Noldóran, is a fictional character who was the first High King of the Elven Noldor to led his people on the journey from Middle-earth to Valinor in the blessed realm of Aman. ... Indis is a supporting character of Middle-earth, created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the House of Marach or House of Hador was the Third House of the Edain. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the House of Haleth or the Haladin were the second of the Three Houses of Men. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the House of Bëor was the oldest of the Three Houses of Men that had allied with the Elves in the First Age. ... Elu Thingol, a fictional character of Middle-earth, created by J. R. R. Tolkien, was the King of Doriath and High King of the Sindar, More accurately Thingol is the Sindarin form of an epithet of Elu. ... Melian is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, Fingolfin was a High King of the Noldor in Beleriand, second eldest son of Finwë, full brother of Finarfin, and half-brother of Fëanor, who was the eldest of Finwës sons. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, the House of Marach or House of Hador was the Third House of the Edain. ... Hareth is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Barahir was a Man of Middle-earth, heir to the House of Bëor in the First Age, son of Bregor, husband of Emeldir, and most famous as the father of Beren. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Turgon the Wise is an Elven king of the Noldor, second son of Fingolfin, brother to Fingon, Aredhel and Argon, and ruler of the hidden city of Gondolin. ... Elenwë is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. ... In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional universe of Middle-earth, Huor (c. ... Beren is a fictional character, from J. R. R. Tolkiens fantasy-world Middle-earth. ... Lúthien Tinúviel is a character in the fantasy-world Middle-earth of the English author J. R. R. Tolkien. ... In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, Idril Celebrindal is the daughter of Turgon and Elenwë, wife of Tuor, and the mother of Eärendil the Mariner. ... In the fantasy world of J. R. R. Tolkien, Nimloth, Sindarin for white blossom, was the name of the White Tree of Númenor. ... Dior Eluchîl is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. ... For the Anglo-Saxon name, see Earendel. ... Elwing is a character of Middle-earth, created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Eluréd and Elurín are fictional characters in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. ... Eluréd and Elurín are fictional characters in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. ... Galadriel is a fictional character created by J. R. R. Tolkien, appearing in The Lord of the Rings. ... Spoiler warning: In J. R. R. Tolkiens fantasy book The Lord of the Rings, Celeborn (pronounced with a hard c as in cake) was the Elven husband of Galadriel; Lord of the Galadhrim; and co-ruler along with Galadriel of Lothlórien. ... Elros Tar-Minyatur (F.A. 525 – S.A. 442, ruled 32 – 442 S.A.) is a fictional character of Middle-earth, created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Spoiler warning: Elrond the Half-elven (F.A. 525 – ?) is a fictional character of Middle-earth, created by fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Celebrían is a fictional character created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... The following is a list of the twenty-five Rulers of Númenor, a fictional realm in J.R.R. Tolkiens fictional universe: After Ar-Pharazôn, who perished in the Downfall of Númenor, the direct line of Kings was broken. ... In the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien, the Lords of Andúnië were the rulers of a noble house of Númenor. ... This is a list of kings of Arnor from the fictional universe of Middle-earth novels by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... This is a list of kings of Arnor from the fictional universe of Middle-earth novels by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... This is a list of Chieftains of the Dúnedain Rangers of Arnor (aka Rangers of the North) from the fictional universe of Middle-earth by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Aragorn II, son of Arathorn II, is an important character from J. R. R Tolkiens legendarium. ... Arwen Undómiel is a character from the fictional Middle-earth universe created by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details about The Lord of the Rings follow. ... Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details about The Lord of the Rings follow. ... Spoiler warning: Eldarion Telcontar is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens universe of Middle-earth. ...

References