Ancient Germanic culture Portal

Sweden in the 12th century before the incorporation of Finland during the 13th century.      Geats      Swedes      Gotlanders

Geats, Geatas, Gautar, Goths^[1], Gotar, Gøtar, Götar were a North Germanic tribe inhabiting Götaland ("land of the Geats") in modern Sweden. The name of the Geats also lives on in the Swedish counties of Västergötland and Östergötland, the Western and Eastern lands of the Geats, as well as in many toponyms. The city Göteborg, known in English as Gothenburg, was named after the Geats (Geatsburg or fortress of the Geats), when it was founded in 1621. Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1650x1950, 478 KB) Map of Scandinavia in 12th century, showing modern borders in grey. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1650x1950, 478 KB) Map of Scandinavia in 12th century, showing modern borders in grey. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... The Gotlanders are the population of the island of Gotland. ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ... North Germanic tribes are the Germanic tribes that hadnt left Scandinavia until late on the second phase of the migration period, that took place between AD 500 and 900, and those whose people are still there nowadays. ... Götaland Unofficial Nordic cross flag of Götaland. ... A county, or län, is an administrative and political subdivision of Sweden. ... Westrogothia (Västergötland) is a historical Province (landskap) in the southwest of Sweden. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Location of Gothenburg in northern Europe Coordinates: Country Sweden County Västra Götaland County Province Västergötland Charter 1621  - Mayor Göran Johansson Area    - City 450 km²  (174 sq mi)  - Water 14. ... 1621 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

History

Early history

The earliest mention of the Geats may appear in Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.), where they are referred to as Goutai. In the 6th century, they were referred to as Gautigoths and Ostrogoths (the Ostrogoths of Scandza) by Jordanes and as Gautoi by Procopius. In the Norse Sagas they are referred to as Gautar, and in Beowulf and Widsith as Geatas. A medieval artists rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; c. ... The 2nd century is the period from 101 - 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... Scandza was the name given to Scandinavia by Jordanes, in his work Getica. ... Procopius (in Greek Προκόπιος, c. ... The Norse sagas or Viking sagas (Icelandic: Íslendingasögur), are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history, about early Viking voyages, about migration to Iceland, and of feuds between Icelandic families. ... The first page of Beowulf This article is about the epic poem. ... Widsith is an Old English poem of 144 lines. ...

Beowulf and the Norse sagas name several Geatish kings, but only Hygelac finds confirmation in Liber Monstrorum where he is referred to as Rex Getarum and in a copy of Historiae Francorum where he is called Rege Gotorum. These sources concern a Viking raid into Frisia, ca 516, which is also described in Beowulf. Some decades after the events related in this epic, Jordanes described the Geats as a nation which was "bold, and quick to engage in war". Excerpt NjÃ¥ls saga in the Möðruvallabók (AM 132 folio 13r) circia 1350. ... Geatish kings existed since the provinces of Götaland/Gautland/Geatland are considered to have been more or less independent with their own petty kings. ... Hygelac, Proto-Norse *Hugilaikaz [1], Latin Chlochilaicus, Old Norse Hugleikr (d. ... Satellite view of the German Bight (the Frisian Coast). ... Sigismund becomes king of Burgundy. ...

Before the consolidation of Sweden, the Geats were politically independent of the Swedes, whose old name was Sweonas in OE. When written sources emerge (approximately at the end of the 10th century), the Geatish lands are described as part of the still very shaky Swedish kingdom, but the manner of their unification with the Swedes is a matter of much debate. Unlike Norway and Denmark, there is no specific time that is generally agreed on concerning when Sweden can be called unified. ... Sweden in the 12th century before the incorporation of Finland during the 13th century. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ...

Based on the lack of early medieval sources, and the fact that the Geats were later part of the kingdom of Sweden, traditional accounts assume a forceful incorporation by the Swedes, but the only surviving traditions which deal with Swedish-Geatish wars are of semi-legendary nature and found in Beowulf. The Swedish invasion of Geatish lands has been explained with Geatish involvement in the Gothic wars in southern Europe, which brought a great deal of Roman gold to Götaland, but also naturally depleted their numbers (see Nordisk familjebok). The Hervarar saga is believed to contain such traditions handed down from the 4th century. It relates that when the Hunnish Horde invaded the land of the Goths and the Gothic king Angantyr desperately tried to marshal the defenses, it was the Geatish king Gizur who answered his call. The Swedish-Geatish wars refer to semi-legendary 6th century[1] battles between Swedes and Geats that are described in the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf. ... Look up Legend in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The first page of Beowulf This article is about the epic poem. ... The Owl Edition Nordisk familjebok (en. ... Hervarar saga ok Heidhreks is a fornaldarsaga from the 13th century using material from an older saga. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... Look up Horde in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hjorvard and Hjalmar propose to Ingeborg Angantyr was the name of three characters from the same line in Norse mythology, and who appear in Hervarar saga, the Poetic Edda (the Waking of Angantyr and the Battle of the Goths and Huns) and in Gesta Danorum. ... Geatish kings existed since the provinces of Götaland/Gautland/Geatland are considered to have been more or less independent with their own petty kings. ... Gizur, Gizurr or Gissur was a wise King of the Geats. ...

In modern times, some scholars have taken stance against such an invasion, because, except for the prophecy in the ending of Beowulf, there is little textual or archaeological evidence. It should also be noted that the Geatish lands, especially Västergötland, exhibit considerable Danish influence in the 10th century^{[citation needed]}. Västergötland ( ♫) is one of the historical provinces of Sweden (landskap), situated in the southwest of Sweden. ...

Viking Age

In the Heimskringla, Snorri Sturluson writes about several battles between Norwegians and Geats. He wrote that in the 9th century, there were battles between the Geats and the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair, during Harald Fairhair's campaign in Götaland, a war the Geats had to fight without assistance of the Swedish king Erik Emundsson. He also wrote about Haakon I of Norway's expedition into Götaland and Harold I of Denmark's battle against Jarl Ottar of Östergötland, and about Olaf the Holy's battles with the Geats during his war with Olof Skötkonung. Heimskringla is the Old Norse name of a collection of sagas recorded in Iceland around 1225 by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179-1242). ... Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was that century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... Harald I (b. ... Harald Fairhairs campaign in Götaland was an attack that took place in the 870s. ... Erik Anundsson (d. ... Haakon I (ca. ... Harold Bluetooth Gormson (Danish: Harald BlÃ¥tand, Old Norse: Haraldr blátönn, Norwegian: Harald BlÃ¥tann, German: Harald Blauzahn), d. ... Jarl Ottar or Ottar Jarl (?-970s) was a jarl of Götaland who appears in the Heimskringla (the Saga of Olaf Tryggvasson) and in the Jomsvikinga Saga. ... (help· info) is a historical Province (landskap) in the south of Sweden. ... Olav II Haraldsson ( 995 – 1030), king from 1015–1028, called during his lifetime the Fat and afterwards known as Saint Olaf, was born in the year in which Olaf Tryggvesson came to Norway. ... Coin minted for Olof Skötkonung in Sigtuna Olof of Sweden or Olof Skötkonung/Skottkonung (the meaning of the cognomen is disputed) was the son of Eric the Victorious and Sigrid the Haughty. ...

Middle Ages

The Geats were traditionally divided into several petty kingdoms, or districts, which had their own things (popular assemblies) and laws. The largest one of these districts was Västergötland (West Geatland), and it was in Västergötland that the Thing of all Geats was held every year, in the vicinity of Skara. Petty kingdoms were prominent before the formation of many of todays nation states. ... A thing or ting (Old Norse and Icelandic: þing; other modern Scandinavian: ting) was the governing assembly in Germanic societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by lawspeakers. ... Västergötland ( ♫) is one of the historical provinces of Sweden (landskap), situated in the southwest of Sweden. ... The Thing of all Geats was the thing (general assembly) which was held from pre-historic times to the Middle Ages in Skara, Västergötland[1]. Although its name suggests that it comprised all Geats, it concerned those living in Västergötland and Dalsland, and it is described... Skara is a Municipality in Västra Götaland County, in western Sweden. ...

Unlike the Swedes, who used the division hundare, the Geats used hærrad, like the Norwegians and the Danes. Surprisingly, it would be the Geatish name that became the common term in the Swedish kingdom. This is possibly related to the fact that several of the medieval Swedish kings were of Geatish extraction and often resided primarily in Götaland. A hundred is an administrative division, frequently used in Europe and New England, which historically was used to divide a larger region into smaller geographical units. ...

In the 11th century, the Swedish House of Munsö was extinct with Emund the Old. Stenkil, a Geat, was elected king of Sweden, and the Geats would be influential in the shaping of Sweden as a Christian kingdom. However, this election also ushered in a long period of civil unrest between Christians and pagans and between Geats and Swedes. The Geats tended to be more Christian, and the Swedes more pagan, which was why the Christian Swedish king Inge the Elder fled to Västergötland when deposed in favour of Blot-Sweyn, a king more favourable towards Norse paganism, in the 1080s. Inge would retake the throne and rule until his death. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... The House of Munsö is the Scandinavian semi-legendary dynasty which is descended from Björn Ironside, one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok. ... Emund the Old, Emund den Gamle, (king of Sweden 1050-1060) was an illegitimate son of Olof Skötkonung. ... Stenkil (Old Norse Steinkel) (1028–1066) was a Jarl and King of Sweden from 1060 to his death. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ... ... Västergötland ( ♫) is one of the historical provinces of Sweden (landskap), situated in the southwest of Sweden. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Norse paganism or Nordic religion is a termed used to abbreviate the religion preferably amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries under pre-Christian period that are supported by archaeology findings and early written materials. ... Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ...

The Geats were not treated as equals with the Swedes. In his Gesta Danorum (book 13), the Danish 12th century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus noted that the Geats had no say in the election of the king, only the Swedes. When the 13th century, the West Geatish law or Westrogothic law was put to paper, it reminded the Geats that they had to accept the election of the Swedes at the Stone of Mora: Sveær egho konong at taka ok sva vrækæ meaning It is the Swedes who have the right of choosing and deposing the king. Bishop Asgar, etching by the Danish-Norwegian illustrator Louis Moe (1857—1945) Gesta Danorum (Deeds of the Danes) is a work of Danish history, by 12th century author Saxo Grammaticus (Saxo the Grammarian). It is the most ambitious literary undertaking of medieval Denmark. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Saxo, etching by the Danish-Norwegian illustrator Louis Moe (1857 – 1945) Saxo Grammaticus (estimated. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... A copy of the Early Westrogothic law from the late 13th century Västgötalagen or the Westrogothic law is the oldest Swedish text written in the Latin script and the oldest law code of the Lands of Sweden. ... Fragments of comemmorative stones from the monument Stone of Mora was the monument where the Swedish kings were elected. ...

One of these Swedish kings was Ragnvald Knaphövde, who in 1125 was riding with his retinue in order to be accepted as king by the Geats of Westrogothia. As he despised the Geats, he decided not to demand hostages from their prominent clans. He was slain near Falköping. Ragnvald Knaphövde or Ragnvald the Fool (king 1125) is only mentioned in the Westrogothic law. ... Events May 23 - Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V. War ends between Toulouse and Provence. ... Westrogothia (Västergötland) is a historical Province (landskap) in the southwest of Sweden. ... The Scandinavian clan or ætt in Old Norse, was a social group based on common descent or on the formal acceptance into the group at a þing. ... Falköping is a Municipality in Västra Götaland County, in western Sweden. ...

The distinction between Swedes and Geats lasted during the Middle Ages, but the Geats became increasingly important for Swedish national claims of greatness due to Geats' old connection with the Goths. They argued that since the Goths and the Geats were the same nation, and the Geats were part of the kingdom of Sweden, this meant that the Swedes had defeated the Roman empire. The earliest attestation of this claim comes from the Council of Basel, 1434, during which the Swedish delegation argued with the Spanish about who among them were the true Goths. The Spaniards argued that it was better to be descended from the heroic Visigoths than from stay-at-homers. This cultural movement, which was not restricted to Sweden went by the name Gothicismus or in Swedish Göticism, i.e. Geaticism, as Geat and Goth were considered synonymous back then. The Council of Basel was a council of bishops and other ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church that was held at Basel, Switzerland. ... Events May 30, Battle of Lipany in the Hussite Wars Jan van Eyck paints the wedding of Giovanni Arnoflini The Honorable Passing of Arms at the bridge of Obrigo The Portuguese reach Cape Bojador in Western Sahara. ... Migrations The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... Gothicismus (Swedish: Göticism, i. ...

Modern times

After the 15th century and the Kalmar Union, the Swedes and the Geats appear to have begun to perceive themselves as one nation, which is reflected in the evolution of svensk into a common ethnonym^[2][3]. It was originally an adjective referring to those belonging to the Swedish tribe, who are called svear in Swedish. As early as the 9th century, svear had been vague, both referring to the Swedish tribe and being a collective term including the Geats^[2], and this is the case in Adam of Bremen's work where the Geats (Goths) appear both as a proper nation and as part of the Sueones^[2]. As for the term svear, it was gradually replaced by svensk(ar), and that change had been almost completed by the early XXth century, as noted by Nordisk familjebok.^[4] The merging/assimilation of the two nations took a long time, however. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The Kalmar Union flag. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was that century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... Adam of Bremen (also: Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German medieval chroniclers. ... The Owl Edition Nordisk familjebok (en. ...

Today, the merging of the two nations is complete, as there is no longer any tangible identification in Götaland with a Geatish identity besides people calling themselves västgötar (West Geats) and östgötar (East Geats) describing if people live in the provinces of Västergötland and Östergötland.. Götaland Unofficial Nordic cross flag of Götaland. ... The provinces or landskap were the subdivisions of Sweden until 1634, when they were replaced by the counties of Sweden (län). ... Västergötland ( ♫) is one of the historical provinces of Sweden (landskap), situated in the southwest of Sweden. ... (help· info) is a historical Province (landskap) in the south of Sweden. ...

Until 1973 the official title of the Swedish king was King of the Swedes, the Geats/Goths and the Vandals. This however changed when the new king Carl XVI Gustaf in 1973 decided that his royal title should simply be King of Sweden. The disappearance of the old title was a decision made entirely by the king. The old title in latin was "N.N. Dei Gratia, Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorum Rex". 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. ... His Majesty King Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus), styled HM The King (born April 30, 1946), King of Sweden, is the son of Prince Gustaf Adolf (1906-1947) and Sibylla of Saxe_Coburg_Gotha (1908-1972), and the grandson of King Gustav VI Adolf. ...

On Geats and Goths

Main article: Goths

     traditional Götaland      the island of Gotland      Wielbark Culture in the early 3rd century      Chernyakhov Culture, in the early 4th century      Roman Empire

Geatas was originally Proto-Germanic *Gautoz and Goths and Gutar (Gotlanders) were *Gutaniz. *Gautoz and *Gutaniz are two ablaut grades of a Proto-Germanic word *geutan with the meaning "to pour" (modern Swedish gjuta, modern German giessen). The word comes from an Indo-European root meaning to pour, offer sacrifice.^[5] There were consequently two derivations from the same proto-Germanic ethnonym.^[6] Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Image File history File links my own map, based on User:Dbachmanns blank map. ... Image File history File links my own map, based on User:Dbachmanns blank map. ... Götaland Unofficial Nordic cross flag of Götaland. ...   is a county and province of Sweden and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. ... // Overview Events 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men 212-216: Baths of Caracalla 230-232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east 235-284: Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire 250-538: Kofun era, the first... Chernyakhiv culture is shown in orange, the third-century Wielbark Culture in red. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ... Map of the Pre-Roman Iron Age culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, c. ... The Gotlanders are the population of the island of Gotland. ...

It is a long-standing controversy whether the Goths were Geats. Jordanes wrote that the Goths came from the island of Scandza. Moreover, he described that on this island there were three tribes called the Gautigoths (cf. Geat/Gaut), the Ostrogoths (cf. the Swedish province of Östergötland) and Vagoths (Gutar?). Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Scandza was the name given to Scandinavia by Jordanes, in his work Getica. ... (help· info) is a historical Province (landskap) in the south of Sweden. ... The Gotlanders are the population of the island of Gotland. ...

However both Old Icelandic and Old English literary sources clearly separates the Geats on one hand (Isl. Gautar, OEng Geatas) from the Goths/Gutar (Isl. Gotar, OEng. Gotas) on the other. The Gotlanders are the population of the island of Gotland. ...

Scandinavian burial customs, such as the stone circles (domarringar), which are most common in Götaland and Gotland, and stelae (bautastenar) appeared in what is now northern Poland in the 1st century AD, suggesting an influx of Scandinavians during the formation of the Gothic Wielbark culture [1][2]. Moreover, in Ostrogothia, in Sweden, there is a sudden disappearance of villages during this period.^[7] A minor stone circle in Brändåsen, Hardemo parish, Närke. ... Götaland Unofficial Nordic cross flag of Götaland. ...   is a county and province of Sweden and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. ... An Iron Age menhir Menhirs continued to be raised in Scandinavia during the Pre-Roman Iron Age and later, over the graves of deceased. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... Areas in the first half of the 3rd century: Wielbark culture (red) , Przeworsk culture (green), a Baltic culture (Aesti?, yellow), DÄ™bczyn culture (pink) and the Roman Empire (purple) Wielbark culture (German: , Polish: , Ukrainian Ukrainian: ) was an archaeological culture identified with the Goths which appeared during the first half of...

On Gautar and Geatas

The generally accepted identification between the Götar and Gautar as the Geatas of Beowulf is mainly based on the observation that the Ö monophthong of modern Swedish and the AU diphthong of Old Norse correspond to the EA diphthong of Old English. Likewise, the Raumar are called Reamas in Beowulf. Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Romerike is a landscape, and traditionally a province, in what is today south-eastern Norway (north-east of Oslo). ...

Correspondences:

etc.

Thus, Geatas is the Old English form of Old Norse Gautar and modern Swedish Götar. Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...

This correspondence seems to tip the balance for most scholars. It is also based on the fact that in Beowulf, the Geatas live east of the Dene (across the sea) and in close contact with the Sweon, which fits the historical position of the Gautar between the Daner and the Svear. The first page of Beowulf This article is about the epic poem. ... The Daner were an ancient North germanic tribe residing in modern day southern Sweden and on the Danish islands. ...

Moreover, the story of Beowulf, who leaves Geatland and arrives at the Danish court after a naval voyage, where he kills a beast, finds a parallel in Hrólf Kraki's saga. In this saga, Bödvar Bjarki leaves Gautland and arrives at the Danish court after a naval voyage and kills a beast that has been terrorizing the Danes for two years (see also Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki). Hrólf Kraki (Old Norse), Rolf Kraki or Rolf Krake was a legendary king at Lejre on the isle of Zealand, Denmark, described in several old sagas and other documents such as the Leire chronicle and Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. ... Bödvar Bjarki is the hero appearing in tales of Hrólf Kraki in the Saga of Hrölf Kraki, in the Latin epitome to the lost Skjöldunga saga, and as Biarco in Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum. ... Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki are two well-known characters in the myths and sagas of ancient Scandinavia. ...

Since the 19th century, several other nations have been suggested to correspond to the Geats, such as the Danes (Curt Weibull), the Jutes (Pontus Fahlbeck 1884), the Goths and the Gutar, (See e.g. the OED which identifies the Geats through Eotas, Iótas, Iútan and Geátas) with the Jutes referred to in the Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Jutland peninsula The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have originated from Jutland in modern Denmark and part of the Frisian coast. ... The Gotlanders are the population of the island of Gotland. ... The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is generally regarded as the most comprehensive and scholarly dictionary of the English language. ... Bede, commonly known as the Venerable Bede, (c. ...

These hypotheses have been suggested even though, in both Beowulf and Widsith, the Geats are clearly distinguished from both Jutes Eótenas (or Ytum) and Danes. Thus any identification between the Geatas and these two nations is refuted by the two source texts themselves. Widsith is an Old English poem of 144 lines. ...

In addition, the reconstructed root for both Geat and Gaut is *Gaut-, whereas the reconstructed root of Goth and Got(-land) is *Gut-. The root of Jute is usually regarded as unknown.

Even if the identification made in this article is generally accepted, the matter is not dead and it will continue to raise harsh feelings even in the future—especially in Sweden, where the debate about Sweden's history prior to the 11th century is affected.

Notes

1. ^ E.g. Microsoft Encarta (on Swedish history), translations from Old Norse, Anglo-Saxon or Latin and the Primary Chronicle and modern scholarly works on Germanic tribes.
2. ^ ^{a b c} The article Svear in Nationalencyklopedin.
3. ^ The earliest attestation of this meaning is from the mid-15th century Swedish Chronicle.
4. ^ The article Sverige, språkv. in Nordisk familjebok]
5. ^ "god" in The Oxford English Dictionary Online. (2006).
6. ^ cf. Serbs and Sorbs, Polans and Poles, Slovenes and Slovaks in Slavic languages.
7. ^ Oxenstierna, Graf E.C. : Die Urheimat der Goten. Leipzig, Mannus-Buecherei 73, 1945 (later printed in 1948).

Encarta is a digital multimedia encyclopedia published and updated frequently by Microsoft Corporation. ... The Russian Primary Chronicle (Russian: Повесть временных лет, Povest vremennykh let, which is often translated in English as Tale of Bygone Years), is a history of the early East Slavic state, Kievan Rus, from... The Nationalencyklopedin is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The Swedish Chronicle (Vetus chronicon sveciæ prosaicum or Prosaiska krönikan) is a mid-15th century chronicle on a nation called Getae (gethe), Goths (gotha), Geats (götha) and eventually Swedes (swenske). ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ... The Sorbs are a Slavic minority indigenous to the region known as Lusatia in the current German states of Saxony and Brandenburg (in former GDR territory). ... In the Early Middle Ages there were two separate Slavic tribes bearing the name of Polans: Polans, an Eastern Slavic tribe living in the area of Dnieper river Polans, an Western Slavic tribe living in the area of Warta. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the languages of the Slavic peoples. ...

See also

• Consolidation of Sweden
• Götavirke (Geatish Dyke)
• Viking, Varangian
• Hygelac
• Geatish Society
• Trial by combat
• Trial by ordeal
• Göta
• Goths
• Gotlanders
• Svear
• Geatish kings
• Jats
• Blenda